Chronic glomerulonephritis （CGN） is a common clinical chronic glomerular disease caused by autoimmune reaction， the pathogenesis of which is complex and has not been fully elucidated. There is no specific treatment method in modern medicine. The establishment of an animal model of CGN in accordance with its characteristics in western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine will help to reveal the pathogenesis of CGN， rate drugs， and improve the treatment plan. Based on the clinical diagnostic criteria of CGN， the paper establishes the syndrome differentiation criteria of CGN for Chinese and western medicine. Through summarizing the literature on animal models of CGN and making a further analysis， it is found that the CGN models are mainly modeled using rats with the methods of single-factor induction or two-factor induction， and the main manifestation of the disease characteristics is nephritis-related symptoms. The single-factor-induced or two-factor-induced CGN rat models have a high fitting degree with the clinical characteristics in western medicine， but the fitting degree is insufficient with the clinical characteristics in traditional Chinese medicine. In addition， the CGN models with syndromes of traditional Chinese medicine are dominated by Qi deficiency in the spleen and kidney and Qi deficiency in the lung and kidney， while models for Yang deficiency in the spleen and kidney， Yin deficiency in the liver and kidney， and deficiency of both Qi and Yin are slightly insufficient. Therefore， it is important to prepare a new and improved animal model of CGN， so that a preclinical model can be provided for the exploration of the pathogenesis of CGN in western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine and its therapeutic research.

ObjectiveTo establish the quality standards for Sennae Folium（Cassia angustifolia） dispensing granules based on standard decoctions. MethodsHigh performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） specific chromatograms were established for 15 batches of Sennae Folium（C. angustifolia） standard decoctions and 10 of Sennae Folium（C. angustifolia） dispensing granules from different manufacturers， and the similarity evaluation， hierarchical cluster analysis（HCA） and principal component analysis（PCA） were performed. Linear calibration with two reference substances（LCTRS） and quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker（QAMS） were established for the common peaks in the specific chromatograms to determine the contents of main components in the decoction pieces， standard decoctions and dispensing granules， and to calculate their transfer rates from decoction pieces to standard decoctions and dispensing granules. ResultsThe similarities of specific chromatograms of 15 batches of Sennae Folium（C. angustifolia） standard decoctions and 10 batches of Sennae Folium（C. angustifolia） dispensing granules were all greater than 0.95， and a total of 8 characteristic peaks were calibrated， and five of them were identified， including kaempferol-3，7-O-diglucoside， apigenin-6，8-di-C-glucoside， quercetin-3-O-gentianoside， sennoside B and sennoside A. HCA and PCA results showed that there were certain differences in the composition of different batches of standard decoctions， but no clustering was observed in the production area. As the standard decoctions， the extract rate of 15 batches of samples was 26.54%-45.38%， the contents of kaempferol-3，7-O-diglucoside， apigenin-6，8-di-C-glucoside， quercetin-3-O-gentianoside， sennoside B and sennoside A were 12.16-19.26， 2.57-4.94， 3.27-5.11， 6.75-11.39， 4.69-7.79 mg·g^-1， and their transfer rates from decoction pieces to standard decoctions were 45.41%-79.02%， 29.12%-55.07%， 40.52%-67.90%， 24.72%-49.12%， 27.54%-49.34%， respectively. The extract rates of Sennae Folium（C. angustifolia） dispensing granules（C8-C10） were 38.10%-39.50%， the transfer rates of the above five components from decoction pieces to dispensing granules were 72.85%-73.58%， 53.43%-53.94%， 40.19%-40.74%， 24.62%-25.00%， 28.65%-29.11%， respectively， which were generally consistent with the transfer rates from decoction pieces to standard decoctions. ConclusionCompared with the relative retention time method， LCTRS has higher prediction accuracy and is more suitable for chromatographic columns. The established quality control standard of Sennae Folium（C. angustifolia） dispensing granules based on standard decoction is reasonable and reliable， and all indicators of samples from different manufacturers are within the range specified based on the standard decoction， which can provide reference for the quality control and process research of this dispensing granules.

