Objective To review the clinical characteristics of Slackia exigua infections for improving the diagnosis and treatment.Methods We reviewed the clinical characteristics of a case of pulmonary abscess caused by Slackia exigua.The infection cases caused by Slackia exigua were searched and retrieved from PubMed,CNKI,and Wanfang databases,for the articles published during the period from January 1,2011 to December 31,2023.Results Among the 15 cases of Slackia exigua infection,84.6％(11/13)had underlying diseases.Hypertension was the most common underlying disease,reported in 54.5％(6/11)of patients.Fever was present in 73.3％(11/15)of patients.Oral diseases and abscess caused by Slackia exigua were found in 63.6％(7/11)and 60.0％(9/15)of patients,respectively.Mixed infection was identified in 33.3％(5/15)of patients.The bacterium was susceptible to penicillin,ampicillin-sulbactam,ceftriaxone,levofloxacin and clindamycin,but mostly(2/3)resistant to metronidazole.Conclusions Slackia exigua infection often originates from oral aspiration and can cause abscess.Beta-lactam antibiotics are preferred for treatment of Slackia exigua infections.More data are required to confirm whether metronidazole is effective.

To study the immunoregulatory effects of lycorine on mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii(T.gondii),BALB/c mice were treated with 20 mg/kg lycorine solution after peritoneal in-fection with T.gondii RH strain.The serum and spleen of mice were collected at the 1st,3rd,5th and 7th day,respectively,and the spleen index of mice was calculated.The proportion of T lympho-cyte subtypes and NK cells were detected in mice by flow cytometry,and the changes of cytokine levels in mice were measured using ELISA kit,so as to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of lycorine on mice infected with T.gondii.At the same time,the heart,liver,spleen,lungs,and kid-neys of mice were collected at the 7th day,and the pathological changes of the mouse organs were observed through pathological tissue sections,and the amount of the parasite in the liver,lung,kid-ney,and brain of the mice was detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR.The results showed that the survival time of the mice treated with lycorine was significantly extended,and the survival rate reached 80％.The spleen index of mice treated with lycorine was lower than that of the control group.Lycorine up-regulates the ratio of the CD4+T lymphocytes and NK cells in the spleen of mice infected with T.gondii,and helps to improve the ability of mice to resist T.gondii infection.Lycorine can up-regulate the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 and down-regulate the lev-els of pro-inflammatory factors IFN-γ,IL-1β,and IL-9 in serum of mice infected with T.gondii,which is conducive to reducing the damage of inflammatory response and enhancing the ability of anti-T.gondii infection.In addition,lycorine can alleviate the pathological damage of T.gondii to the liver,lungs,spleen,and kidneys of mice,and significantly reduce the amount of the parasite in the lung of mice.The results showed that lycorine could up-regulate the proportion of immune cells CD4+T lymphocytes and NK cells,inhibit the inflammatory response of mice infected with T.gondii,reduce the pathological damage of mice organs,and enhance the ability of mice to resist T.gondii infection,which is expected to become a novel anti-T.gondii drug.

Objective To review the clinical characteristics of Slackia exigua infections for improving the diagnosis and treatment.Methods We reviewed the clinical characteristics of a case of pulmonary abscess caused by Slackia exigua.The infection cases caused by Slackia exigua were searched and retrieved from PubMed,CNKI,and Wanfang databases,for the articles published during the period from January 1,2011 to December 31,2023.Results Among the 15 cases of Slackia exigua infection,84.6％(11/13)had underlying diseases.Hypertension was the most common underlying disease,reported in 54.5％(6/11)of patients.Fever was present in 73.3％(11/15)of patients.Oral diseases and abscess caused by Slackia exigua were found in 63.6％(7/11)and 60.0％(9/15)of patients,respectively.Mixed infection was identified in 33.3％(5/15)of patients.The bacterium was susceptible to penicillin,ampicillin-sulbactam,ceftriaxone,levofloxacin and clindamycin,but mostly(2/3)resistant to metronidazole.Conclusions Slackia exigua infection often originates from oral aspiration and can cause abscess.Beta-lactam antibiotics are preferred for treatment of Slackia exigua infections.More data are required to confirm whether metronidazole is effective.

