The central amygdala (CeA) is a crucial modulator of emotional, behavioral, and autonomic functions, including cardiovascular responses. Despite its importance, the specific circuit by which the CeA modulates blood pressure remains insufficiently explored. Our investigations demonstrate that photostimulation of GABAergic neurons in the centromedial amygdala (CeM^GABA), as opposed to those in the centrolateral amygdala (CeL), produces a depressor response in both anesthetized and freely-moving mice. In addition, activation of CeM^GABA axonal terminals projecting to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) significantly reduces blood pressure. These CeM^GABA neurons form synaptic connections with NTS neurons, allowing for the modulation of cardiovascular responses by influencing the caudal or rostral ventrolateral medulla. Furthermore, CeM^GABA neurons targeting the NTS receive dense inputs from the CeL. Consequently, stimulation of CeM^GABA neurons elicits hypotension through the CeM-NTS circuit, offering deeper insights into the cardiovascular responses associated with emotions and behaviors.
Animals ; GABAergic Neurons/physiology* ; Male ; Central Amygdaloid Nucleus/physiopathology* ; Hypotension/physiopathology* ; Mice ; Blood Pressure/physiology* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Solitary Nucleus/physiology* ; Photic Stimulation ; Neural Pathways/physiology*

Adrenocortical carcinoma(ACC)is the most prevalent malignant tumor of the adrenal gland and is characterized by a poor pro-gnosis in its advanced stages.Surgical resection of the tumors is typically limited to patients diagnosed in the clinical stages Ⅰ and Ⅱ,lead-ing to a high postoperative recurrence rate.The combination of mitotane(M)with etoposide(E),doxorubicin(D),and cisplatin(P)(EDP-M)is currently the only approved first-line treatment regimen for advanced ACC.However,the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiation therapy in ACC remains limited.If the EDP-M regimen proves ineffective,there are no standardized or universally accepted second-line systemic treat-ment alternatives.Research advancements in the molecular mechanisms of ACC in recent years has led to increasing investigations on tyr-osine kinase inhibitors(TKIs)targeting EGFR,VEGFR,and mTOR,as well as immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs).Moreover,previous studies have identified mutations in CTNBB1,TP53,KDM5A,CENP-H,and other genes that may serve as therapeutic targets or biomarkers,thereby expanding the treatment options available for ACC.ICIs are effective against diverse cancer types,including non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC),liver cancer,renal cell cancer,and urothelial cancer.Ongoing exploration into targeted therapies and immunotherapy,especially combination treatments,holds the promise of extending the survival of patients and enhancing their quality of life.

Objective To provide the references on otolith function evaluation by investigating subj ective visual vertical (SVV)and subj ective visual horizontal (SVH),as well as the tilt range of SVV and SVH when pilot,s head tilted 45°to the left or right side for the selection and the medical evaluation of pilots . Methods XZ-2008 Otolith function test instrument was chosen for the tests.①One hundred active fighter pilots were chosen as the subj ects and the angle range of their head upright SVV was recorded.②Twenty-four active fighter pilots were chosen as the subjects.The angle range of their head upright SVV and the angle ranges of head 45°right or left tilt SVH and SVV were recorded.Normal value range was caculated according to Mean±1 .96 SD Results ①The angle range of head upright SVV of 100 pilots was -1 .61°-1 .73°.②The angle range of head upright SVH of 24 pilots was -2.34°-3.18°,the angle range of head 45°left tilt SVV was -7.12°-6.12°,and the range of -6.76°-4.84°for their head 45°right tilt.The angle range of 45°left tilt and 45°right tilt SVH was respectively -9 .84°-6.74°,and -6 .70°-6 .20°. Conclusions The study has established the test method and the normal angle range of SVV and SVH in military pilots,which is crucial for the assessment of the otolith function in medical selection and medical evaluation of military pilots.When head tilts to left or right by 45°the angles of SVV and SVH will change.We will further study its clinical signification and provide more evidence for the vestibular function medical evaluation of military flying personnel.

Objective To provide the references on otolith function evaluation by investigating subj ective visual vertical (SVV)and subj ective visual horizontal (SVH),as well as the tilt range of SVV and SVH when pilot,s head tilted 45°to the left or right side for the selection and the medical evaluation of pilots . Methods XZ-2008 Otolith function test instrument was chosen for the tests.①One hundred active fighter pilots were chosen as the subj ects and the angle range of their head upright SVV was recorded.②Twenty-four active fighter pilots were chosen as the subjects.The angle range of their head upright SVV and the angle ranges of head 45°right or left tilt SVH and SVV were recorded.Normal value range was caculated according to Mean±1 .96 SD Results ①The angle range of head upright SVV of 100 pilots was -1 .61°-1 .73°.②The angle range of head upright SVH of 24 pilots was -2.34°-3.18°,the angle range of head 45°left tilt SVV was -7.12°-6.12°,and the range of -6.76°-4.84°for their head 45°right tilt.The angle range of 45°left tilt and 45°right tilt SVH was respectively -9 .84°-6.74°,and -6 .70°-6 .20°. Conclusions The study has established the test method and the normal angle range of SVV and SVH in military pilots,which is crucial for the assessment of the otolith function in medical selection and medical evaluation of military pilots.When head tilts to left or right by 45°the angles of SVV and SVH will change.We will further study its clinical signification and provide more evidence for the vestibular function medical evaluation of military flying personnel.

Many investigations have demonstrated that microRNA (miRNA) is not only involved in the modulation of nerve cell growth and physiological activity, but also responsible for dysfunctions in synaptogenesis or synaptic plasticity, neurodegenerative diseases, tumorgenesis in the nervous system, as well as in cerebrovascular disorders. With the intensive researches in miRNA, it is possible gradually to explain the related pathogenic mechanisms of some major diseases in the nervous system.