ObjectiveTo establish the specific chromatogram and quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker（QAMS） based on linear calibration using two reference substances（LCTRS）， explore the consistency between Hedyotis Herba dispensing granules and standard decoction， and evaluate the quality of the dispensing granules. MethodsHigh performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） specific chromatogram was established based on 15 batches of Hedyotis Herba standard decoction and 10 batches of the dispensing granules， and LCTRS was used to locate chromatographic peaks. The actual retention times of 7 characteristic peaks in the specific chromatogram was measured on 24 different types of C₁₈ columns， taking deacetyl asperulosidic acid and asperulosidic acid as the dual standard compounds， the retention times of the other 5 characteristic peaks were predicted and validated. Based on this， QAMS was developed to determine the contents of four components（deacetyl asperulosidic acid， deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester， asperulosidic acid， and p-coumaric acid）. Then， the relative correction factors of deacetyl asperulosidic acid， deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester and p-coumaric acid were calculated using the reference peak of asperulosidic acid in the dual standard compounds， and each component was quantified accordingly. Finally， the consistency between the dispensing granules and standard decoction was assessed by taking extract rate of the standard decoction， consistency of the specific chromatograms， contents and transfer rates of the indicator components as indexes， and the quality of the dispensing granules was evaluated. ResultsThere were 7 common peaks in the characteristic chromatogram of samples of Hedyotis Herba standard decoction and the dispensing granules， and four of them were identified by reference standards， namely deacetyl asperulosidic acid（peak 1）， deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester（peak 3）， asperulosidic acid（peak 6） and p-coumaric acid（peak 7）. The similarity between the dispensing granules and the standard decoction was >0.9. The absolute deviation in the predicted retention time for each component by LCTRS was lower than that of the relative retention time method. The extract rate of the 15 batches of Hedyotis Herba standard decoction ranged from 7.89% to 14.60%， the contents of deacetyl asperulosidic acid， deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester， asperulosidic acid and p-coumaric acid were 6.62-19.70， 3.83-17.99， 1.57-6.69， 1.62-4.52 mg·g^-1， and the transfer rates of these components from decoction pieces to the standard decoction were 22.89%-39.60%， 34.03%-62.24%， 24.25%-43.70%， and 40.58%-73.71%， respectively. The extract rate， index component contents and transfer rates from decoction pieces to the three batches of Hedyotis Herba dispensing granules（P1-P3）， produced by manufacturer A， were similar to those of the standard decoction prepared from the same batch of decoction pieces， and all fell within the specified range. The contents of the 4 indicator components in 7 batches of the dispensing granules（P4-P10） from manufacturers B-E were all within the range of the content converted from the standard decoction based on the quantity of the dispensing granules. ConclusionThe established specific chromatogram and QAMS based on LCTRS are reasonable and reliable. Based on the evaluation indicators of standard decoction yield， consistency of specific chromatograms， contents and transfer rates of the four index components， the 10 batches of Hedyotis Herba dispensing granules from various manufacturers have exhibited good consistency with the standard decoction， indicating that the current production process is relatively reasonable.

