Objective: To explore the association between sleep quality and cardiorespiratory fitness among secondary school students, so as to provide a reference for promoting the overall development of physical and mental health of Chinese adolescents. Methods: From September to December 2023, 5 713 secondary school students aged 13 to 18 years were selected by the stratified cluster random sampling method from Shanghai, Suzhou, Taiyuan, Wuyuan, Xingyi, and Urumqi, respectively. Sleep quality and cardiorespiratory fitness level of secondary school students were evaluated by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI) combined with cardiorespiratory fitness test, and the association between sleep quality and cardiorespiratory fitness was analyzed by Pearson s correlation and multivariate linear regression. Results: The report rate of poor sleep quality among secondary school students was 33.7 %(1 926/5 713). The PSQI scores of girls aged 13-18 years were higher than those of boys ( χ 2=1.60, 12.78, 15.62, 3.04, 10.09, 13.65 ) ( P <0.05). The 20 m SRT of secondary school students was 40 (27，51) times, and the VO 2max was 46.27 (40. 84 ，51.30) mL/(kg min). The 20 m SRT and VO 2max of girls of all ages were lower than those of boys( Z =-15.27 to -6.41 , -18.06 to -14.07, P <0.05). Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO 2max) was negatively correlated with sleep duration and hypnotic medication scores in boys ( r =-0.032, -0.005); VO 2max was negatively correlated with sleep duration and daytime dysfunction scores in girls ( r =-0.028, -0.008) ( P <0.05). After controlling the related variables, linear regression analysis showed that the total PSQI score was negatively correlated with VO 2max among secondary school students( β =-0.347, P <0.01). Conclusions Secondary school students with better sleep quality have higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. Sleep quality should be promoted to improve cardiorespiratory fitness levels in secondary school students.

Hepatolenticular degeneration,also known as Wilson disease(WD),is a kind of autosomal reces-sive hereditary disease with the disorder of copper metabolism,which is clinically manifested as liver damage,neuropsy-chiatric disorder.The molecular pathological mechanism has been not fully revealed.It is commonly known that excessive copper accumulation inside hepatotic cells is the main reason of WD.However,the emerging roles of cuproptosis and oth-er trace elements such as zinc,iron and lead in WD have recently attracted attention and become the research hotspots.This present review summarized the pathological factors,molecular mechanisms of liver damage and neuropsychiatric dis-order of WD,which will help identify novel diagnostic biomarkers,and provide new therapeutics for WD.

Objective: To explore of executive function in obese adolescents, so as to provide a reference for executive function enhancement intervention in obese adolescents. Methods: A convenience sample of 1 227 adolescents aged 13-18 years was selected from 2 secondary schools in Taiyuan City during March-April 2023. The Flanker task, N-back task and More odd shifting task was used to compare the different subfunctions of executive function (refreshing function, shifting function, inhibiting function) of 61 obese adolescents and 70 normal weight adolescents. Independent samples t-tests was used for between group comparisons and Cohen s d -tests was used to calculate between group differences in executive function between the two groups of adolescents. Results: Compared with the group of normal weight, time responses of the inhibitory function [(29.73±19.55)ms], the refreshing function [1-back: (1 088.75±275.76)ms, 2-back:( 1 285.44± 355.16)ms] and the shifting function [(380.34±153.18) ms] in the obese group were significantly longer than those in the normal weight group [(14.86±20.27, 888.38±286.57, 1 126.20± 287.43 , 323.12±134.71) ms] ( t =4.26, 4.06, 1.92,2.26, P < 0.05 ); inhibitory function (0.91±0.09) and 1-back (0.73±0.24) were also significantly less correct than in the normal weight group (0.94±0.05, 0.83±0.21) ( t =-2.04, -2.04, P <0.05). Obese adolescents showed moderate adverse effect sizes in the inhibition function ( d =0.746,0.712) and the refresh function 1-back, and smaller adverse effect sizes in the refresh function 2-back and the conversion function( d =0.497,0.398). Conclusion Obese adolescents have significant executive function deficits, but the degree of adverse varies across sub-functions, with inhibitory function being the core deficit component of executive function in obese adolescents.

