Chronic kidney disease is characterized by complex pathophysiology. In recent years, research has indicated that gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a key role in the progression of chronic kidney disease. In patients with chronic kidney disease, the intestinal barrier function is compromised, allowing enteric metabolic toxins and bacterial translocation into the systemic circulation, which exacerbates the systemic inflammatory response associated with chronic kidney disease. Probiotics, as active microorganisms that regulate gut microbiota, have gradually attracted attention for their potential role in the treatment of chronic kidney disease. This review focuses on the research progress on probiotics for the treatment of chronic kidney disease.

Chronic kidney disease is characterized by complex pathophysiology. In recent years, research has indicated that gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a key role in the progression of chronic kidney disease. In patients with chronic kidney disease, the intestinal barrier function is compromised, allowing enteric metabolic toxins and bacterial translocation into the systemic circulation, which exacerbates the systemic inflammatory response associated with chronic kidney disease. Probiotics, as active microorganisms that regulate gut microbiota, have gradually attracted attention for their potential role in the treatment of chronic kidney disease. This review focuses on the research progress on probiotics for the treatment of chronic kidney disease.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of hypoxia regulate osteopontin (OPN) secreting by mature dendritic cells (mDCs). Methods CD14 + cells were enriched using anti-CD14 immunomagnetic beads, for inducing to mDCs, CD14 + cells were cultured with GM-CSF and IL-4 in hypoxia or normoxiain vitro. Concentration of OPN and TGF-β1 in supernatant were detected by sandwich ELISA, OPN mRNA detected by RT-PCR. Approach regulating function of A2 R in expressing of OPN by mDCs by using NECA (surrogate of adenosine), A2R agonist (CGS21680), A2R antagonist (SCH58261) and investigate role of TGF-β1 in this process by using rhTGF-β1 and anti-TGF-β1 Ab. Results Hypoxia inreased the level of OPN and OPN mRNA in mDCs, and this effect could be reversed by A2 R antagonist. Under normoxia,both NECA and A2R agonist (CGS21680) could upregulate the level of OPN and OPN mRNA in mDCs significantly, but this positive effect could be reversed by A2 R antagonist. A2 R played a role in regulating TGF-β1, and confirmed TGF-β1 involved in regulation of OPN by using rhTGF-β1 and anti-TGF-β1 Ab. Conclusion High adenosine induce the generation of TGF-β1 through the A2R on mDCs, and then TGF-β1 raise the OPN secreting by mDCs.

DNA extracted from 100 unrelated Chinese were detected by using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), mini polyacryl gel vertical electrophorese and silver staining techniques at the p33. 4 locus. Among 100 unrelated individuals, 8 alleles were detected,Foster-Freeman BIOTRAC system indicated that the number of copies of the tandem repeats in different allele was 7, 10 to 15 respectively.There was a rare allele whose copy number was more than 13 but less than 14. The allele fragmehtlength varied from 603 to 1115bp,the allele freqency 0.5 % ~ 53. 5 %,heterozygosity 64 %,DP value84. 5 %. Pedigree analysis indicated that alleles of p33. 4 locus obey Mendel's Laws. Successful typingof various tissues and single hair folicle had confirmed that this technique is suitable for personal identification. In addition, by using Chelex we had established an alterntive method for extracting DNAfrom biological materials,whlch is rapid and easy to perform.

The polymorphisms of minisatellite p33.6 (D1S111) locus were typed rapidly and accurately us- ing polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The amplified fragments were analyzed by mini- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by silver stain. The distribution of allele frequencies among 100 unrelated Chinese is reported. 14 alleles, containing 9 to 22 repeat units, had been detected with a heterozygosity of 76%. The allele frenquencies were from 0.5 %to 35.5 %. The size of amplified fragments ranged from 435 bp to 925bp. The discrimination power of p33.6 locus was 0. 916. The Amp --FLP was inherited according to the Mendelian Law. The results showed that the polymorphisms of p33.6 locus can be used for individual identification and paternity test.

A region of the D17S30(pYNZ22) locus was amplified in DNA from 120 unrelated chinese individuals was carried out. The amplified products were analysed by mini-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by silver stain. 11 alleles, ranging from 170bp to 870bp in size and from 0. 4 % to 30. 4 % in frequency, was detected. The heterozygosity was 73%, Dp value was 0.938. The family study showed that the Amp-FLP in pYNZ22 locus is inherited according to the Mendelian law. The correct genotyping results can be obtained from very little amount of biological material, such as mixed stains, blood stains, single hair and saliva.