The immune microenvironment plays a pivotal role in maintaining ovarian homeostasis. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrine and metabolic disorder, is closely associated with immune microenvironment imbalance. This review systematically describes the dysregulation of innate immune cells (e.g., macrophages, natural killer cells and dendritic cells) and adaptive immune cells (e.g., Th1, Th2, Treg and Th17) in PCOS, highlighting their impacts on ovarian function, insulin resistance, and hyperandrogenemia. These findings underscore the central role of immune microenvironment disturbances in PCOS pathogenesis. Additionally, the association between gut microbiota dysbiosis and PCOS is explored, emphasizing how gut microbiota influences metabolic byproducts and hormonal levels to contribute to PCOS development. Furthermore, therapeutic strategies targeting immune microenvironment imbalance such as modulating macrophage polarization, restoring Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg balance, and ameliorating gut microbiota dysbiosis are discussed, offering novel insights for PCOS immunotherapy. In conclusion, this review comprehensively analyzes the pathogenesis of PCOS from the perspective of the immune microenvironment, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and reference for future research and clinical practice.

The immune microenvironment plays a pivotal role in maintaining ovarian homeostasis. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrine and metabolic disorder, is closely associated with immune microenvironment imbalance. This review systematically describes the dysregulation of innate immune cells (e.g., macrophages, natural killer cells and dendritic cells) and adaptive immune cells (e.g., Th1, Th2, Treg and Th17) in PCOS, highlighting their impacts on ovarian function, insulin resistance, and hyperandrogenemia. These findings underscore the central role of immune microenvironment disturbances in PCOS pathogenesis. Additionally, the association between gut microbiota dysbiosis and PCOS is explored, emphasizing how gut microbiota influences metabolic byproducts and hormonal levels to contribute to PCOS development. Furthermore, therapeutic strategies targeting immune microenvironment imbalance such as modulating macrophage polarization, restoring Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg balance, and ameliorating gut microbiota dysbiosis are discussed, offering novel insights for PCOS immunotherapy. In conclusion, this review comprehensively analyzes the pathogenesis of PCOS from the perspective of the immune microenvironment, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and reference for future research and clinical practice.

Objective To analyze the incidence of and risk factors for white matter hyperintensity(WMH)in pilots.Methods A retrospective case-control study was performed.The subjects were 1,415 pilots ages 19 to 58 who had undergone cranial MRI examination in a hospital between September 2020 and August 2023.They were divided into two groups:the WMH group and the control group(without WMH).Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to identify the risk factors for WMH.Results There were 219 cases in the WMH group and 1,196 cases in the control group.The total incidence of WMH was approximately 15.48％,with mild,moderate and severe cases of WMH accounting for 70.78％,24.20％,and 0.47％,respectively.Regression analysis results showed that age(OR=1.625,95％CI:1.099-2.404)and flight time(OR=1.282,95％CI:1.033-1.592)were risk factors for WMH in pilots.Conclusion The incidence of WMH in pilots was approximately 15.48％.Most of WMH were mild according to Fazekas grading.Age increase and long flight time are risk factors for WMH in pilots.

Objective:To explore the predictive value of serum adiponectin (APN) in parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis (PNAC) in premature infants.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 85 premature infants treated with PN (parenteral nutrition) at the Yiyang Central Hospital from January to December 2021. According to whether PNAC occurred during hospitalization, the infants were divided into 34 PNAC group and 51 non PNAC group. A comparison was made between the PNAC group and the non PNAC group. The serum APN levels in children of different gestational ages in the PNAC group were analyzed, and the risk factors for PNAC in premature infants were analyzed. The predictive value of serum APN in premature PNAC was analyzed.Results:The serum APN levels in the PNAC group were lower than those in the non PNAC group at weeks 1, 3, and 5, and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.01). The serum APN levels in children with gestational age<34 weeks in the PNAC group were lower than those in children with gestational age≥34 weeks at 1, 3, and 5 weeks, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that gestational age, birth weight, sepsis, fasting time, duration of PN, accumulation of fat emulsion, initial amount of amino acids, and accumulation of amino acids were all risk factors for PNAC in premature infants (all P<0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of serum APN for predicting PNAC in premature infants was 0.814(95% CI: 0.722-0.906), with a sensitivity of 0.69, specificity of 0.88, and a cutoff value of 13.28 mg/L. Conclusions:Serum APN has a high predictive value for the occurrence of PNAC in premature infants, and should be closely monitored in clinical practice.

