Objective:To evaluate the role of tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8-like molecule-2 (TIPE2) in the endogenous protective mechanism against acute lung injury in septic mice and the relationship with ferroptosis.Methods:Twenty SPF healthy wild-type male C57BL/6N mice and 20 TIPE2 gene knockout C57BL/6N mice, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were assigned to wild-type sham operation group (WT-Sham group), wild-type sepsis group (WT-SEP group), TIPE2 knockout sham operation group (KO-Sham group), and TIPE2 knockout sepsis group (KO-SEP group) using a random number table method, with 10 mice in each group. Acute lung injury was induced by cecal ligation and perforation in anesthetized mice. The animals were sacrificed after anesthesia at 24 h after operation and lung tissues were obtained for examination of the morphological results of lung tissues (with a light microscope) and for determination of wet to dry lung weight (W/D) ratio, contents of ferrous ions (Fe 2+ ), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and expression of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) (by Western blot). Results:Compared with WT-Sham group, the lung injury score, W/D ratio and contents of Fe 2+ and MDA were significantly increased, the content of GSH was decreased, the expression of GPX4 and SLC7A11 was down-regulated, and the expression of ACSL4 was up-regulated in WT-SEP group ( P<0.05). Compared with WT-SEP group, the lung injury score, W/D ratio and contents of Fe 2+ and MDA were significantly increased, the content of GSH was decreased, the expression of GPX4 and SLC7A11 was down-regulated, and the expression of ACSL4 was up-regulated in KO-SEP group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:TIPE2 is involved in the endogenous protective mechanism against acute lung injury, which may be related to the inhibition of ferroptosis in lung tissues of septic mice.

Objective To analyze the relationship between 15 immunophenotypes of peripheral blood T cells and age and gender in healthy adults in the Dalian area. Methods A total of 277 healthy adults admitted to the physical examination center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University from October 2022 to June 2023 were selected as the research subjects,including 154 males and 123 females. They were divided into three groups according to age:young group(18～44 years,n=103),middle-aged group(45～60 years,n=114) and old age group(>60 years,n=60). Flow cytometry was used to determine immunophenotypes of T cells,including the absolute count and proportion of na?ve cells (N),central memory (CM),effector memory (EM),terminal effector memory (TEM),activation (HLA-DR+) and senescence (CD28-) CD4+and CD8+T cells,and the differences of them among age and gender were analyzed. Spearman correlation analysis was also used to evaluate the correlation between age and immunophenotypes of T cells. Results Compared with the young group,the absolute count and proportion of CD8+TEM,CD4+HLA-DR+,CD8+HLA-DR+and CD8+CD28-T lymphoaytes cells were increased in the middle-aged group and old age group (Z=2.009～6.607),while the absolute count and proportion of CD8+N T cells were decreased in the middle-aged group (Z=5.574～7.999) and old age group,and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05),respectively. Compared with the female group,the absolute count and proportion of CD8+CM,CD8+HLA-DR+and CD8+CD28-T cells were increased in the female group (Z=2.945～6.131),while the absolute count and proportion of CD3+,CD4+and CD8+N T cells were decreased in the male group (Z=2.075～4.225),and the differences were statistically significant(all P<0.05),respectively. Spearman correlation analysis showed that age was positively correlated with the absolute count and proportion of CD4+CM,CD4+HLA-DR+,CD4+CD28-,CD8+TEM,CD8+HLA-DR+and CD8+CD28-T lymphocytes cells (r=0.125～0.479,all P<0.05),while negatively correlated the absolute count and proportion of CD4+N and CD8+N T lymphocytes cells (r=-0.538～-0.148,all P<0.05). Conclusion The 15 immunophenotypes of peripheral blood T lymphocytes cells in healthy adults from Dalian area are affected by age and gender,so it is necessary to establish a suitable local reference interval to provide a more accurate reference for immune function assessment.

