BACKGROUND:Flap transplantation technique is a commonly used surgical procedure for the treatment of severe tissue defects,but postoperative flap necrosis is easily triggered by ischemia-reperfusion injury.Therefore,it is still an important research topic to improve the survival rate of transplanted flaps. OBJECTIVE:To review the pathogenesis and latest treatment progress of flap ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS:CNKI,WanFang Database and PubMed database were searched for relevant literature published from 2014 to 2024.The search terms used were"flap,ischemia-reperfusion injury,inflammatory response,oxidative stress,Ca2+overload,apoptosis,mesenchymal stem cells,platelet-rich plasma,signaling pathways,shock wave,pretreatment"in Chinese and English.After elimination of irrelevant literature,poor quality and obsolete literature,77 documents were finally included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Flap ischemia/reperfusion injury may be related to pathological factors such as inflammatory response,oxidative stress response,Ca2+overload,and apoptosis,which can cause apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells,vascular damage and microcirculation disorders in the flap,and eventually lead to flap necrosis.Studies have found that mesenchymal stem cell transplantation,platelet-rich plasma,signaling pathway modulators,shock waves,and pretreatment can alleviate flap ischemia/reperfusion injuries from different aspects and to varying degrees,and reduce the necrosis rate and necrosis area of the grafted flap.Although there are many therapeutic methods for skin flap ischemia/reperfusion injury,a unified and effective therapeutic method has not yet been developed in the clinic,and the advantages and disadvantages of various therapeutic methods have not yet been compared.Most of the studies remain in the stage of animal experiments,rarely involving clinical observations.Therefore,a lot of research is required in the future to gradually move from animal experiments to the clinic in order to better serve the clinic.

BACKGROUND:Human periodontal ligament stem cells are potential functional cells for periodontal tissue engineering.However,long-term in vitro culture may lead to reduced stemness and replicative senescence of periodontal ligament stem cells,which may impair the therapeutic effect of human periodontal ligament stem cells. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of oxymatrine on the stemness maintenance and osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells in vitro,and to explore the potential mechanism. METHODS:Periodontal ligament stem cells were isolated from human periodontal ligament tissues by tissue explant enzyme digestion and cultured.The surface markers of mesenchymal cells were identified by flow cytometry.Periodontal ligament stem cells were incubated with 0,2.5,5,and 10 μg/mL oxymatrine.The effect of oxymatrine on the proliferation activity of periodontal ligament stem cells was detected by CCK8 assay.The appropriate drug concentration for subsequent experiments was screened.Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of stem cell non-specific proteins SOX2 and OCT4 in periodontal ligament stem cells.qRT-PCR and western blot assay were used to detect the expression levels of related osteogenic genes and proteins in periodontal ligament stem cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The results of CCK8 assay showed that 2.5 μg/mL oxymatrine significantly enhanced the proliferative activity of periodontal stem cells,and the subsequent experiment selected 2.5 μg/mL oxymatrine to intervene.(2)Compared with the blank control group,the protein expression level of SOX2,a stem marker of periodontal ligament stem cells in the oxymatrine group did not change significantly(P>0.05),and the expression of OCT4 was significantly up-regulated(P<0.05).(3)Compared with the osteogenic induction group,the osteogenic genes ALP,RUNX2 mRNA expression and their osteogenic associated protein ALP protein expression of periodontal ligament stem cells were significantly down-regulated in the oxymatrine+osteogenic induction group(P<0.05).(4)The oxymatrine up-regulated the expression of stemness markers of periodontal ligament stem cells and inhibited the bone differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells,and the results of high-throughput sequencing showed that it may be associated with WNT2,WNT16,COMP,and BMP6.

