Climate change is altering the Earth's water cycle system. The resulting three extreme weather events—heatwaves, droughts, and extreme precipitation—impacts urban and rural water security through multi-layered mechanisms. A primary structural disparity exists between urban and rural systems: while urban areas benefit from comprehensive and standardized pipe networks that ensure terminal water quality, rural areas often suffer from "last mile" vulnerability due to inadequate infrastructure and outdated purification facilities. Extreme weather can directly alter the microbial community structure, concentrations of chemical pollutants and physicochemical properties of source water. These alterations interfere with the efficiency of water treatment processes and ultimately compromise the integrity of distribution systems. Because distribution networks often lack real-time monitoring and adaptive response capabilities, they have emerged as the most vulnerable link in the "water source-water treatment-distribution system" chain. Based on a systematic analysis of these chain-wide impacts, this paper proposed a series of control strategies, including security frameworks based on multi-model coupling and water source protection measures, improvement of water treatment technologies, optimization of distribution systems, and development of new water quality monitoring methods. These strategies aim to enhance the climate adaptability of urban and rural drinking water systems through multi-dimensional intervention, providing a theoretical basis for constructing climate-resilient water infrastructure.

Objective To construct a library of human-derived anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) single-chain variable fragments (scFv) and screen for broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies to identify candidate molecules for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from the peripheral blood of patients who had recovered from novel coronavirus infection. Total RNA was extracted from these PBMCs and reverse transcribed into cDNA, which was used as a template for constructing a human anti-SARS-CoV-2 scFv library. Phage display technology was used to screen for scFv antibodies specific to the SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Full-length IgG antibodies were synthesized through sequence analysis and human IgG expression, and their binding capacity and neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated. Results A human-derived scFv antibody library against SARS-CoV-2 with a capacity of 1.56×10⁷ CFU was successfully constructed. Two specific scFv antibodies were screened from this library and expressed as full-length IgG antibodies (IgG-A10 and IgG-G6). IgG-A10 exhibited strong neutralizing activity against both the original SARS-CoV-2 strain (WT) and the XBB subvariant of the Omicron variant. However, the neutralizing activity of this antibody against the JN.1 sub lineage of the Omicron BA.2.86 variant was moderate. Conclusion This study has successfully constructed a human anti-SARS-CoV-2 scFv antibody library from the peripheral blood of recovered patients, and screened and expressed anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies with neutralizing activity, laying a foundation for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Humans ; Single-Chain Antibodies/genetics* ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology* ; COVID-19/immunology* ; Immunoglobulin G/genetics* ; Antibodies, Viral/genetics* ; Peptide Library ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology* ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology* ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology* ; Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/immunology*

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of influenza-like illness（ILI）and the genetic evolutionary trends of the hemagglutinin（HA）and neuraminidase（NA）genes of influenza A（H3N2）viruses isolated in Baotou during the 2022-2023 influenza season.Methods:Etiological surveillance data for ILI cases in Baotou during the 2022-2023 influenza season were collected from the China Influenza Surveillance Information System. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed on the data. HA and NA genes of 30 influenza A（H3N2）viruses were sequenced. Amino acid variation sites，glycosylation sites，drug resistance genes，and phylogenetic trees were analyzed using MEGA 11 software and the NextClade online analysis tool.Results:A total of 1 443 ILI specimens were tested，of which 241（16.70%）were positive for influenza viruses. Among the positive cases，influenza A（H3N2）virus-positive cases accounted for 75.93%（183/241）. The nucleotide sequence similarity of the HA gene between the 30 influenza A（H3N2）isolates and the vaccine strains A/Hong Kong/2671/2019（H3N2），A/Cambodia/e0826260/2020（H3N2），and A/Darwin/9/2021（H3N2）ranged from 96.83% to 98.77%，while the amino acid sequence similarity ranged from 94.63% to 99.62%. A total of 14 amino acid variation sites and 11 conserved glycosylation sites were identified in the HA gene. For the NA gene，the nucleotide sequence similarity ranged from 98.37% to 99.65%，and the amino acid sequence similarity ranged from 94.64% to 98.28%. A total of three amino acid variation sites and nine conserved glycosylation sites were found in the NA gene. None of the 30 influenza A（H3N2）isolates had mutations associated with drug resistance，and all belonged to the clade 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.3a.1.Conclusions:During the 2022-2023 influenza season in Baotou，the circulating influenza A（H3N2）viruses belong to the same evolutionary clade as the 2021-2022 vaccine strain A/Cambodia/e0826360/2020（H3N2）. The isolates from different sources share a common evolutionary origin；however，variations are observed across the genome in terms of homology，molecular mutations，and glycosylation patterns.