Objective:To evaluate the role of tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8-like molecule-2 (TIPE2) in the endogenous protective mechanism against acute lung injury in septic mice and the relationship with ferroptosis.Methods:Twenty SPF healthy wild-type male C57BL/6N mice and 20 TIPE2 gene knockout C57BL/6N mice, aged 6-8 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were assigned to wild-type sham operation group (WT-Sham group), wild-type sepsis group (WT-SEP group), TIPE2 knockout sham operation group (KO-Sham group), and TIPE2 knockout sepsis group (KO-SEP group) using a random number table method, with 10 mice in each group. Acute lung injury was induced by cecal ligation and perforation in anesthetized mice. The animals were sacrificed after anesthesia at 24 h after operation and lung tissues were obtained for examination of the morphological results of lung tissues (with a light microscope) and for determination of wet to dry lung weight (W/D) ratio, contents of ferrous ions (Fe 2+ ), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and expression of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) (by Western blot). Results:Compared with WT-Sham group, the lung injury score, W/D ratio and contents of Fe 2+ and MDA were significantly increased, the content of GSH was decreased, the expression of GPX4 and SLC7A11 was down-regulated, and the expression of ACSL4 was up-regulated in WT-SEP group ( P<0.05). Compared with WT-SEP group, the lung injury score, W/D ratio and contents of Fe 2+ and MDA were significantly increased, the content of GSH was decreased, the expression of GPX4 and SLC7A11 was down-regulated, and the expression of ACSL4 was up-regulated in KO-SEP group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:TIPE2 is involved in the endogenous protective mechanism against acute lung injury, which may be related to the inhibition of ferroptosis in lung tissues of septic mice.

Objective To analyze the relationship between 15 immunophenotypes of peripheral blood T cells and age and gender in healthy adults in the Dalian area. Methods A total of 277 healthy adults admitted to the physical examination center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University from October 2022 to June 2023 were selected as the research subjects,including 154 males and 123 females. They were divided into three groups according to age:young group(18～44 years,n=103),middle-aged group(45～60 years,n=114) and old age group(>60 years,n=60). Flow cytometry was used to determine immunophenotypes of T cells,including the absolute count and proportion of na?ve cells (N),central memory (CM),effector memory (EM),terminal effector memory (TEM),activation (HLA-DR+) and senescence (CD28-) CD4+and CD8+T cells,and the differences of them among age and gender were analyzed. Spearman correlation analysis was also used to evaluate the correlation between age and immunophenotypes of T cells. Results Compared with the young group,the absolute count and proportion of CD8+TEM,CD4+HLA-DR+,CD8+HLA-DR+and CD8+CD28-T lymphoaytes cells were increased in the middle-aged group and old age group (Z=2.009～6.607),while the absolute count and proportion of CD8+N T cells were decreased in the middle-aged group (Z=5.574～7.999) and old age group,and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05),respectively. Compared with the female group,the absolute count and proportion of CD8+CM,CD8+HLA-DR+and CD8+CD28-T cells were increased in the female group (Z=2.945～6.131),while the absolute count and proportion of CD3+,CD4+and CD8+N T cells were decreased in the male group (Z=2.075～4.225),and the differences were statistically significant(all P<0.05),respectively. Spearman correlation analysis showed that age was positively correlated with the absolute count and proportion of CD4+CM,CD4+HLA-DR+,CD4+CD28-,CD8+TEM,CD8+HLA-DR+and CD8+CD28-T lymphocytes cells (r=0.125～0.479,all P<0.05),while negatively correlated the absolute count and proportion of CD4+N and CD8+N T lymphocytes cells (r=-0.538～-0.148,all P<0.05). Conclusion The 15 immunophenotypes of peripheral blood T lymphocytes cells in healthy adults from Dalian area are affected by age and gender,so it is necessary to establish a suitable local reference interval to provide a more accurate reference for immune function assessment.