【Objective】 To explore the effect of recovery autologous blood transfusion combined with bilateral internal iliac artery presetting in high-risk patients with hemorrhage during cesarean section. 【Methods】 A total of 162 high-risk patients with hemorrhage who underwent cesarean section from January 2021 to May 2023 in our hospital were prospectively selected and divided into in Groups A, B, and C with 54 cases in each group according to the indications for the method of transfusion. Group A received allogeneic blood transfusion, Group B received autologous blood transfusion, Group C received autologous blood transfusion combined with bilateral internal iliac artery balloon presetting. 【Results】 Intraoperative blood loss (mL) (1 600 vs 1 500 vs 800), postoperative hospital stay(d) (7 vs 7 vs 6) and operative time(min) (107 vs 104.50 vs 77) in group C were all lower than those in group A and B (P<0.05), with no difference between group A and B (P>0.05); The autologous blood transfusion volume(mL) in group C was lower than that in group B (525.5 vs 261, P<0.05). The proportion of allogeneic erythrocytes in group C was lower than that in group A (22.22% vs 100.00%, P<0.016 7). The proportion of plasma in group C was lower than that in groups A and B (18.50% vs 66.70%/18.50% vs 44.40%, P<0.016 7). The incidence of coagulating dysfunction in group C was lower than that in group A (7.41% vs 25.93%, P<0.016 7). The incidence of hysterectomy in group C was lower than that in group A (1.85% vs 16.67%, P<0.016 7), and there was no difference between group A and B (16.67% vs 11.11%, P>0.016 7). 【Conclusion】 Recovery autologous blood transfusion combined with bilateral internal iliac artery balloon presetting in cesarean section for high-risk patients with hemorrhage achieved ideal effects, which can significantly reduce intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative autologous blood transfusion, allogeneic red blood cells and plasma transfusion, as well as the operation time and postoperative hospital stay. In addition, it can improve the coagulation function and hysterectomy, which is conducive to ensuring the safety of maternal and promoting early rehabilitation, and preserving the fertility of patients to a certain extent, which is worthy of further clinical promotion.

Objective:To preliminarily evaluate the myocardium of pilots by noninvasive and radiation free cardiac MRI mapping technology, and to explore its application value in evaluating the myocardium of pilots.Methods:Case-control study was adopted in this study. Pilots and normal personnel who had cardiac MRI in Air Force Medical Center from October of 2020 to July of 2022 were selected, and they were divided into 20-40 years group and >40 years group. The differences of myocardial longitudinal relaxation time T1, transverse relaxation time T2 and T2 * values between pilots and normal personnel at different ages were analyzed and compared. Pilots were divided into groups according to flying hours and aircraft types, and the differences of myocardial T1, T2 and T2 * values among pilots in different flying hours and aircraft types were analyzed and compared. Results:The average myocardial T1 value of pilots [(1 011.18±24.70) ms] was lower than that of normal personnel [(1 025.07±25.74) ms], and the difference was significant ( t=2.10, P=0.040). The myocardial T1 value of pilots >40 years old [(1 006.04±29.15)ms] was lower than that of normal personnel [(1 029.68±20.24) ms], and the difference was significant ( t=2.30, P=0.032). The myocardial T1 value of fighter pilots [(999.04±17.39)ms] was lower than that of the bomber, transporter, helicopter pilots [(1 023.33±25.53) ms], and the difference was significant ( t=2.73, P=0.012). There was no significant difference in myocardial T1, T2 and T2 * values between pilots and nornal personnel aged 20-40 years old; there was no significant difference in T2 and T2 * values between pilots and normal personnel in the age group of >40 years old (all P>0.05). There was also no significant difference in myocardial T1, T2 and T2 * values among the pilots in different flying hours (all P>0.05). Conclusions:The level of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy or myocardial fibrosis in fighter pilots might be lower than that in other aircraft types pilots. Cardiac MRI mapping has potential value in evaluating the myocardium of pilots.