BACKGROUND:The stemness index may be associated with the prognosis and immune infiltration of sarcoma,but the specific regulatory mechanism and characteristic genes have yet to be fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the correlation between stem cells and prognosis as well as immune infiltration in sarcoma employing the gene stemness index model and to identify the ferroptosis signature genes associated with sarcoma stem cells. METHODS:The sarcoma RNA sequencing data and related clinical information were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA).The sarcoma RNA sequencing data were grouped using the sarcoma stemness index.Survival data were used to analyze prognosis between groups.Differentially expressed genes were obtained for pathway enrichment and immune infiltration analysis.Ferroptosis-related differential genes were used to construct a protein interaction network and analyze prognostic correlation.Rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines were cultured and divided into adherent cell group and stem cell group.The adherent cell group received no intervention,while the stem cell group was treated with serum-free culture to enrich stem cells in rhabdomyosarcoma cells.qRT-PCR was used to evaluate stemness markers,ferroptosis-related genes,and mRNA expression of ferroptosis-related markers in the cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Patients were divided into high and low stemness index groups based on the median stemness index.The progression-free survival of patients in the high stemness index group was lower than that in the low stemness index group by disease risk prediction,suggesting poor prognosis.(2)According to GO and KEGG analysis,the groups with high and low stemness indices differed from one another.There were differences in immune infiltration between the high and low stemness index groups.Nine of the 23 ferroptosis-related genes in the differential genes have the potential to establish a highly correlated network of protein interactions.Patients with high expression of IDO1,IFNG,and AQP5 have a better prognosis,while those with high expression of CA9 have a poor prognosis.(3)The qRT-PCR results demonstrated a significant upregulation of stem cell-related markers NANOG,SOX2,and OCT4 mRNA expressions in the stem cell group compared to the adherent cell group(P<0.05).Compared to the adherent cell group,the stem cell group exhibited decreased mRNA expression level of ferroptosis-related marker SLC7A11(P<0.05)while showing increased levels of ACSL4,GPX4,FTH1,and COX2(P<0.05).Compared to the adherent cell group,the stem cell group displayed decreased mRNA expression level of differentially expressed gene CA9 alongside elevated levels of IDO1,IFNG,and AQP5(P<0.05).Stem cells were strongly associated with sarcoma survival and ferroptosis by bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification.Sarcoma stem cells have aberrant expression of CA9,IDO1,IFNG,and AQP5,which may serve as new targets for sarcoma therapy as well as diagnostic indicators.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of influenza-like illness（ILI）and the genetic evolutionary trends of the hemagglutinin（HA）and neuraminidase（NA）genes of influenza A（H3N2）viruses isolated in Baotou during the 2022-2023 influenza season.Methods:Etiological surveillance data for ILI cases in Baotou during the 2022-2023 influenza season were collected from the China Influenza Surveillance Information System. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed on the data. HA and NA genes of 30 influenza A（H3N2）viruses were sequenced. Amino acid variation sites，glycosylation sites，drug resistance genes，and phylogenetic trees were analyzed using MEGA 11 software and the NextClade online analysis tool.Results:A total of 1 443 ILI specimens were tested，of which 241（16.70%）were positive for influenza viruses. Among the positive cases，influenza A（H3N2）virus-positive cases accounted for 75.93%（183/241）. The nucleotide sequence similarity of the HA gene between the 30 influenza A（H3N2）isolates and the vaccine strains A/Hong Kong/2671/2019（H3N2），A/Cambodia/e0826260/2020（H3N2），and A/Darwin/9/2021（H3N2）ranged from 96.83% to 98.77%，while the amino