Objective: To explore the intervention effect of different intensity of classroom physical exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness and executive function of Tibetan first grade students at high altitude, so as to provide reference for improving the level of cardiorespiratory fitness and executive function of Tibetan adolescents. Methods: From September to December 2020, 184 Tibetan students from five first grade classes in a middle school in Lhasa, Tibet, were randomly assigned into a control group (81 students in two classes) and an intervention group (103 students in three classes). Both groups followed the same teaching programme, but the intervention group received 36 sessions of moderate to high intensity classroom physical activity, one session per day, Monday,Wednesday and Friday, for 12 weeks. Before and after the intervention, cardiorespiratory fitness and executive function were tested by 20m round trip running and Flanker s experimental paradigm, 2-back s experimental paradigm, and More odd shifting experimental paradigm for inhibitory control, refreshing memory, and switching flexibility, and the results were analysed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to compare the results of the pre and post intervention periods. Results: The maximum oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) of Tibetan first grade students in the intervention group increased by 2.25 mL/(kg〖WW）〗·〖WW(〗min) compared with the control group after the intervention ( t =-3.89, P <0.01); the response time of the inhibitory function was reduced by 4.40 ms, that of the refreshing function by 196.06 ms, and that of the switching function by 92.72 ms in the intervention group compared with the control group ( t =2.98, 4.82 ,3.21, P <0.05). Conclusion The 12 week moderate to high intensity classroom physical activity intervention has different degrees of improvement effects on cardiorespiratory fitness and executive function in Tibetan adolescents.

Abstract Executive function is an advanced cognitive process aimed at the flexible coordination, optimization, and control of the cognitive processes of task solving in order to accomplish a specific task, ensuring that the individual produces effective behaviors, including inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Given the sensitivities and specificities that characterize an individual s physical and mental development during adolescence, this period is critical for the development of executive function in adolescents. In the paper, the influencing factors of adolescents executive function development are systematically described from three dimensions, namely, biology, environment and lifestyle; by analyzing the mechanisms and differences in the effects of different influencing factors, this editorial provides a scientific basis for adolescents executive function improvement and intervention.

Objective To explore the effect of Passy-Muir speaking valve(PMV)on swallowing biomechanics of dysphagia by us-ing high resolution manomety(HRM)in stroke patients after tracheotomy,and to evaluate the application value of pressure parameters of pharynx and upper esophageal sphincter(UES)in PMV therapy. Methods From January,2020 to January,2024,100 patients in People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region were randomly divided into control group(n = 50)and PMV group(n = 50).The control group accepted routine swallowing therapy,and PMV group accepted PMV additionally,for two weeks.Before and after treatment,the clinical swallowing function was evaluated with modified Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability(MMASA);and then they were observed with HRM,and the velopharynx maximal pressure,velopharynx time,UES residual pressure and duration of UES relaxation were collected.The correlation of the scores of MMASA and pressure parameters of pharynx and UES was analyzed. Results Four cases dropped down in each group.After treatment,UES residual pressure significantly decreased(t>47.403,P<0.001),and the score of MMASA,the velopharynx maximal pressure,the velopharynx time and the duration of UES relaxation significantly increased(t>19.621,P<0.001);and all the indexes were better in PMV group than in the control group(t>2.050,P<0.05).The scores of MMASA were significantly positively correlated with velopharynx maximal pressure(r = 0.924,P<0.001),velopharynx time(r = 0.948,P<0.001)and duration of UES relaxation(r = 0.954,P<0.001),negatively correlated with UES residual pressure(r =-0.939,P<0.001). Conclusion PMV could improve the swallow function and biomechanics of pharynx and UES in stroke patients with tra-cheotomy.The pressure parameters of pharynx and UES may predict the effect of swallow function by using PMV.

Objective: To explore the characteristics and related factors of adolescent executive function, so as to provide theoretical basis for promoting the development of adolescent executive function. Methods: A total of 5 018 adolescents aged 13-18 from Shanghai, Suzhou, Taiyuan, Wuyuan, Xingyi and Urumqi were selected by convenient cluster random sampling method from September to December 2022, and their basic information, family status, lifestyle behavior, physical fitness and executive function were investigated by questionnaire survey. Considering the heterogeneity between schools, a multilevel Logistic model was established to analyze the related factors of adolescent executive function. Results: The inhibitory function of high school students was better than that of middle school students (Z=-2.69). In terms of refreshment function, high school students were superior than middle school students (1-back:Z=-11.32; 2-back:Z=-11.36), and male students were superior than female students (2-back:Z=-2.18); in terms of shifting function, high school students were superior than middle school students (Z=-2.63), and boys were superior than girls (Z=-7.10)(P<0.05). The results of multilevel model analysis showed that the executive function of adolescents was clustered at the school level. At the individual level, junior high school refreshment function (1-back:β=56.94; 2-back:β=127.00), and shifting function (β=35.64) were worse than that of high school students; the refreshment function 2-back (β=-21.24) and shifting function (β=-28.42) of male students were better than those of female students; the refreshment function 2-back of nononly child was better than that of only child (β=-19.36); refreshment function of low fitness was worse than that of high fitness (β=37.35); the shifting function of the video screen time not up to standard was better than that of the standard (β=-14.30)(P<0.05). Conclusions The executive function of high school students is better than that of middle school students, the refreshment function and shifting function of boys are better than that of girls. Family environment, lifestyle and physical health are significant factors related to executive function of Chinese adolescents. By raising awareness of the major supporting and impeding factors for executive functioning in adolescents, it can help to develop effective intervention programs for adolescents.

