Acute ischemic stroke(AIS)is a common neurological disorder that still presents many challenges despite advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques.Tissue kallikrein(TK),a cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protective factor,is involved in the entire process of AIS and holds significant clinical value.This review explores the mechanisms of TK in AIS,including targeting collateral circulation improvement in ischemic areas,protecting neurovascular coupling,reducing neuronal injury,and participating in remote ischemic conditioning.Additionally,plasma TK levels are negatively correlated with AIS incidence and recurrence risk,which can serve as a potential biomarker.TK therapy has been shown to improve neurological function in AIS patients,reduce recurrence rates and enhance outcomes when combined with reperfusion therapies.TK also demonstrates therapeutic benefits in AIS patients with multiple organ comorbidities.This review concludes the important roles of TK in the diagnosis,treatment,and prevention of AIS,providing new insights for future research and clinical applications.

Headache is one of the common neurological conditions,which not only seriously affects the patient's health and quality of life,but can also be a warning sign of serious diseases.Comprehensive and detailed history-taking of headache patients is an important prerequisite for identifying primary and secondary headaches,and is the cornerstone for accurate diagnosis and treatment of headache.However,there is currently a lack of clinical guidance in China regarding the key points of headache history-taking.Therefore,this expert panel has conducted a thorough review of relevant domestic and international literature and combined it with practical clinical experience to standardize the key contents and methods of headache history-taking.This consensus outlines 9 key points for the initial evaluation of headache patients,summarizes the"red flags"indicative of secondary headache,and proposes differentiated consultation strategies for children,adolescents and the elderly,which can be used as a reference in the clinical diagnosis and management of headache.

The organizational development and the main contributions of the successive chairpersons of the Chinese Society of Neurology since its establishment were reviewed in this article. The predecessor of the Chinese Society of Neurology was the Chinese Society of Neurology and Psychiatry, which was established in 1951. The early chairpersons, including Xu Yingkui, Xia Zhenyi, and Chen Xueshi, all made pioneering contributions in the field of neurology and psychiatry. In 1994, the Chinese Society of Neurology was officially established, with Professor Wang Xinde elected as the first chairperson. He achieved fruitful results in the field of cerebrovascular diseases. Subsequently, Professor Chen Qingtang and Professor Lyu Chuanzhen were elected as chairpersons. They made important achievements in the fields of neuropathology, neuroimmunology, and other areas. Since 2007, the Society has implemented a system of three chairpersons (current, former, and incoming), with Professor Cui Liying, Professor Jia Jianping, Professor Pu Chuanqiang, Professor Wang Yongjun, and others serving successively. They have led the development of various disciplines in neurology, such as neurophysiology and neuromuscular diseases, and have propelled Chinese neurology onto the international academic stage.

Enhanced External Counterpulsation(EECP)is a non-invasive auxiliary circulation technique that enhances blood perfusion to vital organs such as the heart and brain by elevating diastolic blood pressure in the aorta.It has demonstrated substantial effectiveness in treating ischemic heart disease.However,the application of EECP in ischemic cerebrovascular disease is not widely used both domestically and internationally.Its,indications,influencing factors,and operational procedures lack standardization.Therefore,this expert taskforce comprehensively reviewed relevant literature and combined clinical experience to summarize and propose recommendations for EECP in treating ischemic cerebrovascular disease.This document outlines the working principles,biological effects,and impact of EECP on cerebral blood flow autoregulation.It also proposes indications,influencing factors,treatment protocols,and monitoring indicators for EECP in ischemic cerebrovascular disease,advocating for the establishment of EECP centers with neurological specialties and conducting clinical trials to explore the efficacy and safety of EECP in treating ischemic cerebrovascular disease,thereby expanding its clinical applications.

Atrial fibrillation(AF)is a major risk factor for stroke,exerting a significant influence on stroke progression and prognosis.Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation detected after stroke(PAFDAS)has attracted considerable attention due to its key role in stroke onset,progression,and recurrence.Studies show that extending the duration of electrocardiographic monitoring can increase detection rate of PAFDAS.Compared to patients with known atrial fibrillation before stroke,those with PAFDAS exhibit better clinical outcomes,including lower risks of bleeding and mortality.However,there still remains controversy regarding anticoagulant therapy for secondary prevention in PAFDAS patients.Current evidence indicates that with regard to clinical outcomes,anticoagulant drugs does not demonstrate significant superiority over antiplatelet drugs,while concurrently posing an elevated risk of bleeding complications.Consequently,further research is warranted to establish optimal preventive strategies.This review focuses on examining the diagnostic criteria,analyzing the advantages and limitations of each electrocardiographic monitoring session,discussing the clinical outcomes of PAFDAS,with the goal of enhancing clinical recognition of PAFDAS.

