Lymphomas represent a group of highly heterogeneous malignant tumors.The tumor microenvironment(TME)surrounding these tumors plays a crucial role in disease progression and the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.Traditional two-dimensional cell cul-ture models fail to accurately recapitulate the inherent complexity of three-dimensional(3D)in vivo architecture.Organoid technology provides a novel tool for lymphoma research,utilizing 3D culture systems to reconstruct tumor tissue organization and functionality.Despite the potential of this technology,the development of lymphoma organoid models remains a significant challenge.Developing lymphoma or-ganoid models faces numerous hurdles,including replicating the unique biological characteristics of lymphoma and itscomplexmicroenvir-onment.This study provides a systematic summary of challenges associated with lymphoma organoid construction and describes recent ad-vances in relevant methodologies.Moreover,the study further reviews recent advances in co-culture techniques combining lymphoma or-ganoids and immune cells,including protocols for culturing patient-derived primary central nervous system lymphoma organoids and patient-derived lymphoma organoids.These advances have significantly facilitated the clinical translation of lymphoma research,transitioning it from fundamental mechanistic studies toward personalized and precision therapeutic approaches.

Lymphomas represent a group of highly heterogeneous malignant tumors.The tumor microenvironment(TME)surrounding these tumors plays a crucial role in disease progression and the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.Traditional two-dimensional cell cul-ture models fail to accurately recapitulate the inherent complexity of three-dimensional(3D)in vivo architecture.Organoid technology provides a novel tool for lymphoma research,utilizing 3D culture systems to reconstruct tumor tissue organization and functionality.Despite the potential of this technology,the development of lymphoma organoid models remains a significant challenge.Developing lymphoma or-ganoid models faces numerous hurdles,including replicating the unique biological characteristics of lymphoma and itscomplexmicroenvir-onment.This study provides a systematic summary of challenges associated with lymphoma organoid construction and describes recent ad-vances in relevant methodologies.Moreover,the study further reviews recent advances in co-culture techniques combining lymphoma or-ganoids and immune cells,including protocols for culturing patient-derived primary central nervous system lymphoma organoids and patient-derived lymphoma organoids.These advances have significantly facilitated the clinical translation of lymphoma research,transitioning it from fundamental mechanistic studies toward personalized and precision therapeutic approaches.

Bridging therapy serves as an adjunctive treatment during chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy(CAR-T)and is specifically im-plemented after the collection of mononuclear cells but before the subsequent infusion of CAR-T cells.This approach can mitigate the pro-gression of large B-cell lymphoma(LBCL)to a certain extent,reduce tumor burden,and facilitate the infusion of CAR-T cells.Bridging therapy includes chemotherapy,radiation therapy,and targeted therapies and ensures effective reinfusion of CAR-T cells and enhances the thera-peutic efficacy of CAR-T cells.This study systematically reviews the significance,methodologies,and characteristics of CAR-T-cell-related bridging therapy for large B-cell lymphoma to provide valuable references for its clinical application.

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a kind of rare and highly invasive hematological malignancy. Because of its low incidence, there is still no consensus on its standard treatment. For young patients, high intensity chemotherapy combined with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is often used. Elderly patients who cannot accept hematopoietic stem cell transplantation receive low intensity chemotherapy. In December 2018, tagraxofusp, a new targeted drug, was approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration specially for treatment-naive and previously-treated BPDCN patients (age≥2 years old). Some targeted drugs, such as venetoclax and daratumumab, have certain effects on the treatment of BPDCN. The efficacies of PD-1/PDL-1 inhibitors and anti CD123 chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy need further researches.

Objective To evaluate the changes in the expression of c-fos protein in the spinal cord in a rat model of oxycodone dependence or withdrawal response.Methods Thirty SPF adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 6-8 weeks,weighing 180-220 g,were divided into 3 groups (n=10 each) using a random number table method:normal saline group (group NS),oxycodone dependence group (group OD),and oxycodone withdrawal group (group OW).In OD and OW groups,oxycodone was injected subcutaneously in back,5 days in total,with the dose of 2,3,4,5 and 6 mg/kg in turn,3 times a day (8:00/15:00/22:00).The equal volume of normal saline was given instead in group NS.The mechanical paw withdrawal threshold was measured at 3 days before administration and 30 min after the last administration every day.The oxycodone withdrawal was induced by intraperitoneal injection of naloxone 4 mg/kg at 8 h after the last administration of oxycodone on 5th day in group OW.The withdrawal response scores and range of weight changes were recorded within 15 min after giving naloxone or normal saline in NS and OW groups.Spinal cord tissues were collected at 1 h after the last administration on 5th day in group OD and at 1 h after giving normal saline or naloxone on 5th day in NS and OW groups for determination of the expression of c-fos protein by Western blot.Results Compared with group NS,the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold was significantly increased on 1 and 2 days after administration,and the expression of c-fos protein in the spinal cord was up-regulated in OD and OW groups,and withdrawal response scores were significantly increased,and the range of weight change was increased in group OW (P＜0.05).The expression of c-fos protein was significantly down-regulated in group OW as compared with group OD (P＜0.05).Conclusion Oxycodone dependence or withdrawal response may be related to the expression of c-fos protein in the spinal cord of rats,and the expression is up-regulated during oxycodone dependence,while down-regulated during oxycodone withdrawal.

