The European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) and the Association for Dental Education in Europe (ADEE) jointly held the second European Consensus Workshop on Education in Periodontology in February, 2023. Building on the first consensus workshop in 2009, expert working groups from European Workshop Committee updated four educational levels: undergraduate, specialist, continuing professional development (CPD), as well as teaching methods, culminating in the updated consensus report in March, 2024. This article introduces and interprets the contents of the 2024 consensus report. Specific to China′s national conditions, we also propose future perspectives and considerations on different levels of periodontal education in China based on this consensus.

The European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) and the Association for Dental Education in Europe (ADEE) jointly held the second European Consensus Workshop on Education in Periodontology in February, 2023. Building on the first consensus workshop in 2009, expert working groups from European Workshop Committee updated four educational levels: undergraduate, specialist, continuing professional development (CPD), as well as teaching methods, culminating in the updated consensus report in March, 2024. This article introduces and interprets the contents of the 2024 consensus report. Specific to China′s national conditions, we also propose future perspectives and considerations on different levels of periodontal education in China based on this consensus.

Objective:To investigate the impact and mechanism of polydatin(PD)on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)induced in-flammatory damage in pancreatic acinar cells.Methods:Rat pancreatic exocrine cells AR42J were cultured in vitro,LPS treated cells were used to construct a cell inflammatory injury model,and co-cultured with 0,12.5,25,50,100 and 200 μg/L PD,CCK-8 method was applied to detect cell proliferation activity;AR42J cells were grouped into blank group(CT group),inflammatory injury model group(M group),PD group(100 μg/L),and PD+WZ811 group[stromal cell derived factor 1(SDF-1)/CXC chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4)pathway inhibitor](100 μg/L PD+1 μmol/L WZ811),dinitrophenylhydrazine method was applied to detect the leakage rate of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)in each group of cells,flow cytometry was applied to detect cell apoptosis rate,ELISA kit was ap-plied to determine the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in cell supernatant,thiobarbituric acid method were applied to determine the content of malondialdehyde(MDA),Xanthine oxidation method was applied to measure superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity,immunofluo-rescence staining was applied to detect the expressions of SDF-1 and CXCR4 proteins.Results:Compared with 0 μg/L group,100 μg/L and 200 μg/L PD obviously increased cell proliferation activity;compared with the CT group,the leakage rate of LDH,apoptosis rate,and the contents of IL-1β,TNF-α and MDA of cells in the M group increased,the SOD activity and expressions of SDF-1 and CXCR4 proteins decreased(P<0.05);compared with the M group,the leakage rate of LDH,apoptosis rate,and the contents of IL-1β,TNF-α and MDA of cells in the PD group decreased,the SOD activity and expressions of SDF-1 and CXCR4 proteins increased(P<0.05);compared with the PD group,the leakage rate of LDH,apoptosis rate,and the contents of IL-1β,TNF-α,and MDA of cells in the PD+WZ811 group increased,the SOD activity and expression of SDF-1 and CXCR4 proteins decreased(P<0.05).Conclusion:The protective effect of PD on LPS-induced inflammatory damage in AR42J cells may be related to the activation of the SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway.

Cemental tear is a rare and indetectable condition unless obvious clinical signs present with the involvement of surrounding periodontal and periapical tissues. Due to its clinical manifestations similar to common dental issues, such as vertical root fracture, primary endodontic diseases, and periodontal diseases, as well as the low awareness of cemental tear for clinicians, misdiagnosis often occurs. The critical principle for cemental tear treatment is to remove torn fragments, and overlooking fragments leads to futile therapy, which could deteriorate the conditions of the affected teeth. Therefore, accurate diagnosis and subsequent appropriate interventions are vital for managing cemental tear. Novel diagnostic tools, including cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), microscopes, and enamel matrix derivatives, have improved early detection and management, enhancing tooth retention. The implementation of standardized diagnostic criteria and treatment protocols, combined with improved clinical awareness among dental professionals, serves to mitigate risks of diagnostic errors and suboptimal therapeutic interventions. This expert consensus reviewed the epidemiology, pathogenesis, potential predisposing factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cemental tear, aiming to provide a clinical guideline and facilitate clinicians to have a better understanding of cemental tear.
Humans ; Dental Cementum/injuries* ; Consensus ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ; Tooth Fractures/therapy*