Objective:This study investigated the independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis（LNM）in high-risk prostate cancer（HRPCa）patients undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy（RARP），and constructed a nomogram model based on clinical data to improve the accuracy and clinical practicality of preoperative prediction of LNM.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 218 HRPCa patients who received RARP treatment at the First Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital from January 2020 to March 2025 as the modeling group. The age of the modeling group was（66.91±6.94）years old. 75 cases（34.40%）had a history of smoking，and 48 cases（22.02%）had a history of drinking. There were a body mass index（BMI）of 25.55（23.58，27.00）kg/m 2，a total prostate-specific antigen（tPSA）of 20.59（10.42，30.61）ng/ml，a free prostate-specific antigen（fPSA）of 1.87（1.04，3.26）ng/ml，a prostate volume（PV）of（41.19±21.00）ml，a prostate-specific antigen density（PSAD）of 0.52（0.30，0.84）ng/ml 2. Among the patients，60 cases（27.52%）had a preoperative biopsy Gleason score >8，and the percentage of positive biopsy cores（PPBC）was 50%（31%，80%）. Thirty-one patients（14.22%）were staged clinically as >T 2c. The diagnostic criteria for high-risk prostate cancer（HRPCa）were defined as meeting any one of the following：PSA >20 ng/ml，Gleason score on prostate biopsy ≥8，or clinical stage ≥T 3. Among the 218 patients in the modeling cohort，67 cases（30.73%）met two of the criteria，and 7 cases（3.21%）met all three criteria. All 218 patients underwent RARP，and based on postoperative pathology，they were divided into the LNM group and the non-LNM group. The relationship between the number of diagnostic criteria met and the occurrence of LNM was analyzed. An external validation cohort included 42 HRPCa patients who underwent RARP at the Third，Fifth Medical Centers of the PLA General Hospital between January 2023 and May 2025. Their mean age was（66.79±5.92）years. Eighteen patients（42.86%）had a smoking history，and nine（21.43%）had a history of alcohol consumption. The median BMI was 26.00（23.80，27.13）kg/m 2. The median tPSA level was 17.34（8.97，27.30）ng/ml. The median fPSA was 1.51（0.83，2.52）ng/ml，and the median PV was（35.57 ± 15.25）ml. The median PSAD was 0.57（0.23，0.87）ng/ml 2，and the median PPBC was 58%（36%，71%）. Three patients（7.14%）had a clinical stage >T 2c，and 12 patients（28.57%）had a Gleason score >8 on preoperative biopsy. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent risk factors for LNM，and a nomogram model was constructed based on these factors. The predictive performance of the model was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic（ROC）curves and calibration plots，and the model was validated in the external cohort. Result:According to postoperative pathology，45 patients were classified into the LNM group，and 173 into the non-LNM group. The probability of LNM increased proportionally with the number of diagnostic criteria met for HRPCa（meeting two criteria： OR = 4.762，95% CI 2.323-9.761， P < 0.01；meeting three criteria： OR = 10.667，95% CI 2.187-52.025， P=0.003）. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that age（ OR=0.913，95% CI 0.859-0.971， P = 0.004），tPSA（ OR=1.039，95% CI 1.018-1.061， P<0.01），PPBC（ OR = 5.656，95% CI 1.101-29.056， P = 0.038），and clinical T stage（T 2c stage： OR=2.945，95% CI 0.888-9.769， P=0.077；>T 2c stage OR = 18.351，95% CI 4.790-70.306， P < 0.01）were independent risk factors for postoperative LNM in HRPCa patients after RARP. The ROC curve of the nomogram model based on these factors showed an area under the curve（AUC）of 0.853（95% CI 0.790-0.917）. In the external validation cohort，the nomogram achieved an AUC of 0.743（95% CI 0.556-0.929）. The calibration plots demonstrated good agreement between the predicted probabilities and actual observations. Conclusions:Age，tPSA，PPBC，and clinical T stage were independent predictors of postoperative LNM in HRPCa patients undergoing RARP. The greater the number of HRPCa diagnostic criteria met，the higher the likelihood of postoperative LNM. The nomogram developed in this study could effectively predict the risk of LNM in HRPCa patients after RARP.

