Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a fatal malignancy with steadily increasing incidence and poor prognosis. Since most CCA cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, systemic therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, play a crucial role in the management of unresectable CCA. The recent advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapies brought more options in the clinical management of unresectable CCA. This review depicts the advances of targeted therapies and immunotherapies for unresectable CCA, summarizes crucial clinical trials, and describes the efficacy and safety of different drugs, which may help further develop precision and individualization in the clinical treatment of unresectable CCA.
Humans ; Cholangiocarcinoma/drug therapy* ; Immunotherapy/methods* ; Bile Duct Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods*

The phenomenon of coronary artery ectasia is typically discovered incidentally during coronary angiography.As a relatively uncommon manifestation of coronary arteries,it has attracted the interest of numerous researchers.However,despite extensive research on coronary artery ectasia,substantial controversies persist regarding both its etiology and treatment modalities.This article provides a comprehensive summary of recent research on coronary artery ectasia,elucidates various aspects of research progress,with the aim of offering substantive support and guidance for subsequent investigations.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of inducing macrophage polarization induced by acupoint effect of electroacupuncture to promote the repair of acute skeletal muscle injury.Methods 45 SD rats were randomly divided into blank group,model group,electroacupuncture group(EA group),sodium chrominate group (DSCG group) and electroacupuncture+sodium chrominate group (hereinafter referred to as EA+DSCG group),with 9 rats in each group. The rats in the EA group and the EA+DSCG group were subjected to EA intervention at the right "Chengshan" (BL57) and "Yanglingquan"(GB34),with a frequency of 2 Hz/100 Hz. The gait changes of rats were recorded by animal gait analyzer. The morphological changes of the right gastrocnemius were observed by HE staining. The changes of mast cell aggregation and degranulation in local skin muscles of "chengshan" point were observed by toluidine blue staining. The expressions of Pax7,MyoD and skin mast cells and 5-HT in the right gastrocnemius were detected by immunofluorescence method. The positive expressions of CD68 and CD206 in right gastrocnemius macrophage was observed by immunohistochemical staining.Results Compared with blank group,the wiggle time of the right hind leg in model group and DSCG group increased,stride length decreased,HE staining showed inflammatory cell infiltration,myocyte enlargement,degeneration and necrosis. The degranulation rate of local skin mast cells in "Chengshan" (BL57) area increased,and the expressions of mast cell tryptase,5-HT,Pax7,MyoD,CD68 and CD206 increased (P<0.05). Compared with model group,the wiggle time of the right hind leg in EA group and EA+DSCG group decreased,stride length increased,HE staining showed that inflammatory cell infiltration was reduced,muscle cells were uniform in size and arranged neatly. Mast cell degranulation rate increased significantly in EA group,and the expressions of mast cell tryptase,5-HT,Pax7,MyoD and CD206 increased (P<0.05),while CD68 expression decreased (P<0.05). Compared with EA+DSCG group,the degranulation rate of mast cells and the expressions of mast cell tryptase,5-HT,Pax7,MyoD and CD206 increased (P<0.05),while CD68 expression decreased in EA group (P<0.05). Conclusion EA "Chengshan" (BL57) and "Yanglingquan" (GB34) can stimulate acupuncture points to locally induce mast cell degranulation,promote the polarization of macrophages,and then activate muscle satellite cells to play the regulatory process of repairing skeletal muscle injury.