The prevalence of periodontitis in China is as high as 74.2％,making it the leading cause of tooth loss in adults and severely impacting both oral and overall health.The treatment of periodontitis and periodontal tissue regeneration are global challenges of significant concern.GE Shaohua's group at School and Hospital of Stomatology,Shandong University has focused on the key scientific issue of"re-modeling the periodontal inflammatory microenvironment and optimizing tissue repair and regeneration".They have elucidated the mechanisms underlying the persistence of periodontitis,developed bioactive ma-terials to enhance stem cell regenerative properties,and constructed a series of guided tissue regeneration barrier membranes to promote periodontal tissue repair,leading to the establishment of a comprehensive technology system for the treatment of periodontitis.Specific achievements and progress include:(1)Elucidating the mechanism by which key periodontal pathogens evade antimicrobial autophagy,leading to inflammatory damage;developing intelligent antimicrobial hydrogels and nanosystems,and creating metal-polyphenol network microsphere capsules to reshape the periodontal inflammatory microenviron-ment;(2)Explaining the mechanisms by which nanomaterial structures and electroactive interfaces regu-late stem cell behavior,developing optimized nanostructures and electroactive biomaterials,thereby effec-tively enhancing the regenerative repair capabilities of stem cells;(3)Creating a series of biphasic heterogeneous barrier membranes,refining guided tissue regeneration and in situ tissue engineering techniques,stimulating the body's intrinsic repair potential,and synergistically promoting the structural regeneration and functional reconstruction of periodontal tissues.The research outcomes of the group have innovated the fundamental theories of periodontal tissue regeneration,broken through foreign technologi-cal barriers and patent blockades,established a cascade repair strategy for periodontal regeneration,and enhanced China's core competitiveness in the field of periodontal tissue regeneration.

Objective:To investigate the impact and mechanism of polydatin(PD)on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)induced in-flammatory damage in pancreatic acinar cells.Methods:Rat pancreatic exocrine cells AR42J were cultured in vitro,LPS treated cells were used to construct a cell inflammatory injury model,and co-cultured with 0,12.5,25,50,100 and 200 μg/L PD,CCK-8 method was applied to detect cell proliferation activity;AR42J cells were grouped into blank group(CT group),inflammatory injury model group(M group),PD group(100 μg/L),and PD+WZ811 group[stromal cell derived factor 1(SDF-1)/CXC chemokine receptor 4(CXCR4)pathway inhibitor](100 μg/L PD+1 μmol/L WZ811),dinitrophenylhydrazine method was applied to detect the leakage rate of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)in each group of cells,flow cytometry was applied to detect cell apoptosis rate,ELISA kit was ap-plied to determine the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in cell supernatant,thiobarbituric acid method were applied to determine the content of malondialdehyde(MDA),Xanthine oxidation method was applied to measure superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity,immunofluo-rescence staining was applied to detect the expressions of SDF-1 and CXCR4 proteins.Results:Compared with 0 μg/L group,100 μg/L and 200 μg/L PD obviously increased cell proliferation activity;compared with the CT group,the leakage rate of LDH,apoptosis rate,and the contents of IL-1β,TNF-α and MDA of cells in the M group increased,the SOD activity and expressions of SDF-1 and CXCR4 proteins decreased(P<0.05);compared with the M group,the leakage rate of LDH,apoptosis rate,and the contents of IL-1β,TNF-α and MDA of cells in the PD group decreased,the SOD activity and expressions of SDF-1 and CXCR4 proteins increased(P<0.05);compared with the PD group,the leakage rate of LDH,apoptosis rate,and the contents of IL-1β,TNF-α,and MDA of cells in the PD+WZ811 group increased,the SOD activity and expression of SDF-1 and CXCR4 proteins decreased(P<0.05).Conclusion:The protective effect of PD on LPS-induced inflammatory damage in AR42J cells may be related to the activation of the SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway.

With the transition of the medical model from the traditional biomedical model to the biopsychosocial one, there is a growing trend and requirement for oral operations that prioritize comfort, pain management, minimally invasive techniques, and visualization. Consequently, demands for comfortable dental treatments among individuals are increasing. However, initial periodontal therapy is often accompanied by pain, and patients′ reactions to pain range from nervousness to dental fear, such as irritability, hyperventilation, even nausea, vomiting, and refusal to cooperate, which make the implementation of initial periodontal therapy difficult or even impossible. This article will focus on three key steps: firstly, the preparation of the clinic, the acquisition of patients′ trust and the implementation of preventive sedation before treatment; secondly, the use of comfort operation and nursing, psychological intervention measures, local anesthesia, and sedation techniques during treatment; thirdly, the health education and follow-up after treatment. By addressing these aspects, we aim to clarify how to perform comfortable initial periodontal therapy step by step.

