Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury （RIRI） is a major cause of acute kidney injury during kidney transplantation and peri-operative settings， and there is still a lack of safe and effective targeted preventive and therapeutic drugs in clinical practice. Specifically， xanthohumol， luteolin， dracorhodin C， naringin， senkyunolide Ⅰ， verbascoside， and shikonin enhance antioxidant defenses， and inhibit lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis via the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway. Apigenin， nobiletin， tanshinone Ⅱ A ， and salidroside activate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway to inhibit mitochondria- dependent apoptosis and facilitate renal repair. Quercetin， methyleugenol， cyanidin-3-glucoside， and platycodin D promote autophagy and improve mitochondrial homeostasis through the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase（AMPK）/mTOR or AMPK/phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced kinase 1/Parkin pathways. In addition， hesperidin， curcumin， ganoderic acid， pulsatilla saponin B4， capsaicin， and diosgenin mitigate inflammatory responses and decrease renal tubular injury markers by inhibiting the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor κB， high mobility group box 1， Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways， thereby exerting multi-target， multi-stage renoprotective effects.

OBJECTIVES: To verify whether hesperetin (Hes) alleviates doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity by reducing inflammation via regulating the AMPK/NLRP3 pathway. METHODS: C57/bl6 mice and H9c2 cells treated with DOX to mimic cardiotoxicity were randomly divided into Sham (or control) group, DOX group, DOX+Hes group, DOX+Hes+compound C (CC, an AMPK inhibitor) group. Cardiac function and myocardial pathologies of the mice were evaluated, and the changes in H9c2 cell morphology and viability were assessed. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in mouse myocardial tissues and H9c2 cells was measured using ELISA, and H9c2 cell apoptosis was detected with TUNEL staining. In both H9c2 cells and the myocardial tissues of the mice, cellular expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β mRNAs and cleaved caspase-3, Bcl2, Bax, IL-1β, IL-18, p-AMPK, AMPK, p-mTOR, mTOR, NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1 proteins were detected using RT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS: DOX treatment caused cell swelling, decreased cell viability and increased LDH activity in H9c2 cells, resulting also in significantly increased cell apoptosis and cleaved caspase-3 expression and decreased Bcl2/Bax ratio. The DOX-treated mice showed obvious myocardial fiber swelling and inflammatory infiltration, decreased cardiac function and significantly increased myocardial LDH activity. In H9c2 cells, DOX treatment significantly increased the mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β and protein expressions of IL-1β and IL-18, lowered the expressions of p-AMPK and p-mTOR, and increased the expressions of NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1. Hes treatment obviously reduced these toxic effects of DOX in H9c2 cells, but its protective effects were blocked by application of compound C. CONCLUSIONS Hes reduces DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting inflammation via regulating the AMPK/NLRP3 pathway.
Animals ; Doxorubicin/toxicity* ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; Cardiotoxicity ; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism* ; Apoptosis/drug effects* ; Cell Line ; Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects* ; Rats

Objective To elucidate the relationship between mandibular lateral displacement and mandible asymmetry by observing the morphological changes of condylar head and mandible during mandibular lateral displacement in growing rats.Methods Forty-eight male Wistar rats at the age of four weeks were divided at random into experimental and control groups,with 24 rats in each group.A super-hard resin plate was cemented to upper incisors to displace rat mandibles 2 mm to the left during closure(Ipsilateral side).A metal crown was fitted to lower incisors.The rats were killed 2,4,8 or 12 weeks after appliance attachment.The mandible was dissected out and halved.The length and width of condylar head were measured with a caliper.Radiographic films of the mandibles were exposed,and selected measurements were made.Results The length of condylar cartilage on the ipsilateral side was significantly larger than contralateral side in experimental group(P