Objective:To analyze and compare the interfractional setup errors between two body posi-tioning fixation methods(lithotomy position with carbon fiber full-body fixation frame vs.conventional carbon fiber body fixation frame combined with thermoplastic membrane)in radical radiotherapy for pros-tate cancer,and to calculate the clinical target volume(CTV)to planning target volume(PTV)margin(MPTV)for both methods to optimize immobilization techniques and radiotherapy workflows.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 37 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostate radio-therapy at Peking University First Hospital between August 2021 and March 2023.The patients were di-vided into two groups based on the immobilization method:Group A(18 patients,450 CBCT image sets)used a carbon fiber whole-body fixator in the lithotomy position,while Group B(19 patients,461 CBCT image sets)used a conventional carbon fiber fixator combined with a thermoplastic mask.All the patients underwent daily cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT)image guidance.Bone registration combined with manual registration was used to obtain the setup error data in the left-right(X),cranio-caudal(Y)and anterior-posterior(Z)directions.The positioning errors of the two groups were compared by using the independent sample t-test,the Mann-Whitney U test and the chi-square test.The average positioning error,systematic positioning error(Σ)and random positioning error(δ)were calculated,and the CTV-PTV extension distance was calculated by using the(MPTV=2.5Σ+0.7δ).Results:The analysis of the setup errors in the three-dimensional direction showed significant differences between the two groups(all P＜0.01).Specifically,the median(quartile)absolute values of the errors in the X,Y,and Z di-rections of group A were[0.40(0.20,0.70)cm,0.50(0.30,0.80)cm,and 0.35(0.20,0.60)cm],respectively.In group B,the corresponding values were significantly reduced to[0.20(0.10,0.40)cm,0.40(0.20,0.70)cm and 0.20(0.10,0.40)cm].The results of Mann-Whitney U test showed that the differences in each direction were highly statistically significant(X:z=-6.86;Y:z=-2.76;Z:z=-5.71).The cumulative distribution ratio of the setup error displacement within 0.5 cm in the X,Y,and Z directions in group A and group B were 297(66.0％)and 408(88.5％)(P＜0.01),250(55.6％)and 285(61.8％)(P=0.055),308(68.4％)and 391(84.8％)(P＜0.01),re-spectively.The CTV-PTV margins in three directions were X 0.66 cm in group A and 0.35 cm in group B;Y0.67 cm and 0.45 cm;Z 0.54 cm and 0.42 cm.Conclusion:Conventional carbon fiber human body fixator combined with thermoplastic film can significantly reduce the setup error.However,the car-bon fiber whole-body fixator in the lithotomy position demonstrated larger setup errors in the X,Y,and Z directions compared with the conventional fixator combined with a thermoplastic mask,indicating the need for further workflow optimization.Given that the lithotomy position is essential for transperineal ultrasound-guided techniques,further research and improvements are required to achieve higher positioning accuracy.

Objective:To analyze and compare the interfractional setup errors between two body posi-tioning fixation methods(lithotomy position with carbon fiber full-body fixation frame vs.conventional carbon fiber body fixation frame combined with thermoplastic membrane)in radical radiotherapy for pros-tate cancer,and to calculate the clinical target volume(CTV)to planning target volume(PTV)margin(MPTV)for both methods to optimize immobilization techniques and radiotherapy workflows.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 37 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostate radio-therapy at Peking University First Hospital between August 2021 and March 2023.The patients were di-vided into two groups based on the immobilization method:Group A(18 patients,450 CBCT image sets)used a carbon fiber whole-body fixator in the lithotomy position,while Group B(19 patients,461 CBCT image sets)used a conventional carbon fiber fixator combined with a thermoplastic mask.All the patients underwent daily cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT)image guidance.Bone registration combined with manual registration was used to obtain the setup error data in the left-right(X),cranio-caudal(Y)and anterior-posterior(Z)directions.The positioning errors of the two groups were compared by using the independent sample t-test,the Mann-Whitney U test and the chi-square test.The average positioning error,systematic positioning error(Σ)and random positioning error(δ)were calculated,and the CTV-PTV extension distance was calculated by using the(MPTV=2.5Σ+0.7δ).Results:The analysis of the setup errors in the three-dimensional direction showed significant differences between the two groups(all P＜0.01).Specifically,the median(quartile)absolute values of the errors in the X,Y,and Z di-rections of group A were[0.40(0.20,0.70)cm,0.50(0.30,0.80)cm,and 0.35(0.20,0.60)cm],respectively.In group B,the corresponding values were significantly reduced to[0.20(0.10,0.40)cm,0.40(0.20,0.70)cm and 0.20(0.10,0.40)cm].The results of Mann-Whitney U test showed that the differences in each direction were highly statistically significant(X:z=-6.86;Y:z=-2.76;Z:z=-5.71).The