Objective:To evaluate the role of high-resolution computer tomography (HRCT) with multiplanar reformation (MPR) in the differential diagnosis of renal papillary calcification and renal calculi.Methods:Retrospective study was used upon collecting the clinical data of pilots who were suspected of renal calculi by HRCT and diagnosed by ureteroscopy in the Air Force Medical Center from June of 2017 to October of 2021. MPR was used to analyze and measure the acquired images. According to the results of ureteroscopy, they were divided into renal papillary calcification group and renal calculi group. The sizes (transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, and difference between transverse and longitudinal diameters) and CT values of the lesions were compared between 2 groups and analyzed.Results:Eighteen pilots were included. A total of 33 lesions were detected, including 8 renal papillary calcification and 25 renal calculi. ①The transverse diameter of renal papillary calcification lesions was (2.93±0.42) mm, the longitudinal diameter was (3.00±0.41) mm, and the difference between transverse and longitudinal diameters was (0.12±0.81) mm; the transverse diameter of renal calculi lesions was (4.47±2.18) mm, the longitudinal diameter was (4.01±1.49) mm, and difference between longitudinal and transverse diameters was (0.89±0.96) mm. The differences between 2 groups were statistically significant ( t=3.78, 2.93, 3.77, P=0.001, 0.007, 0.001). ②The CT values of renal papillary calcification and renal calculi was (270.87±86.95) HU and (610.74±347.03) HU, respectively, with a statistically significant difference ( t=4.32, P<0.001). ③The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter and difference between longitudinal and transverse diameters, as well as CT values, was 0.793, 0.701, 0.894, 0.788, respectively; the critical value of the difference between longitudinal and transverse diameters was 0.225 mm, and the Youden′s J statistic was 0.745. Its sensitivity and specificity was 87.0% and 87.5% respectively. Conclusions:HRCT combined with MPR is helpful to differentiate renal papillary calcification from renal calculi. The diagnostic accuracy is the highest on differentiating the difference between the longitudinal and transverse diameter of the lesion.

Objective:To preliminarily evaluate the myocardium of pilots by noninvasive and radiation free cardiac MRI mapping technology, and to explore its application value in evaluating the myocardium of pilots.Methods:Case-control study was adopted in this study. Pilots and normal personnel who had cardiac MRI in Air Force Medical Center from October of 2020 to July of 2022 were selected, and they were divided into 20-40 years group and >40 years group. The differences of myocardial longitudinal relaxation time T1, transverse relaxation time T2 and T2 * values between pilots and normal personnel at different ages were analyzed and compared. Pilots were divided into groups according to flying hours and aircraft types, and the differences of myocardial T1, T2 and T2 * values among pilots in different flying hours and aircraft types were analyzed and compared. Results:The average myocardial T1 value of pilots [(1 011.18±24.70) ms] was lower than that of normal personnel [(1 025.07±25.74) ms], and the difference was significant ( t=2.10, P=0.040). The myocardial T1 value of pilots >40 years old [(1 006.04±29.15)ms] was lower than that of normal personnel [(1 029.68±20.24) ms], and the difference was significant ( t=2.30, P=0.032). The myocardial T1 value of fighter pilots [(999.04±17.39)ms] was lower than that of the bomber, transporter, helicopter pilots [(1 023.33±25.53) ms], and the difference was significant ( t=2.73, P=0.012). There was no significant difference in myocardial T1, T2 and T2 * values between pilots and nornal personnel aged 20-40 years old; there was no significant difference in T2 and T2 * values between pilots and normal personnel in the age group of >40 years old (all P>0.05). There was also no significant difference in myocardial T1, T2 and T2 * values among the pilots in different flying hours (all P>0.05). Conclusions:The level of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy or myocardial fibrosis in fighter pilots might be lower than that in other aircraft types pilots. Cardiac MRI mapping has potential value in evaluating the myocardium of pilots.