ObjectiveTo establish the specific chromatogram of Chuanxiong Rhizoma dispensing granules（CRdg）， and to evaluate its quality by chemometrics and two reference substances for determination of multiple components（TRSDMC）. MethodsHigh performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） specific chromatograms were established using 13 batches of CRdg from 7 manufacturers， and preliminary quality evaluation was performed by similarity evaluation and chemometrics analysis. Eight characteristic peaks in the specific chromatogram of CRdg were measured on 22 different types of C₁₈ columns， and the actual retention times were recorded. Taking chlorogenic acid（peak 1） and senkyunolide A（peak 8） as double standard compounds， the retention times of the eight characteristic peaks were predicted by linear calibration using two reference substances（LCTRS）， and the method was validated on three other columns of different brands. Taking chlorogenic acid as reference peak， the relative correction factor method（RCFM） was used to quantify cryptochlorogenic acid， caffeic acid， ferulic acid， senkyunolide I and senkyunolide A， and the results were compared with the external standard method（ESM）. ResultsThe similarities of specific chromatograms of 13 batches of CRdg were all >0.90， and a total of 8 characteristic peaks were calibrated， and six of them were identified， including chlorogenic acid（peak 1）， cryptochlorogenic acid（peak 2）， caffeic acid（peak 3）， ferulic acid（peak 5）， senkyunolide I（peak 6） and senkyunolide A（peak 8）. Through chemometric analysis， it was found that ferulic acid， chlorogenic acid， senkyunolide I and cryptochlorogenic acid were the main components causing quality difference in CRdg， and the accuracy of LCTRS in predicting the retention time of 8 characteristic peaks was superior to that of the relative retention time method（RRT）. Further comparison of the results obtained from RCFM and ESM showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two methods. ConclusionA quality evaluation method for CRdg based on HPLC specific chromatogram and TRSDMC is established， its qualitative accuracy is better than that of RRT， the quantitative accuracy is similar to that of ESM， and 4 quality-differentiated components among different manufacturers are found. This method is stable and reliable， and has reference value for the quality evaluation of other dispensing granules.

ObjectiveTo establish the specific chromatogram of Chuanxiong Rhizoma dispensing granules（CRdg）， and to evaluate its quality by chemometrics and two reference substances for determination of multiple components（TRSDMC）. MethodsHigh performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） specific chromatograms were established using 13 batches of CRdg from 7 manufacturers， and preliminary quality evaluation was performed by similarity evaluation and chemometrics analysis. Eight characteristic peaks in the specific chromatogram of CRdg were measured on 22 different types of C₁₈ columns， and the actual retention times were recorded. Taking chlorogenic acid（peak 1） and senkyunolide A（peak 8） as double standard compounds， the retention times of the eight characteristic peaks were predicted by linear calibration using two reference substances（LCTRS）， and the method was validated on three other columns of different brands. Taking chlorogenic acid as reference peak， the relative correction factor method（RCFM） was used to quantify cryptochlorogenic acid， caffeic acid， ferulic acid， senkyunolide I and senkyunolide A， and the results were compared with the external standard method（ESM）. ResultsThe similarities of specific chromatograms of 13 batches of CRdg were all >0.90， and a total of 8 characteristic peaks were calibrated， and six of them were identified， including chlorogenic acid（peak 1）， cryptochlorogenic acid（peak 2）， caffeic acid（peak 3）， ferulic acid（peak 5）， senkyunolide I（peak 6） and senkyunolide A（peak 8）. Through chemometric analysis， it was found that ferulic acid， chlorogenic acid， senkyunolide I and cryptochlorogenic acid were the main components causing quality difference in CRdg， and the accuracy of LCTRS in predicting the retention time of 8 characteristic peaks was superior to that of the relative retention time method（RRT）. Further comparison of the results obtained from RCFM and ESM showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two methods. ConclusionA quality evaluation method for CRdg based on HPLC specific chromatogram and TRSDMC is established， its qualitative accuracy is better than that of RRT， the quantitative accuracy is similar to that of ESM， and 4 quality-differentiated components among different manufacturers are found. This method is stable and reliable， and has reference value for the quality evaluation of other dispensing granules.