Atrial fibrillation(AF)is a major risk factor for stroke,exerting a significant influence on stroke progression and prognosis.Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation detected after stroke(PAFDAS)has attracted considerable attention due to its key role in stroke onset,progression,and recurrence.Studies show that extending the duration of electrocardiographic monitoring can increase detection rate of PAFDAS.Compared to patients with known atrial fibrillation before stroke,those with PAFDAS exhibit better clinical outcomes,including lower risks of bleeding and mortality.However,there still remains controversy regarding anticoagulant therapy for secondary prevention in PAFDAS patients.Current evidence indicates that with regard to clinical outcomes,anticoagulant drugs does not demonstrate significant superiority over antiplatelet drugs,while concurrently posing an elevated risk of bleeding complications.Consequently,further research is warranted to establish optimal preventive strategies.This review focuses on examining the diagnostic criteria,analyzing the advantages and limitations of each electrocardiographic monitoring session,discussing the clinical outcomes of PAFDAS,with the goal of enhancing clinical recognition of PAFDAS.

Acute ischemic stroke(AIS)is a common neurological disorder that still presents many challenges despite advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques.Tissue kallikrein(TK),a cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protective factor,is involved in the entire process of AIS and holds significant clinical value.This review explores the mechanisms of TK in AIS,including targeting collateral circulation improvement in ischemic areas,protecting neurovascular coupling,reducing neuronal injury,and participating in remote ischemic conditioning.Additionally,plasma TK levels are negatively correlated with AIS incidence and recurrence risk,which can serve as a potential biomarker.TK therapy has been shown to improve neurological function in AIS patients,reduce recurrence rates and enhance outcomes when combined with reperfusion therapies.TK also demonstrates therapeutic benefits in AIS patients with multiple organ comorbidities.This review concludes the important roles of TK in the diagnosis,treatment,and prevention of AIS,providing new insights for future research and clinical applications.

Enhanced External Counterpulsation(EECP)is a non-invasive auxiliary circulation technique that enhances blood perfusion to vital organs such as the heart and brain by elevating diastolic blood pressure in the aorta.It has demonstrated substantial effectiveness in treating ischemic heart disease.However,the application of EECP in ischemic cerebrovascular disease is not widely used both domestically and internationally.Its,indications,influencing factors,and operational procedures lack standardization.Therefore,this expert taskforce comprehensively reviewed relevant literature and combined clinical experience to summarize and propose recommendations for EECP in treating ischemic cerebrovascular disease.This document outlines the working principles,biological effects,and impact of EECP on cerebral blood flow autoregulation.It also proposes indications,influencing factors,treatment protocols,and monitoring indicators for EECP in ischemic cerebrovascular disease,advocating for the establishment of EECP centers with neurological specialties and conducting clinical trials to explore the efficacy and safety of EECP in treating ischemic cerebrovascular disease,thereby expanding its clinical applications.

Headache is one of the common neurological conditions,which not only seriously affects the patient's health and quality of life,but can also be a warning sign of serious diseases.Comprehensive and detailed history-taking of headache patients is an important prerequisite for identifying primary and secondary headaches,and is the cornerstone for accurate diagnosis and treatment of headache.However,there is currently a lack of clinical guidance in China regarding the key points of headache history-taking.Therefore,this expert panel has conducted a thorough review of relevant domestic and international literature and combined it with practical clinical experience to standardize the key contents and methods of headache history-taking.This consensus outlines 9 key points for the initial evaluation of headache patients,summarizes the"red flags"indicative of secondary headache,and proposes differentiated consultation strategies for children,adolescents and the elderly,which can be used as a reference in the clinical diagnosis and management of headache.

The organizational development and the main contributions of the successive chairpersons of the Chinese Society of Neurology since its establishment were reviewed in this article. The predecessor of the Chinese Society of Neurology was the Chinese Society of Neurology and Psychiatry, which was established in 1951. The early chairpersons, including Xu Yingkui, Xia Zhenyi, and Chen Xueshi, all made pioneering contributions in the field of neurology and psychiatry. In 1994, the Chinese Society of Neurology was officially established, with Professor Wang Xinde elected as the first chairperson. He achieved fruitful results in the field of cerebrovascular diseases. Subsequently, Professor Chen Qingtang and Professor Lyu Chuanzhen were elected as chairpersons. They made important achievements in the fields of neuropathology, neuroimmunology, and other areas. Since 2007, the Society has implemented a system of three chairpersons (current, former, and incoming), with Professor Cui Liying, Professor Jia Jianping, Professor Pu Chuanqiang, Professor Wang Yongjun, and others serving successively. They have led the development of various disciplines in neurology, such as neurophysiology and neuromuscular diseases, and have propelled Chinese neurology onto the international academic stage.