Objective:To evaluate the role of high-resolution computer tomography (HRCT) with multiplanar reformation (MPR) in the differential diagnosis of renal papillary calcification and renal calculi.Methods:Retrospective study was used upon collecting the clinical data of pilots who were suspected of renal calculi by HRCT and diagnosed by ureteroscopy in the Air Force Medical Center from June of 2017 to October of 2021. MPR was used to analyze and measure the acquired images. According to the results of ureteroscopy, they were divided into renal papillary calcification group and renal calculi group. The sizes (transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, and difference between transverse and longitudinal diameters) and CT values of the lesions were compared between 2 groups and analyzed.Results:Eighteen pilots were included. A total of 33 lesions were detected, including 8 renal papillary calcification and 25 renal calculi. ①The transverse diameter of renal papillary calcification lesions was (2.93±0.42) mm, the longitudinal diameter was (3.00±0.41) mm, and the difference between transverse and longitudinal diameters was (0.12±0.81) mm; the transverse diameter of renal calculi lesions was (4.47±2.18) mm, the longitudinal diameter was (4.01±1.49) mm, and difference between longitudinal and transverse diameters was (0.89±0.96) mm. The differences between 2 groups were statistically significant ( t=3.78, 2.93, 3.77, P=0.001, 0.007, 0.001). ②The CT values of renal papillary calcification and renal calculi was (270.87±86.95) HU and (610.74±347.03) HU, respectively, with a statistically significant difference ( t=4.32, P<0.001). ③The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter and difference between longitudinal and transverse diameters, as well as CT values, was 0.793, 0.701, 0.894, 0.788, respectively; the critical value of the difference between longitudinal and transverse diameters was 0.225 mm, and the Youden′s J statistic was 0.745. Its sensitivity and specificity was 87.0% and 87.5% respectively. Conclusions:HRCT combined with MPR is helpful to differentiate renal papillary calcification from renal calculi. The diagnostic accuracy is the highest on differentiating the difference between the longitudinal and transverse diameter of the lesion.

Due to the virtues of no stutter peaks, low rates of mutation, and short amplicon sizes, insertion/deletion (InDel) polymorphism is an indispensable tool for analyzing degraded DNA samples from crime scenes for human identifications (Wang et al., 2021). Herein, a self-developed panel of 43 InDel loci constructed previously by our group was utilized to evaluate the genetic diversities and explore the genetic background of the Han Chinese from Beijing (HCB) including 301 random healthy individuals. The lengths of amplicons at 43 InDel loci in this panel ranged from 87 to 199 bp, which indicated that the panel could be used as an effective tool to utilize highly degraded DNA samples for human identity testing. The loci in this panel were validated and performed well for forensic degraded DNA samples (Jin et al., 2021). The combined discrimination power (PD) and combined probability of exclusion (PE) values in this panel indicated that the 43 InDel loci could be used as the candidate markers in personal identification and parentage testing of HCB. In addition, population genetic relationships between the HCB and 26 reference populations from five continents based on 19 overlapped InDel loci were displayed by constructing a phylogenetic tree, principal component analysis (PCA), and population genetic structure analysis. The results illustrated that the HCB had closer genetic relationships with the Han populations from Chinese different regions.
Beijing ; China ; Forensic Genetics/methods* ; Gene Frequency ; Genetics, Population ; Humans ; INDEL Mutation ; Phylogeny