Objective:To detect the immunophenotype of B cell subsets in peripheral blood of patients with primary Sjogren′s syndrome (pSS) and explore the clinical significance of B cell subsets in pSS.Methods:This is a retrospective case-control study. A total of 25 pSS patients treated in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University from March 1st 2023 to February 28th 2024 were enrolled (pSS group). The mean age of the pSS group was 62.0±11.9 years old, including 25 female. Besides, 25 female healthy subjects were selected as the control group (HC group) during the tudy period, with a mean age of 57.6±11.2 years old. Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of B cell subsets in peripheral blood. In our study, pSS patients were divided into<60 years old group (15 cases) and≥60 years old group (10 cases). pSS patients were divided into ESSDAI score<5 group (9 cases) and ESSDAI score≥5 group (16 cases) according to ESSDAI score. Besides, they were further divided into no system damage group (7 cases) and combined system damage group (18 cases). According to the expression of anti-SSA and anti-SSB antibodies, pSS patients were divided into anti-SSA antibody negative group (7 cases), anti-SSA antibody positive group (18 cases), anti-SSB negative group (17 cases) and anti-SSB positive group (8 cases). Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the distribution difference of B cell subsets between the two groups, and Spearman correlation analysis was performed to analyze the correlation between B cell subsets and laboratory indicators and ESSDAI scores of pSS patients. Results:In comparison to the HC group, the pSS group exhibited a statistically significant increase in the proportions of na?ve B cells, CD19 +CD20 +B cells and plasmablast cells, alongside a decrease in the proportions of unswitched memory B cells, switched memory B cells and regulatory B cells, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The proportion of plasmablast cells was significantly higher in the ESSDAI score≥5 group than that in the ESSDAI score<5 group [1.20% (1.00%, 1.38%) vs. 0.5% (0.38%, 0.65%), Z=2.416, P<0.05]. Conversely, the proportion of regulatory B cells was lower in the ESSDAI score≥5 group compared to the ESSDAI score<5 group [2.50% (2.00%, 2.78%) vs. 5.55% (3.58%, 7.10%), Z=2.775, P<0.05]. The proportion of unswitched memory B cells was significantly lower in the group with systemic injury compared to the group without systemic injury [1.50% (0.85%, 1.70%) vs. 2.45% (1.73%, 2.78%), Z=2.122, P<0.05]. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the ESSDAI score was positively correlated with the proportion of plasmablast cells in patients with pSS (r=0.431, P<0.05), while negatively correlated with the proportion of regulatory B cells in pSS patients ( r=-0.413, P<0.05). Conclusions:There is an increased proportion of plasmablast cells and a reduced proportion of regulatory B cells in the peripheral blood of patients with pSS, and these alterations are strongly correlated with the disease activity of pSS. Consequently, plasmablast cells and regulatory B cells may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of pSS.

Objective: To observe and compare the clinical effects of different electroacupuncture waveforms on primary dysmenorrhea. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, three-group, parallel-controlled trial. Participants with primary dysmenorrhea were randomly divided into dense-sparse wave, continuous wave, and discontinuous wave groups in a 1:1:1 ratio. Two lateral Ciliao (BL 32) points were used. All three groups started treatment 3–5 days before menstruation, once a day for six sessions per course of treatment, one course of treatment per menstrual cycle, and three menstrual cycles. The primary outcome measure was the proportion with an average visual analog scale (VAS) score reduction of ≥50% from baseline for dysmenorrhea in the third menstrual cycle during treatment. The secondary outcome measures included changes in dysmenorrhea VAS scores, Cox Menstrual Symptom Scale scores and the proportion of patients taking analgesic drugs. Results: The proportion of cases where the average VAS score for dysmenorrhea decreased by ≥50% from baseline in the third menstrual cycle was not statistically significant (P > .05). Precisely 30 min after acupuncture and regarding immediate analgesia on the most severe day of dysmenorrhea, there was a statistically significant difference in the dense-sparse wave group compared with the other two groups during the third menstrual cycle (P < .05). Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference between the dense-sparse wave and discontinuous wave groups 24 h after acupuncture (P < .05). Conclusions Waveform electroacupuncture can alleviate primary dysmenorrhea and its related symptoms in patients. The three groups showed similar results in terms of short- and long-term analgesic efficacy and a reduction in the number of patients taking analgesic drugs. Regarding achieving immediate analgesia, the dense-sparse wave group was slightly better than the other two groups.

Objective:To detect the immunophenotype of B cell subsets in peripheral blood of patients with primary Sjogren′s syndrome (pSS) and explore the clinical significance of B cell subsets in pSS.Methods:This is a retrospective case-control study. A total of 25 pSS patients treated in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University from March 1st 2023 to February 28th 2024 were enrolled (pSS group). The mean age of the pSS group was 62.0±11.9 years old, including 25 female. Besides, 25 female healthy subjects were selected as the control group (HC group) during the tudy period, with a mean age of 57.6±11.2 years old. Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of B cell subsets in peripheral blood. In our study, pSS patients were divided into<60 years old group (15 cases) and≥60 years old group (10 cases). pSS patients were divided into ESSDAI score<5 group (9 cases) and ESSDAI score≥5 group (16 cases) according to ESSDAI score. Besides, they were further divided into no system damage group (7 cases) and combined system damage group (18 cases). According to the expression of anti-SSA and anti-SSB antibodies, pSS patients were divided into anti-SSA antibody negative group (7 cases), anti-SSA antibody positive group (18 cases), anti-SSB negative group (17 cases) and anti-SSB positive group (8 cases). Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the distribution difference of B cell subsets between the two groups, and Spearman correlation analysis was performed to analyze the correlation between B cell subsets and laboratory indicators and ESSDAI scores of pSS patients. Results:In comparison to the HC group, the pSS group exhibited a statistically significant increase in the proportions of na?ve B cells, CD19 +CD20 +B cells and plasmablast cells, alongside a decrease in the proportions of unswitched memory B cells, switched memory B cells and regulatory B cells, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The proportion of plasmablast cells was significantly higher in the ESSDAI score≥5 group than that in the ESSDAI score<5 group [1.20% (1.00%, 1.38%) vs. 0.5% (0.38%, 0.65%), Z=2.416, P<0.05]. Conversely, the proportion of regulatory B cells was lower in the ESSDAI score≥5 group compared to the ESSDAI score<5 group [2.50% (2.00%, 2.78%) vs. 5.55% (3.58%, 7.10%), Z=2.775, P<0.05]. The proportion of unswitched memory B cells was significantly lower in the group with systemic injury compared to the group without systemic injury [1.50% (0.85%, 1.70%) vs. 2.45% (1.73%, 2.78%), Z=2.122, P<0.05]. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the ESSDAI score was positively correlated with the proportion of plasmablast cells in patients with pSS (r=0.431, P<0.05), while negatively correlated with the proportion of regulatory B cells in pSS patients ( r=-0.413, P<0.05). Conclusions:There is an increased proportion of plasmablast cells and a reduced proportion of regulatory B cells in the peripheral blood of patients with pSS, and these alterations are strongly correlated with the disease activity of pSS. Consequently, plasmablast cells and regulatory B cells may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of pSS.