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy in treatment of insulinoma.Methods Clinical data of 8 cases of insulinoma treated by laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy from Apr.2015 to Apr.2017 were retrospectively reviewed.Results Locations of the insulinoma in distal pancreas were all identified preoperatively by enhanced CT,MRI or somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS).Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy was applied to 8 cases,including combined splenectomy to 1 case.The operation time,bleeding volume,and postoperative hospital stay was (159±44) min,(125±119) ml and (5.5±1.4) days,respectively.Grade B fistula happened to one patient after surgery.The level of postoperative blood glucoses was normal in all cases.Conclusion Laparoscopic distal panreatectomy is safe,effective,and less invasive in treating insulinoma,with quick recovery and high efficacy in spleen preservation.

Objective To explore the clinical effect and toxicity of daunorubicin combined with cytarabine (DA regimen) and idarubicin combined with cytarabine (IA regimen) for the treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) as induction chemotherapy. Methods The clinical data of 84 newly diagnosed AML patients (except M3) treated with DA or IA regimen were analyzed retrospectively. DA regimen group included 32 patients (17 males and 15 females with median age of 46 years), while IA regimen group included 52 patients (29 males and 23 females with media age of 49 years). Efficacy index was complete remission (CR), total efficiency and adverse reactions after one course of chemotherapy rate. Results In DA regimen group,the CR rate was 65.6 %(21/32), and the total efficiency rate was 75.0 %(24/32), while in IA regimen group, the CR rate was 71.2 %(31/52), and the total efficiency rate was 80.8 %(42/52), respectively, but, the differences of media survival and 5-year survival rate were not statistically significant (16.8 months vs. 24.9 months, 26 % vs. 44 %, both P>0.05). The main side effect in the two groups included hematologic (bone marrow suppression) and non-hematologic adverse reactions, with no significant difference between the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusion For newly diagnosed AML patients, remission rate and total efficiency of DA regimen are same as IA regimen after one course treatment, and adverse events between the two regimens do not differ significantly.

Humans ; Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell ; pathology ; therapy

Objective To evaluate musical therapy combined with sufentanil postoperative intravenous analgesia on hemodynamic changes in patient accepted lung cancer operation.Methods Sixty lung cancer surgery patients (ASA Ⅰ-Ⅱ grade) were selected and divided randomly into musical therapy (group M; n =30) and control (group C; n =30).In group M,patients accepted music relaxation training for fifteen minutes before surgery,and music intervention for one hour at 3,7,15,19 hour after surgery.Whereas,in Group C,patients did not listen to any music during the same period.In the intensive care unit,patients were connected to a patient controlled analgesia (PCA) device.The PCA device (sufentanil 2 μg/kg,100 ml saline) was set to deliver a bolus of 2 ml,with a lockout interval of 10 min and background infusion volume of 0.5 ml/h.Hemodynamic changes,the visual analog scale (VAS) and consumption of sufentanil were recorded at the 4th,8th,12th,16th,20th and 24th hour after operation.Results SBP,DBP,HR and VAS of group M were significantly decreased compared to the group C,respectively (P ＜0.05),and significant difference was found in the PCA delivery frequency [group C (30.96 ± 4.00),group M (19.06 ± 3.49),t =12.39,P ＜ 0.01] and postoperative sufentanil consumption[group C (82.65±6.19)μg,group M (52.68 ±7.07)μg,t =20.00,P ＜0.01].Conclusions Musical therapy combined with sufentanil postoperative intravenous analgesia was able to produce better analgesic effect in the treatment of patient accepted lung cancer operation,which decreased postoperative sufentanil consumption and effectively reduced SBP,DBP and HR,and relieved the patient's anxiety.

Objective To investigate the significance of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1)expression in appraising the prognosis of nasopharyngeal squamous carcinoma (NPC).Methods The expression of ALDH1 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry in human specimens obtained from 120 NPC patients without the history of radiotherapy or chemothetapy.Results A relatively high expression of ALDH1 were observed in 40.0 ％ (48/120) patients of NPC,the expression of ALDH1 in the edge of the cancer nests and stroma,particularly spindle cancer cells were strongly positive.The positive expression of ALDH1 was closely associated with patients' nasopharyngeal tumor size (P =0.011),lymphatic metastasis (P =0.005) and clinic stage (P =0.001),but not associated with their gender and age (both P ＞ 0.05).The Kaplan-Merier and Cox regression analysis indicated that ALDH 1 closely correlated with clinical progrosis of the patients.It showed that ALDH1 was an independent risk factor which may affect the prognosis of NPC patients.Conclusion The expression of ALDH1 protein closely correlate with clinic outcome of NPC,suggesting that ALDH1 is a risk factor for clinic progrosis of NPC patients.