Pediatric kidney disease has a relatively lower prevalence than do other pediatric conditions and has a notably different etiology from kidney diseases observed in adults. Furthermore, the pediatric population is unique in that they experience ongoing growth and development, distinguishing them from adult patients. Consequently, pediatric patients with kidney disease require more specialized and meticulous nutritional management than do adults. To address this need and promote optimal dietary practices for pediatric patients with kidney disease, pediatric nephrologists from the Korean Society of Pediatric Nephrology and nutritionists from the Korean Society of Clinical Nutrition have collaborated to establish nutritional guidelines specifically tailored to Korean dietary patterns. These guidelines offer detailed, nutrient-specific recommendations covering energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium consumption while providing practical, culturally relevant guidance intended to support both pediatric patients and their caregivers.

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) with submucosal saline injection are well-established methods for excising nonpolypoid early neoplastic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract in humans. In EMR and ESD, this submucosal injection forms a bulla that lifts the lesion, provides a safety cushion during resection, and reduces the risk of perforation. Commonly used solutions include normal saline (NS), 10% glycerol, and 0.4% sodium hyaluronate (SH). Among these, 0.4% SH is the most preferred solution in humans due to its slow absorption. While the usefulness of EMR and ESD in humans has been well-documented, information on its application in veterinary medicine remains limited. This study aimed to compare the usefulness and safety of 0.4% SH with 10% glycerol and NS as a gastric submucosal injection solution in rabbits with goals of providing a veterinary perspective on the application of submucosal injection solutions and highlighting the clinical relevance for endoscopic procedures in animals. A conventional gastrotomy was performed to expose the gastric lumen, followed by a submucosal injection. In macroscopic evaluations of mucosal elevation using a digital caliper, 0.4% SH showed a statistically significant elevation effect compared with NS, unlike 10% glycerol. Histomorphometric analysis further revealed that 0.4% SH maintained submucosal space expansion for the longest duration. In addition, histopathological analysis showed no tissue damage except for hemorrhage across all of the submucosal injection groups. In conclusion, 0.4% SH is considered the most preferable submucosal injection material in veterinary medicine, particularly for its usefulness and safety. Based on the results of this study, minimally invasive techniques such as EMR and ESD are expected to be applicable in animals. This study provides the first veterinary-specific evaluation of 0.4% SH as a submucosal injection solution in endoscopic resection (ER), demonstrating its potential benefits in minimally invasive endoscopic procedures. The findings suggest that 0.4% SH may enhance the safety and efficacy of ER, making it a preferable choice for submucosal injection in this context in veterinary medicine.

Pediatric kidney disease has a relatively lower prevalence than do other pediatric conditions and has a notably different etiology from kidney diseases observed in adults. Furthermore, the pediatric population is unique in that they experience ongoing growth and development, distinguishing them from adult patients. Consequently, pediatric patients with kidney disease require more specialized and meticulous nutritional management than do adults. To address this need and promote optimal dietary practices for pediatric patients with kidney disease, pediatric nephrologists from the Korean Society of Pediatric Nephrology and nutritionists from the Korean Society of Clinical Nutrition have collaborated to establish nutritional guidelines specifically tailored to Korean dietary patterns. These guidelines offer detailed, nutrient-specific recommendations covering energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium consumption while providing practical, culturally relevant guidance intended to support both pediatric patients and their caregivers.

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a neutrophilic dermatosis characterized by non-infectious ulceration of the skin. It is associated with various systemic diseases, including Takayasu arteritis (TA), rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Notably, the co-occurrence of PG and TA is more frequent among Asians. Here, we present a rare case of TA associated with PG. A 42-year-old woman presented with recurrent ulcers affecting her legs, trunk, arms, and face, which had been refractory to various treatments for 7 years. Recently, the patient had experienced weakness in her left leg, dizziness, and a fever that had persisted for more than a month. Computed tomography angiography revealed thickening and irregularities in the common carotid arteries, right subclavian artery, and aortic arch. TA was diagnosed, following which treatment was initiated with systemic corticosteroids. It is important to consider TA in patients with PG, particularly in young women.