cumulative distribution ratio of the setup error displacement within 0.5 cm in the X,Y,and Z directions in group A and group B were 297(66.0％)and 408(88.5％)(P＜0.01),250(55.6％)and 285(61.8％)(P=0.055),308(68.4％)and 391(84.8％)(P＜0.01),re-spectively.The CTV-PTV margins in three directions were X 0.66 cm in group A and 0.35 cm in group B;Y0.67 cm and 0.45 cm;Z 0.54 cm and 0.42 cm.Conclusion:Conventional carbon fiber human body fixator combined with thermoplastic film can significantly reduce the setup error.However,the car-bon fiber whole-body fixator in the lithotomy position demonstrated larger setup errors in the X,Y,and Z directions compared with the conventional fixator combined with a thermoplastic mask,indicating the need for further workflow optimization.Given that the lithotomy position is essential for transperineal ultrasound-guided techniques,further research and improvements are required to achieve higher positioning accuracy.

Chronic pancreatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by progre-ssive fibrosis of pancreatic tissue. Its pathological features primarily include parenchymal fibrosis, intraductal stone formation or calcification deposits, as well as segmental stenosis and dilation of the pancreatic duct. Prolonged chronic inflammatory stimulation not only leads to progressive pancreatic dysfunction but may also trigger the formation of pancreatic pseudocysts and even malignant transformation. In the comprehensive treatment of chronic pancreatitis, the core clinical goals are the removal of pancreatic duct stones, restoration of unobstructed pancreatic duct drainage, and preservation of residual pancreatic function. Traditional treatment strategies have been based on the principle of progressive intervention and early surgical management. In recent years, with advancements in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, the application of new techniques such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography combined with laser lithotripsy under direct cholan-gioscopic visualization, and improvements in pancreas-preserving surgical approaches, the debate over the superiority of progressive intervention versus early surgical treatment has intensified. Against this backdrop, the treatment mode of Xi′an Jiaotong University Pancreatic Disease Center (hereinafter referred to as "Western Pancreas") has emerged, emphasizing a personalized, multimodal treatment strategy based on different types of pancreatic duct stones. The treatment mode of "Western Pancreas" integrates lithotripsy, endoscopic treatment, and surgical interventions to optimize patient outcomes. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of domestic and international pancreatic duct stone classi-fication systems and drawing from our team′s clinical experience in managing over a thousand cases of chronic pancreatitis, the authors have further refined and proposed a classification system for pancreatic duct stones under the treatment mode of "Western Pancreas". This refinement aims to enhance the overall diagnostic and therapeutic standards for chronic pancreatitis.

Chronic pancreatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by progre-ssive fibrosis of pancreatic tissue. Its pathological features primarily include parenchymal fibrosis, intraductal stone formation or calcification deposits, as well as segmental stenosis and dilation of the pancreatic duct. Prolonged chronic inflammatory stimulation not only leads to progressive pancreatic dysfunction but may also trigger the formation of pancreatic pseudocysts and even malignant transformation. In the comprehensive treatment of chronic pancreatitis, the core clinical goals are the removal of pancreatic duct stones, restoration of unobstructed pancreatic duct drainage, and preservation of residual pancreatic function. Traditional treatment strategies have been based on the principle of progressive intervention and early surgical management. In recent years, with advancements in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, the application of new techniques such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography combined with laser lithotripsy under direct cholan-gioscopic visualization, and improvements in pancreas-preserving surgical approaches, the debate over the superiority of progressive intervention versus early surgical treatment has intensified. Against this backdrop, the treatment mode of Xi′an Jiaotong University Pancreatic Disease Center (hereinafter referred to as "Western Pancreas") has emerged, emphasizing a personalized, multimodal treatment strategy based on different types of pancreatic duct stones. The treatment mode of "Western Pancreas" integrates lithotripsy, endoscopic treatment, and surgical interventions to optimize patient outcomes. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of domestic and international pancreatic duct stone classi-fication systems and drawing from our team′s clinical experience in managing over a thousand cases of chronic pancreatitis, the authors have further refined and proposed a classification system for pancreatic duct stones under the treatment mode of "Western Pancreas". This refinement aims to enhance the overall diagnostic and therapeutic standards for chronic pancreatitis.