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and mechanism of action of KRT8 small interfering RNA(si-KRT8)in exosomes derived from patient serum with hypopharyngeal carcinoma on chemosensitivity to 5-fluorouracil(5-FU)in human pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma FaDu cell line.METHODS The cancerous tissues of hypopharyngeal cancer patients and The serum,cancerous tissues and paracancerous tissues of drug-resistant patients after treatment were collected.A 5-FU-resistant cell line of FaDu(FaDu/R)was constructed for subsequent experiments.Exosomes were isolated from patient serum by ultrafast gradient centrifugation,identified using transmission electron microscopy and Western blot(WB)techniques.si-KRT8 was encapsulated into exosomes(Exosome@si-KRT8)using electroporation technology and subsequently used to treat cells.Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)and WB were used to detect the expression levels of KRT8 in different tissues,exosomes after electroporation of si-KRT8,and FaDu cells,respectively.Cell counting kit-8(CCK-8),terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay,migration invasion technique and WB were used to detect the effects of Exosome@si-KRT8 on viability,apoptosis,and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of FaDu/R cells.RESULTS The expression level of KRT8 in drug-resistant tissues of hypopharyngeal carcinoma and FaDu/R cells was elevated compared with that in paraneoplastic tissues,cancer tissues and normal FaDu cells(t=15.79,P＜0.01).Isolated patient serum exosomes showed a double membrane structure and expressed both CD63 and TSG101 proteins,and KRT8 expression in exosomes was decreased after electro-transfection with si-KRT8(t=6.70,P＜0.01).Exosome@si-KRT8 inhibited KRT8 protein expression levels in FaDu/R cells(t=123.50,P＜0.01).Compared with the 5-FU group and the 5-FU+Exosome group,Exosome@si-KRT8 was able to inhibit the viability of FaDu/R cells(t=17.07,P＜0.01),promote the level of apoptosis in FaDu/R cells,and inhibit the expression of drug-resistance-associated proteins in FaDu/R cells(P-gp:t=103.20,MDR1:t=238.60,P＜0.01),and Exosome@si-KRT8 was able to suppress the expression of metastasis of FaDu/R cells(t=42.30,t=122.00,P＜0.01)and promoted the expression of E-cadherin while inhibiting the expression level of N-cadherin(t=130.80,t=83.90,P＜0.01).CONCLUSION Serum-derived exosome encapsulation of si-KRT8 enhances chemosensitivity of hypopharyngeal carcinoma cells and its mechanism of action may be related to inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Objective We systematically analyze the changes in the count and function of platelet at the early sepsis based on clinical study and single cell sequencing.Methods Clinical data of sepsis patients at the early stage were collected and had been compared between different prognostic groups in the prospective case-control study.The independent risk factors of death were analyzed by logistic regression,and the predictive efficacy of clini-cal indicators was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.The healthy volunteers and sepsis patients were recruited.Clinical researchers collected peripheral venous blood samples for sorting cell samples to carry out single-cell RNA sequencing(sc-RNA seq).Through bioinformatics techniques,we analyzed the changes in platelet count,the significantly differential-expressed genes and its enriched functional signaling pathways in the early stages of sepsis.Results(1)A total of 224 patients were enrolled,with a 90 day survival rate of 70.5%.Compared with the survival group,the count of platelet and MAP in the death group at the early stage of sepsis were significantly lower,but the plasma lactate content and SOFA score were significantly higher.(2)Based on single cell sequencing technology,cells are annotated as six groups.The proportion of innate immune cells(neutrophils,monocytes,and dendritic cells)was significantly increased in the early stage of sepsis compared to the healthy volun-teers(2.15∶1),while platelets significantly decreased(0.31∶1).(3)Through bioinformatics technology,CD41/CD42a/CD61 was identified as platelet specific molecules,with significantly increased expression levels in sepsis.Three molecules can distinguish platelets together.(4)771 genes were significantly upregulated and 1101 genes were significantly downregulated in platelets of patients with sepsis,including core molecules involved in physiological functions such as cell adhesion,chemotaxis,and immune response.Functional analysis suggests that differentially expressed genes are enriched in coagulation,immune functions and cell death,participating in oxidative phosphory-lation,leukocyte chemotaxis,iron death,and NOD like receptor signaling pathways.Conclusion Reduced platelet count is associated with poor prognosis in the early stage of sepsis.The specific high expression molecules CD41/CD42a/CD61 that are significantly upregulated in platelets can serve as biomarkers for platelets.Platelets not only mediate cell adhesion and coagulation cascade,but also participate in functional changes such as immune cell chemotaxis,inflammatory response,and the pathological death of inflammatory cells.