Objective:To analyze the current status and trend of the mortality burden of cardiovascular disease in China from 2010 to 2021.Methods:Data related to cardiovascular disease mortality and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD2021) database. The age-standardized mortality rate and DALY rate were calculated, using the 2021 world standard population estimated by GBD2021. Joinpoint 5.2.0 software was used to calculate the mortality rate, standardized mortality rate, DALY rate, standardized DALY rate, annual percent change (APC), average annual percent change (AAPC), and 95% CI of cardiovascular disease in China from 2010 to 2021. Results:The mortality rate of cardiovascular disease was 357.44/100 000, and the age-standardized mortality rate was 280.11/100 000 in China in 2021. The DALY rate was 7 043.33/100 000, and the age-standardized DALY rate was 5 120.06/100 000. From 2010 to 2021, the mortality rate and DALY rate of cardiovascular disease in China showed an upward trend (AAPC was 1.58% and 0.83%, respectively, both P<0.05), and the standardized mortality rate and standardized DALY rate showed a downward trend (AAPC was -2.13% and -2.02%, respectively, both P<0.05). The mortality burden of cardiovascular disease was higher in males (mortality rate 392.80/100 000, DALY rate 8 156.19/100 000) than in females (mortality rate 320.38/100 000, DALY rate 5 876.87/100 000). With the increase older in age, the mortality burden of cardiovascular disease in China decreased first and then increased. China ranked high in the mortality burden of cardiovascular disease among G20 member countries. Conclusions:The death burden of cardiovascular disease is serious in China. The mortality rate and DALY rate of cardiovascular disease in China showed an increasing trend from 2010 to 2021, and the standardized mortality rate and standardized DALY rate of cardiovascular disease ranked high in G20 member countries. The death burden of cardiovascular disease was more serious in men and the elderly. It is necessary to develop more comprehensive prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation measures for men and the elderly to reduce mortality and disability rates, decrease the disease burden, and improve the quality of life.

Objective: To investigate the role and mechanism of the heat-clearing and detoxifying drug Laggerae Herba in regulating the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2(Nrf2)/solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) signaling pathway to inhibit ferroptosis and improve chronic heart failure induced by transverse aortic arch constriction in mice. Methods: Twenty-four male ICR mice were divided into the sham (n=6) and transverse aortic arch constriction groups (n=18) according to the random number table method. The transverse aortic arch constriction group underwent transverse aortic constriction surgery to establish models. After modeling, the transverse aortic arch constriction group was further divided into the model, captopril, and Laggerae Herba groups according to the random number table method, with six mice per group. The captopril (15 mg/kg) and Laggerae Herba groups (1.95 g/kg) received the corresponding drugs by gavage, whereas the sham operation and model groups were administered the same volume of ultrapure water by gavage once a day for four consecutive weeks. After treatment, the cardiac function indexes of mice in each group were detected using ultrasound. The heart mass and tibia length were measured to calculate the ratio of heart weight to tibia length. Hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to observe the pathological changes in myocardial tissue. Masson staining was used to observe the degree of myocardial fibrosis. Wheat germ agglutinin staining was used to observe the degree of myocardial cell hypertrophy. Prussian blue staining was used to observe the iron deposition in myocardial tissue. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and glutathione (GSH) contents in mice serum. Colorimetry was used to detect the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in mice serum. Western blotting was used to detect the Nrf2, GPX4, SLC7A11, and ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1) protein expressions in mice cardiac tissue. Results: Compared with the sham group, in the model group, the ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) of mice decreased, the left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) increased, the left ventricular anterior wall end-systolic thickness (LVAWs) and left ventricular posterior wall end-systolic thickness (LVPWs) decreased, the ratio of heart weight to tibia length increased, the myocardial tissue morphology changed, myocardial fibrosis increased, the cross-sectional area of myocardial cells increased, iron deposition appeared in myocardial tissue, the serum NT-proBNP and MDA levels increased, the GSH level decreased, and Nrf2, GPX4, SLC7A11, and FTH1 protein expressions in cardiac tissue decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, in the captopril and Laggerae Herba groups, the EF, FS, and LVAWs increased, the LVESV and LVESD decreased, the ratio of heart weight to tibia length decreased, the myocardial cells were arranged neatly, the degree of myocardial fibrosis decreased, the cross-sectional area of myocardial cells decreased, the serum NT-proBNP level decreased, and the GSH level increased. Compared with the model group, the LVPWs increased, the iron deposition in myocardial tissue decreased, the serum MDA level decreased, and Nrf2, GPX4, SLC7A11, and FTH1 protein expressions in cardiac tissue increased (P<0.05) in the Laggerae Herba group. Conclusion Laggerae Herba improves the cardiac function of mice with chronic heart failure caused by transverse aortic arch constriction, reduces the pathological remodeling of the heart, and reduces fibrosis. Its mechanism may be related to Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway-mediated ferroptosis.

