The objective of standard guideline for utilization of human lung organoids is to provide the basic guidelines required for the manufacture, culture, and quality control of the lung organoids for use in non-clinical efficacy and inhalation toxicity assessments of the respiratory system. As a first step towards the utilization of human lung organoids, the current guideline provides basic, minimal standards that can promote development of alternative testing methods, and can be referenced not only for research, clinical, or commercial uses, but also by experts and researchers at regulatory institutions when assessing safety and efficacy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate that usefulness of the endoscopic ear surgery (EES) through the systematic review. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We searched literatures in literature databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, etc.). Inclusion criteria is 1) studies of patients with chronic otitis media, otitis media with effusion, cholesteatoma, conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss etc. 2) studies in which a transcanal endoscopic surgery was performed; and 3) studies in which one or more of the appropriate medical outcomes have been reported. We excluded that 1) non-human studies and pre-clinical studies; 2) non-original articles, for example, non-systematic reviews; editorial, letter and opinion pieces; 3) research not published in Korean and English; and 4) grey literature. Finally, 65 articles were selected and those results were analyzed. RESULTS: The safety of the EES was reported in 61 articles. Some studies reported damaged facial nerve or perilymph gusher but these are the complications that can arise due to the characteristics of the disease and not due to the EES and other reported complications were of similar or lower level in the intervention group rather than the microscopy group. The effectiveness of the EES was reported in 23 articles. The EES tended to show improved effects in terms of graft uptake status, cholesteatoma removal, and hearing improvement although effective outcomes of most studies reported no significant difference between EES and microscopic ear surgery. CONCLUSION: EES is a safe and effective technique and as it is less invasive than the microscopic ear surgery.
Cholesteatoma ; Ear ; Endoscopes ; Facial Nerve ; Hearing ; Hearing Loss, Conductive ; Hearing Loss, Mixed Conductive-Sensorineural ; Humans ; Methods ; Microscopy ; Otitis Media ; Otitis Media with Effusion ; Otologic Surgical Procedures ; Perilymph ; Transplants

No abstract available.
Prostate-Specific Antigen

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate that usefulness of the endoscopic ear surgery (EES) through the systematic review.SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We searched literatures in literature databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, etc.). Inclusion criteria is 1) studies of patients with chronic otitis media, otitis media with effusion, cholesteatoma, conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss etc. 2) studies in which a transcanal endoscopic surgery was performed; and 3) studies in which one or more of the appropriate medical outcomes have been reported. We excluded that 1) non-human studies and pre-clinical studies; 2) non-original articles, for example, non-systematic reviews; editorial, letter and opinion pieces; 3) research not published in Korean and English; and 4) grey literature. Finally, 65 articles were selected and those results were analyzed. RESULTS: The safety of the EES was reported in 61 articles. Some studies reported damaged facial nerve or perilymph gusher but these are the complications that can arise due to the characteristics of the disease and not due to the EES and other reported complications were of similar or lower level in the intervention group rather than the microscopy group. The effectiveness of the EES was reported in 23 articles. The EES tended to show improved effects in terms of graft uptake status, cholesteatoma removal, and hearing improvement although effective outcomes of most studies reported no significant difference between EES and microscopic ear surgery. CONCLUSION EES is a safe and effective technique and as it is less invasive than the microscopic ear surgery.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify the differences of gender and detail items by using landing error scores during drop vertical jumping that can be used in the field for elite fencers and to use them as basic data for prevention of injury. METHODS: The subjects were 42 elite fencers. Independent sample t-test was used to compare the landing error scoring system (LESS) score between the groups. In order to compensate for errors that may occur in multiple comparisons, they are corrected through the Bonferroni collection. The significant differences between the groups were evaluated using Cohen effect difference, and one-way analysis of variance was performed for differences in epee, fleuret, and sabre. RESULTS: The comparison of landing error scores between male and female fencer groups showed that the knee valgus angle at initial contact, lateral trunk flexion angle at initial contact, stance width-narrow, foot position-toe out, symmetric initial foot contact, in the total score of LESS items, female fencer group was higher and statistically significant difference was found. CONCLUSION: In the case of fencing players, there is no significant difference in the LESS scores according to the items. However, when comparing gender, female fencers have higher LESS scores than male fencers; female fencers should be more careful in preventing injuries.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament* ; Female ; Foot ; Humans ; Knee ; Male ; Risk Factors*

No abstract available.
Financial Management* ; Writing*

No abstract available.
Research Design*

OBJECTIVES: Adoption of hospital information systems offers distinctive advantages in healthcare delivery. First, implementation of consolidated hospital information system in Seoul National University Hospital led to significant improvements in quality of healthcare and efficiency of hospital management. METHODS: The hospital information system in Seoul National University Hospital consists of component applications: clinical information systems, clinical research support systems, administrative information systems, management information systems, education support systems, and referral systems that operate to generate utmost performance when delivering healthcare services. RESULTS: Clinical information systems, which consist of such applications as electronic medical records, picture archiving and communication systems, primarily support clinical activities. Clinical research support system provides valuable resources supporting various aspects of clinical activities, ranging from management of clinical laboratory tests to establishing care-giving procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Seoul National University Hospital strives to move its hospital information system to a whole new level, which enables customized healthcare service and fulfills individual requirements. The current information strategy is being formulated as an initial step of development, promoting the establishment of next-generation hospital information system.
Adoption ; Confidentiality ; Delivery of Health Care ; Electronic Health Records ; Hospital Information Systems ; Information Systems ; Management Information Systems ; Quality of Health Care ; Radiology Information Systems ; Referral and Consultation

BACKGROUND: Pleural drainage following video-assisted thoracic surgery has traditionally been achieved with large- bore, semi-rigid chest tubes. Recent trends in thoracic surgery have been toward less invasive approaches for a variety of diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of drainage by means of small, soft, and flexible 14Fr Blake drains. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Between December 2007 and March 2008, 14Fr silastic Blake drains were used for drainage of the pleural cavity in 37 patients who underwent a variety of video- assisted thoracic surgical procedures at our institution. RESULT: The average postoperative length of hospital stay was 3.26 days (range, 2~12 days), Blake drains were left in the pleural space for an average of 3.15 days (range, 1~7 days), and the average amount of drainage was 43.8 ml/day. The maximal amount of blood removed daily by a Brake drain was as much as 290 mL. There were no drain-related complications. Blake drains seemed to cause less pain while in place, and particularly at the time of removal. CONCLUSION: The use of a Blake drain following minor thoracic surgery appeared to be safe and effective in drainage of fluid or air in the pleural space, and were associated with minimal discomfort.
Catheters ; Chest Tubes ; Dimethylpolysiloxanes ; Drainage ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Length of Stay ; Mitochondrial Diseases ; Ophthalmoplegia ; Pleural Cavity ; Thoracic Surgery ; Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted ; Thoracic Surgical Procedures