Objective:To compare the anesthetic potency of dexmedetomidine combined with remifentanil for colonoscopy in the patients with different body mass indexes (BMIs) to assess the clinical significance of the influence of weight on the level of pain during the procedure.Methods:American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients, aged 18-64 yr, undergoing elective colonoscopy, were divided into 3 groups based on the BMI: group Ⅰ (underweight group, BMI<18.5 kg/m 2), group Ⅱ (normal weight group, BMI 18.5-24.0 kg/m 2), and group III (overweight group, 24.0 kg/m 2 < BMI <30.0 kg/m 2). The prescribed dose of dexmedetomidine was infused within 2 min, then remifentanil was infused as a bolus of 1 μg/kg within 2 min followed by an infusion of 0.1 μg · kg -1 · min -1 throughout the surgery, and then colonoscopy was performed in patients of each group. The up-and-down sequential allocation was used to determine the dose of dexmedetomidine, the initial dose of dexmedetomidine in each group was 0.3 μg/kg, and the ratio between the two successive doses was 1.2. The positive response was defined as the Modified Observer′s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale score > 1 and occurrence of body movement during the operation. Each time the dose of dexmedetomidine increased/decreased in the next patient depending on whether or not the response was positive. The median effective dose (ED 50) and 95% confidence interval ( CI) of dexmedetomidine were calculated using the Dixon-Massey formula. Results:Compared with group Ⅰ (0.42 [95% CI 0.38-0.47] μg/kg), the ED 50 of dexmedetomidine was significantly decreased in group II (0.23 [95% CI 0.19-0.32] μg/kg) and in group III (0.18 [95% CI 0.13-0.22] μg/kg) ( P<0.05). The ED 50 of dexmedetomidine was significantly decreased in group Ⅲ when compared with group Ⅱ ( P<0.05). Conclusions:With the increase of patients′ BMIs, the anesthetic potency of dexmedetomidine for colonoscopy is significantly enhanced when combined with remifentanil, indicating that clinicians should pay attention to the influence of weight on the level of pain during procedures.

Delayed diabetic wound healing has placed an enormous burden on society. The key factors limiting wound healing include unresolved inflammation and impaired angiogenesis. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) gel, a popular biomaterial in the field of regeneration, has limited applications due to its non-injectable properties and rapid release and degradation of growth factors. Here, we prepared an injectable hydrogel (DPLG) based on PRP and laponite by a simple one-step mixing method. Taking advantages of the non-covalent interactions, DPLG could overcome the limitations of PRP gels, which is injectable to fill irregular injures and could serve as a local drug reservoir to achieve the sustained release of growth factors in PRP and deferoxamine (an angiogenesis promoter). DPLG has an excellent ability in accelerating wound healing by promoting macrophage polarization and angiogenesis in a full-thickness skin defect model in type I diabetic rats and normal rats. Taken together, this study may provide the ingenious and simple bioactive wound dressing with a superior ability to promote wound healing.

Objective This study used high-throughput sequencing technology to detect the regulation of JianPiHuaTan Prescription(JPHT)on the ApoE-/-mouse miRNA related to vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation and migration,verify the expression of related proteins,and explore the therapeutic effect of JPHT on atherosclerosis.Methods Ten of C57BL/6J mice were used as control group,and 30 ApoE-/-mice were randomly divided into model group,western medicine group and JPHT group.Sequencing technology was performed on aortic sample to select the differentially expressed miRNA.We screened out the tagetted miRNA related to VSMCs proliferation and migration.RT-qPCR and Western blot technology were used to test the differentially expressed miRNA and tagetted protein.Results Compared with model group,a total of 9 miRNAs were changed in JPHT group,among which 7 were up-regulated and 2 were down-regulated.The expression of miRNA-34a was up-regulated in JPHT group.The miRNA-34a and α-SMA protein expression in aorta of JPHT group were significantly different with model group by RT-qPCR and Western blot experiment(P<0.01).Conclusion Jianpi Huatan Prescription may improve ApoE-/-mice atherosclerosis through inhibitting the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells by regulating miRNA-34a.

Objective To investigate the potential risk factors for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in the elderly population in the community, and to provide a basis for the primary prevention of MCI. Methods A cross-sectional study of elderly population in communities of Shanghai, China was conducted. A total of 368 subjects including both males and females, aged 65-80 years old, were selected to complete the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), basic information questionnaires, and physical examinations. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the potential risk factors of MCI. Results Of the 368 subjects participating in the study, 53 were found to have MCI and the prevalence rate was 14.4%. Univariate analysis found that older age, low education, no folic acid supplementation, stroke, osteoporosis and hyperlipidemia were risk factors of MCI. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that advanced age [OR=1.146 (95%CI: 1.052-1.249)] and osteoporosis [OR=2.371 (95%CI: 1.042-5.396)] were the independent risk factors for MCI, while higher education [OR=0.073 (95%CI: 0.011-0.478)] was a protective factor. Age influenced all the aspects of MMSE scores (all P values <0.05). In addition, the analysis of the results suggested that subjects with regular folic acid supplementation got higher MMSE scores, especially in the aspect of language and praxis (P=0.002). On the contrary, patients with osteoporosis had lower attention and computing power scores (P=0.022). Conclusion The prevalence of MCI increased with age. Low education and osteoporosis may be the independent risk factors for MCI in the elderly population. Although no association was observed between folic acid supplementation and MCI, folic acid supplementation could improve the performance of language and praxis.