Immunology is a kind of important basic subject for medical education, involving theories and technologies covering many aspects of disease occurrence, diagnosis, prevention and treatment, and is also the source of new means of medical treatment in the future. Therefore, successful teaching of medical immunology is associated with high-level medical undergraduate education. An appropriate textbook is critical for curriculum construction of immunology. However, little analysis of immunology textbooks has been published. We selected several famous and popular English immunology textbooks and compared their teaching objectives, methods, and contents, concluding the features and targeting readers of each textbooks. Our research results could provide some advices for students to learn immunology theory and researchers to utilize immunology methods, and also give a glimpse of the development trend and direction of immunology.

Objective:To screen and analyze the differentially expressed genes between lacrimal gland benign lymphoepithelial lesions (LGBLEL) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma.Methods:A cross-sectional study was performed.Ten consecutive patients were included in Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2015 to November 2017, including five patients with LGBLEL and five patients with MALT lymphoma.Clinical data and peripheral blood sample were collected from each patient.DNA was extracted from peripheral blood.The whole-exome sequencing (WES) was employed for gene sequencing.The BWA software was used for the screen of differentially expressed gene; GATK software was used to detect genomic variation; ANNOVAR software was used to annotate and predict the effects of the variation; Varscan software was used to analyze single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion-deletions (InDels), and ExomeCNV software was used to identify copy number variations (CNVs). The mutated hub gene with the maximal clique centrality was screened out by the analysis of protein interaction network and construction of functional module network.This study was approved by an Ethics Committee of Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University.Written informed consent was obtained from each patient prior to any medical examination.Results:There was 16.63 Gb sequencing data per sample on average.Synonymous mutation and missense mutation were the most common SNPs mutation types in the LGBLEL group and MALT lymphoma group, and no significant difference was found in gene mumber of synonymous mutation and missense mutation between the two groups.The number of terminating codon missing mutation genes in the LGBLEL group was more than that in the MALT lymphoma group ( P<0.05). The most common InDels types were frameshift mutation, non-frameshift insertion and non-frameshift deletion, and there was no significant difference in gene number of InDels between the LGBLEL group and MALT lymphoma group.The number of exon CNVs was few in both two groups and showed no significant influence in final result.Six differentially expressed hub genes were found, including IGFN1, TCP10, SLC45A4, BTBD7, PHGR1 and PIEZ02. Conclusions:IGFN1, TCP10, SLC45A4, BTBD7, PHGR1 and PIEZ02 genes may participate in the development of LGBLEL into MALT lymphoma.

Functional experiment plays an important role in understanding the mechanisms of diseases and principles of diagnosis and treatment. It requires students to master basic skills of func-tional operation, and complicated disciplines of functional alteration as well. Thus functional experi-ment needs to be an open course. The use of the virtual reality (VR) and real-time recording tech-niques provides potential for this exploration. By the way of real-time recording system, HD video of experiment operation is played, which helps guiding students to learn basic experiment skills; while based on the development status of VR technology, it is more applicable for learning by oneself, such as preview before the class and review for the test, and furthermore, the advantage of VR technique will be more apparent, if the key development focuses on experiment extensions to disclose more compli-cated functional alterations. This new technique helps to improve teaching effects of functional experi-ment.