Objective:This study investigated the independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis（LNM）in high-risk prostate cancer（HRPCa）patients undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy（RARP），and constructed a nomogram model based on clinical data to improve the accuracy and clinical practicality of preoperative prediction of LNM.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 218 HRPCa patients who received RARP treatment at the First Medical Center of the PLA General Hospital from January 2020 to March 2025 as the modeling group. The age of the modeling group was（66.91±6.94）years old. 75 cases（34.40%）had a history of smoking，and 48 cases（22.02%）had a history of drinking. There were a body mass index（BMI）of 25.55（23.58，27.00）kg/m 2，a total prostate-specific antigen（tPSA）of 20.59（10.42，30.61）ng/ml，a free prostate-specific antigen（fPSA）of 1.87（1.04，3.26）ng/ml，a prostate volume（PV）of（41.19±21.00）ml，a prostate-specific antigen density（PSAD）of 0.52（0.30，0.84）ng/ml 2. Among the patients，60 cases（27.52%）had a preoperative biopsy Gleason score >8，and the percentage of positive biopsy cores（PPBC）was 50%（31%，80%）. Thirty-one patients（14.22%）were staged clinically as >T 2c. The diagnostic criteria for high-risk prostate cancer（HRPCa）were defined as meeting any one of the following：PSA >20 ng/ml，Gleason score on prostate biopsy ≥8，or clinical stage ≥T 3. Among the 218 patients in the modeling cohort，67 cases（30.73%）met two of the criteria，and 7 cases（3.21%）met all three criteria. All 218 patients underwent RARP，and based on postoperative pathology，they were divided into the LNM group and the non-LNM group. The relationship between the number of diagnostic criteria met and the occurrence of LNM was analyzed. An external validation cohort included 42 HRPCa patients who underwent RARP at the Third，Fifth Medical Centers of the PLA General Hospital between January 2023 and May 2025. Their mean age was（66.79±5.92）years. Eighteen patients（42.86%）had a smoking history，and nine（21.43%）had a history of alcohol consumption. The median BMI was 26.00（23.80，27.13）kg/m 2. The median tPSA level was 17.34（8.97，27.30）ng/ml. The median fPSA was 1.51（0.83，2.52）ng/ml，and the median PV was（35.57 ± 15.25）ml. The median PSAD was 0.57（0.23，0.87）ng/ml 2，and the median PPBC was 58%（36%，71%）. Three patients（7.14%）had a clinical stage >T 2c，and 12 patients（28.57%）had a Gleason score >8 on preoperative biopsy. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent risk factors for LNM，and a nomogram model was constructed based on these factors. The predictive performance of the model was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic（ROC）curves and calibration plots，and the model was validated in the external cohort. Result:According to postoperative pathology，45 patients were classified into the LNM group，and 173 into the non-LNM group. The probability of LNM increased proportionally with the number of diagnostic criteria met for HRPCa（meeting two criteria： OR = 4.762，95% CI 2.323-9.761， P < 0.01；meeting three criteria： OR = 10.667，95% CI 2.187-52.025， P=0.003）. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that age（ OR=0.913，95% CI 0.859-0.971， P = 0.004），tPSA（ OR=1.039，95% CI 1.018-1.061， P<0.01），PPBC（ OR = 5.656，95% CI 1.101-29.056， P = 0.038），and clinical T stage（T 2c stage： OR=2.945，95% CI 0.888-9.769， P=0.077；>T 2c stage OR = 18.351，95% CI 4.790-70.306， P < 0.01）were independent risk factors for postoperative LNM in HRPCa patients after RARP. The ROC curve of the nomogram model based on these factors showed an area under the curve（AUC）of 0.853（95% CI 0.790-0.917）. In the external validation cohort，the nomogram achieved an AUC of 0.743（95% CI 0.556-0.929）. The calibration plots demonstrated good agreement between the predicted probabilities and actual observations. Conclusions:Age，tPSA，PPBC，and clinical T stage were independent predictors of postoperative LNM in HRPCa patients undergoing RARP. The greater the number of HRPCa diagnostic criteria met，the higher the likelihood of postoperative LNM. The nomogram developed in this study could effectively predict the risk of LNM in HRPCa patients after RARP.