acid sequence similarity ranged from 94.63% to 99.62%. A total of 14 amino acid variation sites and 11 conserved glycosylation sites were identified in the HA gene. For the NA gene，the nucleotide sequence similarity ranged from 98.37% to 99.65%，and the amino acid sequence similarity ranged from 94.64% to 98.28%. A total of three amino acid variation sites and nine conserved glycosylation sites were found in the NA gene. None of the 30 influenza A（H3N2）isolates had mutations associated with drug resistance，and all belonged to the clade 3C.2a1b.2a.2a.3a.1.Conclusions:During the 2022-2023 influenza season in Baotou，the circulating influenza A（H3N2）viruses belong to the same evolutionary clade as the 2021-2022 vaccine strain A/Cambodia/e0826360/2020（H3N2）. The isolates from different sources share a common evolutionary origin；however，variations are observed across the genome in terms of homology，molecular mutations，and glycosylation patterns.

As a kind of immunosuppressive cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are an important component of the immune microenvironment. MDSCs play a significant role in promoting tumor immune escape. In addition, non-immunological functions such as promoting angiogenesis can also promote tumor development with the deepening of research. MDSCs can promote tumor angiogenesis directly through vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway, or promote tumor growth and angiogenesis by secreting cytokines such as matrix metalloprotein-9, basic fibroblast growth factor, angiogenic peptide Bv8, platelet derived growth factor, exosomes, or interacting with other cells. Exploring the expansion, activation, recruitment and angiogenesis mechanism of MDSCs will provide new ideas for regulating the individualized diagnosis and treatment based on targeted MDSCs.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the improvement effect mechanism of Xibining prescription （XBN） on knee osteoarthritis （KOA） model rats based on AMP-activated protein kinase（AMPK）/mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） signaling pathway. METHODS Totally 36 rats were randomly divided into blank group， model group， XBN group （12.56 g/kg）， XBN+metformin （AMPK agonist） group （12.56 g/kg XBN+100 mg/kg metformin）， with 9 rats in each group. Except for blank group， KOA model was induced by anterior cruciate ligament transection in other groups. After modeling， each group was given relevant medicine/normal saline， XBN and normal saline intragastrically， once a day， and metformin intraperitoneally， every other day， for 4 consecutive weeks. The pathomorphological changes of cartilage tissue in rats were observed and Mankin scoring was conducted. The expression level of Aggrecan in rat cartilage， mRNA and protein expressions of platelet reactive protein disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4 （ADAMTS-4）， ADAMTS-5， matrix metalloproteinase 3 （MMP-3） and MMP- 13， and the phosphorylation level of AMPK and mTOR proteins were detected. RESULTS Compared with blank group， the structure of cartilage tissue in the model group was disordered， the matrix of cartilage layer was lightly stained，the tide line was distorted or interrupted， and Mankin score was significantly increased （P＜0.05）. The protein expression of Aggrecan in cartilage tissue and the phosphorylation level of AMPK protein were all decreased significantly （P＜0.05）； mRNA and protein expressions of ADAMTS-4， ADAMTS-5， MMP-3 and MMP-13 and the phosphorylation levels of mTOR protein were significantly increased in cartilage tissues （P＜0.05）. Compared with model group， the pathological morphology of cartilage was improved significantly in each administration group， and above score or indexes were reversed significantly （P＜0.05）. Compared with XBN group， the degree of cartilage lesions in rats was further alleviated in XBN+ metformin group， and the levels of above score or indicators were further improved （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS XBN can ameliorate cartilage injury in KOA model rats， promote cartilage synthesis and reduce cartilage degradation， the mechanism of which may be associated with activating AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.