Objective: This study aimed to construct an animal model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) that integrates disease and syndrome based on the "deficiency-blood stasis-toxin" pathogenesis and to evaluate it comprehensively. Methods: The HFpEF mouse model was constructed using a combination of Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and a high-fat diet. According to the random number table method, SPF-grade male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to the control, L-NAME, high-fat diet, and model groups, 10 in each group. Comprehensive observations and data collection on macroscopic signs (e.g., fur condition, mental state, stool and urine, oral and nasal condition, paw and body condition, etc.) and cardiac function were performed after 10 and 16 weeks of model induction. Additionally, the syndrome evolution was elucidated based on diagnostic criteria for clinical syndromes of heart failure. Furthermore, pathological and molecular biological examinations of myocardial tissue were performed to assess the stability and reliability of the model. Results: Mice in the model group showed typical characteristics of syndrome of qi deficiency and blood stasis, as well as syndrome of internal heat accumulation, including lethargy, slow response, dull paw color and oral/nasal color, exercise intolerance, abnormal platelet activation, dry feces, and dark yellow urine. The time window for these syndromes was between 10 and 16 weeks post-modeling. Cardiac function assessments revealed severe diastolic dysfunction, concentric myocardial hypertrophy, and myocardial fibrosis in the model group. Pathological examinations showed a significantly increased collagen deposition in the myocardial interstitium, enlarged cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes, and sparse coronary microvasculature in the model group. Molecular biological analyses indicated marked activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells/NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammatory pathway and significantly elevated inflammation levels in the myocardial tissue of the model group. Although mice in the L-NAME and high-fat diet groups also showed certain manifestations of qi deficiency syndrome, the substantial cardiac damage was relatively limited compared to the control group. Conclusion This study has constructed an animal model of HFpEF that integrates disease and syndrome based on the "deficiency-blood stasis-toxin" pathogenesis. The macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of this model are consistent with the manifestations of syndrome of qi deficiency and blood stasis, toxin syndrome, and syndrome of internal heat accumulation. Moreover, it can stably simulate the HFpEF state and reflect phenotypic changes in human disease. This model provides a suitable experimental platform to explore the pathogenesis of HFpEF, evaluate the effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment regimens, and promote in-depth research on TCM syndromes of heart failure.

Objective:To analyze the current status and trend of the mortality burden of cardiovascular disease in China from 2010 to 2021.Methods:Data related to cardiovascular disease mortality and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD2021) database. The age-standardized mortality rate and DALY rate were calculated, using the 2021 world standard population estimated by GBD2021. Joinpoint 5.2.0 software was used to calculate the mortality rate, standardized mortality rate, DALY rate, standardized DALY rate, annual percent change (APC), average annual percent change (AAPC), and 95% CI of cardiovascular disease in China from 2010 to 2021. Results:The mortality rate of cardiovascular disease was 357.44/100 000, and the age-standardized mortality rate was 280.11/100 000 in China in 2021. The DALY rate was 7 043.33/100 000, and the age-standardized DALY rate was 5 120.06/100 000. From 2010 to 2021, the mortality rate and DALY rate of cardiovascular disease in China showed an upward trend (AAPC was 1.58% and 0.83%, respectively, both P<0.05), and the standardized mortality rate and standardized DALY rate showed a downward trend (AAPC was -2.13% and -2.02%, respectively, both P<0.05). The mortality burden of cardiovascular disease was higher in males (mortality rate 392.80/100 000, DALY rate 8 156.19/100 000) than in females (mortality rate 320.38/100 000, DALY rate 5 876.87/100 000). With the increase older in age, the mortality burden of cardiovascular disease in China decreased first and then increased. China ranked high in the mortality burden of cardiovascular disease among G20 member countries. Conclusions:The death burden of cardiovascular disease is serious in China. The mortality rate and DALY rate of cardiovascular disease in China showed an increasing trend from 2010 to 2021, and the standardized mortality rate and standardized DALY rate of cardiovascular disease ranked high in G20 member countries. The death burden of cardiovascular disease was more serious in men and the elderly. It is necessary to develop more comprehensive prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation measures for men and the elderly to reduce mortality and disability rates, decrease the disease burden, and improve the quality of life.