Polygala tenuifolia,commonly known as Yuanzhi(YZ)in Chinese,has been shown to possess anti-insomnia properties.However,the material basis and the mechanism underlying its sedative-hypnotic effects remain unclear.Herein,we investigated the active components and neurochemical mechanism of YZ extracts using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)-based pharmaco-metabolomics and mass spectrometry imaging(MSI)-based spatial resolved metabolomics.According to the results,17 prototypes out of 101 ingredients in the YZ extract were detected in both the plasma and brain,which might be the major components contributing to the sedative-hypnotic effects.Network pharmacology analysis revealed that these prototypes may exert their effects through neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction,serotonergic synapse,dopaminergic synapse,and dopaminergic synapse,among other pathways.LC-MS/MS-based targeted metabolomics and Western blot(WB)revealed that tryptophan-serotonin-melatonin(Trp-5-HT-Mel)and tyrosine-norepinephrine-adrenaline(Tyr-Ne-Ad)are the key regulated pathways.Dopa decarboxylase(DDC)upregulation and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase(PNMT)downregulation further confirmed these pathways.Furthermore,MSI-based spatially resolved metabolomics revealed notable alterations in 5-HT in the pineal gland(PG),and Ad in the brainstem,including the middle brain(MB),pons(PN),and hypothalamus(HY).In summary,this study illustrates the efficacy of an integrated multidimensional metabolomics approach in unraveling the sedative-hypnotic effects and neurochemical mechanisms of a Chinese herbal medicine,YZ.

【Objective】 To examine risk factors for acute pancreatitis (AP) in individuals with chronic alcohol consumption habits. 【Methods】 The study incorporated participants from the initial survey (2006-2010) and subsequent follow-ups (2014+) taken from the UK Biobank database, with the observation period ending on November 30, 2022. During this period, 176 individuals were newly diagnosed with AP, while 59,512 remained unaffected. Vital characteristics of the target population, such as their medical histories, surgical experiences and dietary patterns, were collected during the enrolment phase (2006-2010). The Cox proportional hazard model was employed to ascertain whether these characteristics were potent risk factors for AP. Concurrently, a subgroup from the target population with documented drinking behavior was selected. The multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was utilized to analyze the relationship of the established factors, variances in alcohol consumption, and increased alcohol intake (Δ) with the onset of AP, and whether the additional alcohol intake served as a risk factor. 【Results】 Multivariate analysis revealed that consumption quantity of cooked vegetables inversely correlated with AP risk (HR=0.44, 0.39, 0.42 and 0.41 for one, two, three and four+ tablespoons per day, respectively, as compared to non-consumers). Coffee consumption (2-3 cups per day) also reduced AP risk (HR=0.45 for 2 cups/day; HR=0.39 for 3 cups/day as compared to non-coffee drinkers). However, those with biliary disease without cholecystectomy exhibited a marked increase in AP risk (HR=7.82), which reduced albeit remained elevated for those with biliary disease post-cholecystectomy (HR=2.15). Subgroup analysis showed minimal impact of alcohol intake levels on AP incidence. Yet, increased alcohol consumption (Δ of 1 bottle/week) was linked to a heightened AP risk (HR=1.05, 95% CI:1.02-1.09, P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Among longstanding alcohol consumers, a diet rich in cooked vegetables and moderate coffee consumption offers protective effects against AP. Conversely, biliary disease (particularly without cholecystectomy) and elevated alcohol intake present considerable risk factors for the development of this condition.