Objective: To analyze the correlation between physical activity and depressive symptoms in adolescents, so as to provide a reference for the early prevention of depression among adolescents. Methods: Using a random cluster sampling method, 8 102 adolescents from Shanghai, Urumqi, Changsha and Kunming were investigated via the Physical Activity Assessment Questionnaire of Chinese Children and Adolescents aged 7 to 18 and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) for physical activity and depressive symptoms. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the correlation between physical activity and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Results: The proportion of adolescents who met moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) standard was 37.0%, and the detection rate of depressive symptoms was 25.6%. The detection rate of depressive symptomsin compliant with MVPA standard group was significantly lower than that in non compliant group among different age and gender( χ 2=7.62-34.54, P <0.05). Adolescents with severe depressive symptoms had high light intensity physical activity(LPA) duration and low vigorous intensity physical activity(VPA) duration, while adolescents with mild depressive symptoms or asymptomatic adolescents had higher MVPA duration. There were differences in LPA and VPA among adolescents with different levels of depressive symptoms in the overall sample, and the differences were still significant among girls, middle school and statistically significant differences in LPA, moderate intensity physical activity(MPA), MVPA were also found among the high school subgroup. However, differences only in LPA were observed among boys with different levels of depression( H=46.48, 10.31, 25.02, 29.54, 30.25, 19.80, 22.20, 9.54, 8.62, 18.06, P <0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression model showed that gender and duration of MVPA were significantly related to risk of depressive symptoms( OR=1.56, 1.42, P <0.05). Conclusion Physical activity among adolescents is significantly related to depressive symptoms. MVPA may be an effective measure to reduce the degree of depressive symptoms.To improve the physical health and prevent depression among adolescents, it is important to choose appropriate physical activity types and effectively increase the duration of MVPA.

Abstract In recent years, mental health problems such as anxiety and depression among adolescents in China have attracted attention from all walks of life. Given that adolescence is a transitional and critical period for individual development, mental health affect the developmental opportunities. Therefore, in the review, the effects of environment, psychosocial factors and behavioral patterns on depressive symptoms are analyzed by combining with the characteristics of physical and mental development among adolescents. It is found that early adolescence and even childhood should be the key period for the prevention and intervention of depression. In order to formulate effective interventions and prevention strategies, it is proposed that future research should combine real situation in China with active exploration of protective factors and early predictors of depression.

Objective: To understand physical activity status and its relation with cardiopulmonary endurance among Chinese children and adolescents, so as to provide reference for cardiopulmonary endurance improvement and intervention of Chinese children and adolescents. Methods: During September to November 2018, a stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 4 269 children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in six major regions of China, 20 m shuttle run test and physical activity were assessed. Results: Average duration for daily lowintensity physical activity among boys was (31.49±30.01) min, for moderate to vigorous physical activity (68.37±46.50) min. Average duration for low intensity physical activity among girls was (34.02±31.58) min, for moderate to vigorous physical activity was (63.02±44.91) min. The number of 20 m shuttle run test for boys reached ( 36.17 ±21.94) times, and the maximal oxygen uptake per minute was (44.51±5.05) mL/kg; the number of 20 m shuttle run test for girls reached (26.59±12.56) times, and the maximal oxygen uptake per minute was (41.99±5.29) mL/kg. There were statistically significant differences in the number of 20 m shuttle run test and maximal oxygen uptake across age groups in boys ( F= 589.37 , 152.79, P <0.01), as well as that in girls ( F=305.21, 1 032.46, P <0.01). The proportion of boys and girls who met moderate to vigorous physical activity standard was 49.24% and 42.92%, respectively. Linear regression analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the duration of moderate to vigorous physical activity and maximal oxygen uptake ( β=0.11, P ＜ 0.01). Conclusion There is a significant correlation between moderate to vigorous physical activity with cardiorespiratory endurance among Chinese children and adolescents. Higher level of moderate to vigorous physical activity is important to help improve cardiopulmonary endurance among children and adolescents.