Purpose: It is well known that congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in infants impacts pulmonary function rehabilitation after surgery. However, the risk factors of postoperative pulmonary function are still unclear. In this research, we analyzed the potential risk factors of postoperative pulmonary function in CDH patients in order to improve the clinical management of CDH patients. Methods: Thirty-three cases CDH infants followed were enrolled from November 2016 to September 2018. Clinical data were reviewed. Tidal breathing pulmonary function testing was performed after surgery. Correlation between pulmonary function and clinical characteristics was evaluated using multivariate analysis of variance. Results: Pulmonary dysfunction was detected in 87.9% patients (29 of 33). The defect size was found to be significantly larger in patients with obstructed and mixed ventilatory disorders (P = 0.001). Diagnosis of gestational age (GA) was also significantly earlier compared to restrictive ventilatory disorders (P = 0.001). Larger defect size, and earlier prenatal diagnosis of GA were detected in severe obstructive ventilatory disorders (P = 0.007, P = 0.001, retrospectively). Conclusion Most patients had various degrees of pulmonary dysfunction after surgery. Patients with larger defect size and earlier diagnosis time might be vulnerable to severe obstructive and mixed ventilatory disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To identify pathogenic mutation in a Chinese family affected with hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) through genetic testing and a follow-up survey. METHODS: Whole exome sequencing was performed on DNA samples of two patients and one unaffected member to screen candidate mutations. Sanger sequencing was used to validate the suspected mutations in all ten family members. RESULTS: Four patients and three asymptomatic members (under 25 years old) carried a c.1771T>C mutation of the KIAA0196, while the other three asymptomatic members (over 40 years old) did not carry the mutation. The mutation was predicted to be "affect protein function", "probably damaging" and "disease causing" by SIFT, PolyPhen-2 and Mutation Taster, respectively. Three asymptomatic carriers were followed up and one of them developed HSP one year later, while the other two had no signs of the disease yet. CONCLUSION The clinical phenotype of the c.1771T>C mutation of KIAA0196 has a considerable heterogeneity and this mutation may be a common pathogenic site of KIAA0196 mutations among Chinese patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia.
Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Mutation ; Pedigree ; Phenotype ; Proteins ; genetics ; Spastic Paraplegia, Hereditary ; genetics

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and their special calcium-activated chloride channel, anoctamin-1 (ANO1) play pivotal roles in regulating colonic transit. This study is designed to investigate the role of ICC and the ANO1 channel in colonic transit disorder in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-treated colitis mice. METHODS: Colonic transit experiment, colonic migrating motor complexes (CMMCs), smooth muscle spontaneous contractile experiments, intracellular electrical recordings, western blotting analysis, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were applied in this study. RESULTS: The mRNA and protein expressions of c-KIT and ANO1 channels were significantly decreased in the colons of DSS-colitis mice. The colonic artificial fecal-pellet transit experiment in vitro was significantly delayed in DSS-colitis mice. The CMMCs and smooth muscle spontaneous contractions were significantly decreased by 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB), an ANO1 channel blocker, and NG-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase activity, in DSS-colitis mice compared with that of control mice. Intracellular electrical recordings showed that the amplitude of NPPB-induced hyperpolarization was more positive in DSS-colitis mice. The electric field stimulation-elicited nitric-dependent slow inhibitory junctional potentials were also more positive in DSS-colitis mice than those of control mice. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that colonic transit disorder is mediated via downregulation of the nitric oxide/ICC/ANO1 signalling pathway in DSS-colitis mice.
Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Chloride Channels ; Colitis ; Colon ; Dextrans ; Down-Regulation ; In Vitro Techniques ; Interstitial Cells of Cajal ; Mice ; Muscle, Smooth ; Myoelectric Complex, Migrating ; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; Sodium