Kaposi’s varicelliform eruption (KVE) is a rare viral infection primarily caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV). This condition frequently presents concomitantly with underlying chronic skin disorders, particularly atopic dermatitis (AD). This report describes a rare case of sepsis resulting from KVE in a patient with AD. A 30-year-old male patient with a history of AD presented with painful skin lesions characterized by papulovesicular eruptions, crusts, erythema, and erosions, initially localized to the neck and spreading throughout his body, accompanied by a high fever. Laboratory findings confirmed HSV infection and sepsis. Thus, a diagnosis of KVE compounded by sepsis was established. Systemic acyclovir and antibiotics led to complete recovery within 3 weeks, with resolution of fever and skin manifestations, and general health improvement. Timely recognition and management of KVE are crucial for prevention of adverse outcomes. Both physicians and patients with AD should be made aware of the predisposing factors and risks associated with KVE.

Dermatomyositis (DM) is a rare systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by distinct skin rash and muscle weakness. Approximately 15%∼30% DM cases present as a paraneoplastic syndrome often associated with an underlying malignancy. Herein, we report the case of a 60-year-old male recently diagnosed with esophageal cancer and exhibited symptoms of DM. The patient presented with generalized muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash persisting for 3 months. Muscle weakness initially manifested in the proximal arms and later progressed to the proximal legs. In addition, the patient experienced difficulty in swallowing food. Clinical, laboratory, histological, and imaging assessments confirmed the diagnosis of DM associated with esophageal cancer. Notably, both DM and esophageal cancer can cause dysphagia. Therefore, accurate differentiation of dysphagia resulting from malignancy from that resulting from DM is pivotal in the diagnostic process.

Benign small bowel strictures can occur in association with various conditions, including small bowel Crohn’s disease, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteritis, ischemic enteritis, intestinal tuberculosis, radiation enteritis, postoperative adhesions, and anastomotic strictures. Benign small bowel strictures are classified into two categories, low-grade and high-grade. Low-grade small bowel strictures involve a partial reduction of the internal diameter of the small intestine, causing slight obstruction of the passage of food and digestive fluids without significant bowel obstruction symptoms. By contrast, high-grade small bowel strictures involve a severe narrowing of the intestinal lumen, leading to marked obstruction of the passage of food and digestive fluids and pronounced bowel obstruction symptoms. Small bowel strictures can be diagnosed using various methods, including abdominal plain radiography, abdominal computed tomography, computed tomography enterography, magnetic resonance enterography, balloon-assisted enteroscopy, and abdominal ultrasound. Each diagnostic method has unique advantages and disadvantages as well as differences in diagnostic specificity and sensitivity. Therefore, even if small bowel strictures are not observed using a single imaging technique, their presence cannot be completely excluded. A comprehensive diagnosis that combines clinical information from multiple diagnostic modalities is necessary. Therapeutic approaches for managing small bowel strictures include medical therapy, endoscopic balloon dilation using balloon-assisted enteroscopy, and surgical methods such as strictureplasty and segmental resection. Endoscopic balloon dilation, in particular, can help reduce complications associated with repeated surgeries for strictures.

Dermatomyositis (DM) is a rare systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by distinct skin rash and muscle weakness. Approximately 15%∼30% DM cases present as a paraneoplastic syndrome often associated with an underlying malignancy. Herein, we report the case of a 60-year-old male recently diagnosed with esophageal cancer and exhibited symptoms of DM. The patient presented with generalized muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash persisting for 3 months. Muscle weakness initially manifested in the proximal arms and later progressed to the proximal legs. In addition, the patient experienced difficulty in swallowing food. Clinical, laboratory, histological, and imaging assessments confirmed the diagnosis of DM associated with esophageal cancer. Notably, both DM and esophageal cancer can cause dysphagia. Therefore, accurate differentiation of dysphagia resulting from malignancy from that resulting from DM is pivotal in the diagnostic process.