MET exon14 (METex14) skipping mutation is an independent driver gene in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) . About 3%-4% of NSCLC patients carry METex14 skipping mutation. These patients have poor prognoses and poor responses to traditional chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Highly selective MET inhibitors such as capmatinib, tepotinib, savolitinib have shown good efficacy and safety data in clinical trials, which bring new treatment options for patients with METex14 skipping mutations.

Pheretima,also called"earthworms",is a well-known animal-derived traditional Chinese medicine that is extensively used in over 50 Chinese patent medicines(CPMs)in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edi-tion).However,its zoological origin is unclear,both in the herbal market and CPMs.In this study,a strategy for integrating in-house annotated protein databases constructed from close evolutionary relationship-sourced RNA sequencing data from public archival resources and various sequencing al-gorithms(restricted search,open search,and de novo)was developed to characterize the phenotype of natural peptides of three major commercial species of Pheretima,including Pheretima aspergillum(PA),Pheretima vulgaris(PV),and Metaphire magna(MM).We identified 10,477 natural peptides in the PA,7,451 in PV,and 5,896 in MM samples.Five specific signature peptides were screened and then validated using synthetic peptides;these demonstrated robust specificity for the authentication of PA,PV,and MM.Finally,all marker peptides were successfully applied to identify the zoological origins of Brain Heart capsules and Xiaohuoluo pills,revealing the inconsistent Pheretima species used in these CPMs.In conclusion,our integrated strategy could be used for the in-depth characterization of natural peptides of other animal-derived traditional Chinese medicines,especially non-model species with poorly annotated protein databases.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and mechanism of Poria cocos polysaccharides on the regulation of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）model rats by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase（PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）/forked box transcription factor O 1（FoxO1）pathway. METHODS SD rats were randomly divided into blank control group （no modeling ，no administration），model group （modeling，no administration ），metformin group （modeling，200 mg/kg）and P. cocos polysaccharide low-dose，medium-dose and high-dose groups （modeling，100，200，400 mg/kg），8 in each group. Except for blank control group ， other groups were given high fat diet combined with streptozotocin to construct the model of T 2DM rats. At the same time ， administration groups were given relevant dose of medicine intragastrically ，and blank control group and model group were given constant volume of water intragastrically ，once a day ，for consecutive 42 days. During the experiment ，general condition and bodyweight of rats were observed every day ；fasting blood glucose （FBG）of rats were collected ，and oral glucose tolerance test were conducted and area under curve （AUC）was calculated the day before last administration. After last medication ，the heart ，liver， kidney organ index were calculated ；the levels of HbA 1c，TC，TG，MDA，SOD，GSH-Px and hepatic glycogen content were detected. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of liver and pancreatic tissue ，and the pathological grade score was calculated. Western blot assay was used to detect the protein expressions of p-PI 3K，p-Akt，p-FoxO1， PEPCK and G 6Pase in liver tissues. RESULTS Compared with blank control group ，the rats of model group suffered cc1965@163.com from polydipsia ，polyphagia and polyuria ；the body weight ， the levels of SOD and GSH-Px ，the protein expressions of p-PI 3K，p-Akt and p-FoxO 1 were significantly decreased （P＜0.05）；liver and kidney organ index ，blood glucose level at 0，0.5 and 2 hours after intragastric administration of glucose solution ，AUC， FBG，HbA1c，serum levels of MDA ，TC，TG and hepatic glycogen content ，liver and pancreatic pathological grade score ，the protein expressions of PEPCK and G 6Pase were all increased significantly （P＜0.05）. Compared with model group ，the general condition of rats in P. cocos polysaccharide groups were all improved ，and all of above indicators had been reversed to varying degrees. CONCLUSIONS P. cocos polysaccharide can downregulate protein expressions of PEPCK and G 6Pase which are key enzymes of gluconeogenesis ，inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis ，effectively decrease blood glucose levels and regulate glucolipid metabolism in T 2DM model rats by weakening oxidative stress and upregulating PI 3K/Akt/FoxO1 pathway.