ObjectiveTo observe the effect of Qishao capsules on renal injury in db/db mice with diabetic kidney disease （DKD），and explore its mechanism of protecting the kidney by inhibiting podocyte apoptosis. Methodsdb/m mice （7 mice） were used as the normal group，and db/db mice （35 mice） were randomly divided into a model group，a dapagliflozin group （0.001 g·kg^-1·d^-1），and low-，medium-，and high-dose groups of Qishao capsules （0.341 3，0.682 5，and 1.365 g·kg^-1·d^-1，respectively）. Drug intervention lasted for 8 consecutive weeks. After sampling，the serum renal function indicators ［creatinine（SCr），and urea nitrogen（BUN）］，fasting blood glucose （FBG），24 h urinary protein quantification （24 h-UTP）， and other indicators of the mice were measured. The pathological tissue morphology of the kidney was observed by periodic acid-silver methenamine （PASM） and Masson's trichrome （Masson） staining. Immunohistochemical detection of cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific protease （Caspase）-3 and B-cell lymphoma 2 （Bcl-2） was performed. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of Caspase-8，Caspase-7，Caspase-3， and other molecules. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick End labeling （TUNEL） staining was used to observe apoptosis in renal tissue. Immunofluorescence staining of Wilms tumor suppressor gene-1 （WT-1） was used to observe podocyte injury. Real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was employed to detect Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 mRNA expression in the kidneys of experimental mice. Data analysis was conducted using statistical software GraphPad Prism 10. ResultsCompared with the normal group，the model group showed significantly increased 24 h-UTP，SCr，BUN，and FBG （P<0.01）. Additionally， PASM staining of renal tissue showed increased glycogen deposition，glomerular hypertrophy，and thickening of the basement membrane. Masson staining showed collagen fiber proliferation in renal tissue. Transmission electron microscopy showed thickening of the renal tissue basement membrane and fusion or loss of foot processes in the model group. The immunohistochemical results showed that Caspase-3 in the kidneys of the mice in the model group significantly increased （P<0.01），while the Bcl-2 protein expression level decreased significantly （P<0.01）. The number of TUNEL positive cells in renal tissue significantly increased （P<0.01）. The positive expression of WT-1 in podocytes was significantly reduced （P<0.01）. Western blot analysis showed significant upregulation of Caspase-8，Caspase-7，and Caspase-3 protein expression in renal tissue （P<0.01）. The mRNA expression levels of Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 in the kidneys increased significantly （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group，the Qishao capsules groups can significantly reduce the levels of 24 h-UTP，SCr，BUN，and FBG （P<0.01）. The pathological damage of renal tissue and podocyte injury were improved to some extent. Immunohistochemistry in the kidney showed a significant decrease in Caspase-3 （P<0.01） and a significant increase in Bcl-2 protein expression level （P<0.01）. Additionally， there were a significant decrease in the number of TUNEL positive cells in renal tissue （P<0.01），a significant increase in WT-1 positive expression in podocytes （P<0.01），marked downregulation of Caspase-8，Caspase-7，and Caspase-3 protein expression in renal tissue （P<0.05，P<0.01），and a significant decrease in Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 mRNA expression levels （P<0.01）. ConclusionQishao capsules can inhibit podocyte apoptosis by regulating the expression of Caspase-8，Caspase-7， and Caspase-3，thereby improving the diabetic renal injury in db/db mice.

Endothelial dysfunction(ED)is a crucial pathological feature and a key initiating factor in diabetic angiopathy.A major pathway contributing to ED is the reduction of nitric oxide(NO)production.NO is synthesized by endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS)using L-arginine as a substrate.However,arginase(Arg)can compete with eNOS for this substrate.Arg has subtype 1 and 2.In diabetes mellitus(DM),the abnormal increase in Arg1 can lead to excessive consumption of the substrate in the vascular endothelium,which causes a decrease in NO levels,leading to diabetes-induced vascular ED.This article reviews the research progress of arginase 1 in diabetes-induced vascular ED.

Endothelial dysfunction(ED)is a crucial pathological feature and a key initiating factor in diabetic angiopathy.A major pathway contributing to ED is the reduction of nitric oxide(NO)production.NO is synthesized by endothelial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS)using L-arginine as a substrate.However,arginase(Arg)can compete with eNOS for this substrate.Arg has subtype 1 and 2.In diabetes mellitus(DM),the abnormal increase in Arg1 can lead to excessive consumption of the substrate in the vascular endothelium,which causes a decrease in NO levels,leading to diabetes-induced vascular ED.This article reviews the research progress of arginase 1 in diabetes-induced vascular ED.

AIM: To study the pharmacokinetics (PK) of pazopanib tablets and explore the genetic mechanism of individual differences in drug metabolism primarily. METHODS: Fourteen healthy male subjects were respectively administrated with a single dose pazopanib tablet (200 mg) orally on the day of dosing, and their blood samples were collected from baseline to 96 hours. The serum concentration of pazopanib was measured by LC-MS/MS, the parameters of PK were calculated by winnonlin 6.3 software, and the gene polymorphism of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) was determined by snapshot method. RESULTS: The range of C

OBJECTIVE:To establish the HPLC fingerprint of Zhibai dihuang pills(concentrated pills),and to evaluate its quality. METHODS:The determination was performed on Dikma Diamonsil C18column with mobile phase consisted of 0.1%acetic acid solution-methanol(gradient elution)at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 260 nm,and column temperature was 30 ℃. The sample size was 10 μL. Using paeonol as reference,HPLC chromatograms of samples from A, B,C manufacturers within validity period and samples from manufacturer A within validity period and out of validity period were drawn. The similarity of HPLC chromatogram for samples from A,B and C manufacturers and samples from A manufacturer within validity period and out of validity period was evaluated by TCM Chromatogram Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System (2004 A). Common peaks of HPLC chromatogram for 3 manufacturers sample within validity period were confirmed. RESULTS:There were 24,29 and 32 common peaks in HPLC chromatograms for each 10 batches of samples from manufacturer A,B and C within validity period,respectively. The similarity of corresponding HPLC chromatograms of samples from manufacturer A,B and C compared with control HPLC chromatography were all higher than 0.94 with good agreement. HPLC chromatograms of sample from A manufacturer within validity period had good agreement with that from A manufacturer out of validity period. CONCLUSIONS:Established HPLC fingerprint analysis method can represent the quality of Zhibai dihuang pills (concentrated pills),but cannot effectively identify the expired samples.