Objective:To compare the mechanical properties between our self-designed axially controlled compression spinal rod (ACCSR) and conventional spinal rod (CSR) for lumbar spondylolysis (LS).Methods:This study selected 36 ACCSRs (the ACCSR group) and 36 CSRs (the CSR group), both of which were in a diameter of 6.0 mm and manufactured in the same batch. They were subjected respectively to biomechanical tests of spinal rod and pedicle screw-rod internal fixation system. In spinal rod tests: the stiffness and yield load of the spinal rods were calculated using four-point bending tests ( n=7) and comparisons were made between the 2 groups; spinal rod fatigue tests ( n=8) recorded the successful compression loads after 2.5 million cycles of loading and compared them with the maximum force at the isthmus of a normal adult's unilateral lumbar spine (198.72 N). In tests of the pedicle screw-rod internal fixation system, the axial compression tests ( n=7) measured the axial gripping capacity, the axial torsion tests ( n=7) the torsional gripping capacity, and the lateral compression tests ( n=7) the stiffness and yield load of pedicle screws in the 2 groups respectively. Results:The stiffness [(1,543.37±61.41) N/mm] and yield load [1,338.57 (1,282.00, 1,353.80) N] of ACCSR group were significantly smaller than those of CSR group [(3,797.63±156.15) N/mm and 4,059.95 (3,813.80, 4,090.89) N] ( P<0.05). The spinal rod fatigue tests showed that the respective loads of CSR and ACCSR passing the 2.5 million fatigue tests were 640.00 N and 320.00 N, both larger than the maximum force at the unilateral lumbar isthmus of a normal adult (198.72 N). There were no significant differences between the ACCSR group and the CSR group in the axial gripping capacity and torsional gripping capacity, as well as in stiffness and yield load of screws between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:In fixation of LS, although the yield load, stiffness and fatigue resistance of ACCSR are inferior to those of CSR, the biomechanical properties of the two sets of pedicle screw-rod internal fixation system are comparable. The fatigue resistance of ACCSR can meet the stress requirements of the normal human isthmus.

The intestinal mucus layer is a barrier that separates intestinal contents and epithelial cells, as well as acts as the "mucus layer-soil" for intestinal flora adhesion and colonization. Its structural and functional integrity is crucial to human health. Intestinal mucus is regulated by factors such as diet, living habits, hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and intestinal flora. The mucus layer's thickness, viscosity, porosity, growth rate, and glycosylation status affect the structure of the gut flora colonized on it. The interaction between "mucus layer-soil" and "gut bacteria-seed" is an important factor leading to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and wash microbial transplantation are efficient methods for managing NAFLD, but their long-term efficacy is poor. FMT is focused on achieving the goal of treating diseases by enhancing the "gut bacteria-seed". However, a lack of effective repair and management of the "mucus layer-soil" may be a reason why "seeds" cannot be well colonized and grow in the host gut, as the thinning and destruction of the "mucus layer-soil" is an early symptom of NAFLD. This review summarizes the existing correlation between intestinal mucus and gut microbiota, as well as the pathogenesis of NAFLD, and proposes a new perspective that "mucus layer-soil" restoration combined with "gut bacteria-seed" FMT may be one of the most effective future strategies for enhancing the long-term efficacy of NAFLD treatment.
Humans ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/therapy* ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Probiotics ; Prebiotics ; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ; Bacteria ; Liver/pathology*

Background and Objectives: Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) participate in vascular repair and predict cardiovascular outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between EPCs and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Methods: and Results: Patients (age 67±9.41 years) suffering from AAAs (aortic diameters 58.09±11.24 mm) were prospectively enrolled in this study. All patients received endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Blood samples were taken preoperatively and 14 days after surgery from patients with aortic aneurysms. Samples were also obtained from age-matched control subjects. Circulating EPCs were defined as those cells that were double positive for CD34 and CD309. Rat models of AAA formation were generated by the peri-adventitial elastase application of either saline solution (control; n=10), or porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE; n=14). The aortas were analyzed using an ultrasonic video system and immunohistochemistry. The levels of CD34＋/CD309＋ cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations were measured by flow cytometry. The baseline numbers of circulating EPCs (CD34＋/CD309＋) in the peripheral blood were significantly smaller in AAA patients compared with control subjects. The number of EPCs doubled by the 14th day after EVAR. A total of 78.57% of rats in the PPE group (11/14) formed AAAs (dilation ratio ＞150%). The numbers of EPCs from defined AAA rats were significantly decreased compared with the control group. Conclusions EPC levels may be useful for monitoring abdominal aorta aneurysms and rise after EVAR in patients with aortic aneurysms, and might contribute to the rapid endothelialization of vessels.