To study the immunoregulatory effects of lycorine on mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii(T.gondii),BALB/c mice were treated with 20 mg/kg lycorine solution after peritoneal in-fection with T.gondii RH strain.The serum and spleen of mice were collected at the 1st,3rd,5th and 7th day,respectively,and the spleen index of mice was calculated.The proportion of T lympho-cyte subtypes and NK cells were detected in mice by flow cytometry,and the changes of cytokine levels in mice were measured using ELISA kit,so as to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of lycorine on mice infected with T.gondii.At the same time,the heart,liver,spleen,lungs,and kid-neys of mice were collected at the 7th day,and the pathological changes of the mouse organs were observed through pathological tissue sections,and the amount of the parasite in the liver,lung,kid-ney,and brain of the mice was detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR.The results showed that the survival time of the mice treated with lycorine was significantly extended,and the survival rate reached 80％.The spleen index of mice treated with lycorine was lower than that of the control group.Lycorine up-regulates the ratio of the CD4+T lymphocytes and NK cells in the spleen of mice infected with T.gondii,and helps to improve the ability of mice to resist T.gondii infection.Lycorine can up-regulate the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 and down-regulate the lev-els of pro-inflammatory factors IFN-γ,IL-1β,and IL-9 in serum of mice infected with T.gondii,which is conducive to reducing the damage of inflammatory response and enhancing the ability of anti-T.gondii infection.In addition,lycorine can alleviate the pathological damage of T.gondii to the liver,lungs,spleen,and kidneys of mice,and significantly reduce the amount of the parasite in the lung of mice.The results showed that lycorine could up-regulate the proportion of immune cells CD4+T lymphocytes and NK cells,inhibit the inflammatory response of mice infected with T.gondii,reduce the pathological damage of mice organs,and enhance the ability of mice to resist T.gondii infection,which is expected to become a novel anti-T.gondii drug.

Background::Studies that comprehensively address the characteristics of centenarian deaths are rare. The present study aimed to depict the characteristics of centenarian deaths in China and their changing trends.Methods::Data on centenarian deaths between 2013 and 2020 were obtained from the national mortality surveillance system of China, including date, place of death (PoD), and underlying cause of death (CoD). Descriptive analyses were performed to understand the epidemiological characteristics, and a joinpoint regression model was adopted to examine the changing trends in the proportions of different PoDs, CoDs among centenarians, and centenarian deaths accounting for all deaths and deaths among people aged 65 years and older.Results::There were 46,938 registered centenarian deaths between 2013 and 2020 that included 34,311 females (73.10%) and 12,627 males (26.90%). January (12.05%), February (9.99%), and December (9.74%) were the top three months with the highest number of deaths. The proportions of deaths that occurred in homes, hospitals, and nursing homes were 81.71%, 13.63%, and 2.68%, respectively. The proportion of deaths in nursing homes increased by 9.60% (95% confidence intervals [CIs], 6.4-12.9%) from 2014 to 2020. Heart disease (35.72%) was the leading cause of death, followed by respiratory diseases (17.63%), cerebrovascular disease (15.60%), and old age (11.22%). The proportion of respiratory diseases decreased by 4.8% (95% CI, -8.8 to -0.7%), and the proportion of deaths from old age decreased by 2.3 % (95% CI, -4.4 to -0.1%) per year. Shanghai had the highest proportions of deaths in hospitals (39.38%) and nursing homes (14.68%). Sichuan had the highest proportion of deaths attributed to respiratory diseases (32.30%), while Jiangsu (26.58%) and Zhejiang (23.61%) had the highest proportions of deaths from old age.Conclusion::Unlike other countries, centenarian deaths in China are characterized by a higher proportion of home and heart disease deaths, and this death pattern differs across provinces.

Objective To investigate the correlation between the expression of circulating exosome miR-485-3p and STYX with the risk of premature coronary heart disease.Methods A total of 50 inpatients with early onset coronary heart disease diagnosed by coronary angiography or CT angiography (CTA) in Af-filiated Puyang Municipal People's Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College from August to December 2023 were selected as the study group and 50 patients with excluded coronary artery disease by examination during the same period were included in the control group.The general clinical data of the two groups were collected,the plasma exosome miR-485-3p and STYX levels were detected.The degree of coronary arterial lesions in the pa-tients of the study group was evaluated by the Gensini score.The Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between plasma exosome miR-485-3p and STYX with LDL and Gensini score.The re-ceiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the diagnostic value of plasma exosome miR-485-3p and STYX in the diagnosis of premature coronary heart disease.The multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the independent risk factors for premature coronary heart disease.Results Compared with the control group,the family history of coronary heart disease,smoking history,LDL and plasma exo-some miR-485-3p level in the study group were increased,the plasma STYX level was decreased and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05);the Spearman correlation analysis showed that miR-485-3p was positively correlated with LDL (r=0.546) and Gensini score (r=0.485),and negatively correlated with STYX (r=-0.576).STYX was negatively correlated with LDL (r=-0.389) and Gensini score (r=-0.531).The ROC curve showed that the area under the curve of miR-485-3p,STYX and their combination in the diagnosis of premature coronary heart disease was 0.821 (95％CI:0.736-0.906),0.850 (95％CI:0.772-0.927) and 0.899 (95％CI:0.837-0.960) respectively.Conclusion The expression of circulating exosome miR-485-3p in premature coronary heart disease is up-regulated and the expression of STYX is down-regulated,the both are closely related to the degree of coronary artery lesion,which could be used as the po-tential biomarkers for the diagnosis of premature coronary heart disease.