Objective A neuroblastoma(NB)liver transplantation model was established and compared with the adrenal orthotopic transplantation model to explore its characteristics.Methods 5× 105 SK-N-SH cells were implanted along the long axis of the left lobe of mouse livers with a micro-injection needle.The growth,metastasis,expression of related genes,and histopathological changes of tumors were detected after the modeling.Results The tumor formation rate in mice inoculated with tumor cells reached 100％after 21 days,and tumor growth,metastasis,related gene expression changes,and pathological characteristics were apparent.Conclusions In this study,a neuroblastoma liver transplantation model was successfully constructed via a relatively simple surgical method to provide a more suitable choice for future scientific NB experiments.

Objective:To explore the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic right posterior sectionectomy (LRPS) in the left side lying at 60° run-hug position.Methods:The clinical data of 12 cases underwent LRPS at the Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University from August 2022 to June 2023 were analyzed. There were 9 males and 3 females, ranging in age from 26 to 76 years old. To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the operation, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, the number and time of intraoperative hilar occlusion, postoperative drainage time, postoperative hospitalization time and postoperative complications were summarized.Results:Twelve operations were successfully completed under laparoscopy, and no patient was converted to laparotomy due to the difficulty in controlling intraoperative bleeding. 12 patients included 1 case of intrahepatic bile duct stones, 5 cases of primary liver cancer, 2 cases of hepatic hemangioma, 2 cases of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver, 1 case of metastatic liver cancer, and 1 case of liver abscess. Operation time was (246.2±90.4) min, and the intraoperative blood loss was 125(22, 275) ml. The number of intraoperative hilar occlusion was 2.00(0.25, 2.75), and intraoperative hilar occlusion time was (27±22) min. Postoperative drainage time was (5.0±2.6) d, and the length of postoperative hospital stay was 6.0(4.3, 8.0) d. Intraoperative blood transfusion occurred in 1 patient, and postoperative abdominal effusion occurred in 1 patient. There was no postoperative death. All patients were recovered and discharged successfully.Conclusion:LRPS is safe and effective for the lesions in the right posterior hepatic region with the left side lying at 60° run-hug position.

Objective:To investigate high resolution CT (HRCT) manifestations and clinical features of patients infected with the novel coronavirus B.1.617.2 variant.Methods:A total of 125 patients with the novel coronavirus B.1.617.2 variant in Guangzhou Eighth People′s Hospital from May 21 to June 9, 2021 was enrolled. There were 52 males and 73 females, aged from 1 to 92 years old with a median age of 47 year. The clinical features and HRCT characteristics were analyzed retrospectively.Results:Of the 125 patients, the main clinical manifestations were fever in 54 patients, cough in 50 patients, pharyngeal discomfort in 39 patients, and diarrhea in 5 patients. HRCT showed pneumonia in 96 cases, which predominantly had ground-glass opacities in 92 cases, ground-glass opacities combined with local consolidation in 22 cases, consolidation in 11 cases, intralobular interstitial thickening in 51 cases, centrilobular structural thickening in 23 cases, and cord-like lesions in 33 cases. One patient had pleural effusion, and no enlarged lymph nodes were observed in all patients. The lesions were distributed in the subpleural and/or peripheral lung in 96 cases and along the bronchovascular bundle (middle and inner zone) in 24 cases. The time interval from onset to positive HRCT was 3 (1, 4) days in 96 patients with pneumonia on HRCT. HRCT showed absorption after the imaging findings reaching the peak in 20 patients, and the time interval between the first positive HRCT findings and the peak imaging was 6 (3, 7) days in these 20 patients.Conclusions:The novel coronavirus B.1.617.2 variant has a strong infectivity, short viral latency. Lung injury is decreaseel. People of all ages are susceptible and the diseasemay have rapid pnegression. HRCT mainly shows ground glass opacities, which are more common in subpleural and/or in the lung periphery, with interlobular thickening.