The classical latent structure method does not consider the influence of primary and secondary symptoms,syndromes and symptoms in the analysis and modeling of syndromes.In this paper,based on the data of damp-heat in intestine and stomach syndrome involving 1087 diabetic patients,the classical latent structure analysis was used to obtain the quantitative syndrome diagnostic rules.Then,using Constrained Latent Tree Analysis(CLTA),the quantitative syndrome diagnostic rules containing primary and secondary symptoms were obtained as follows,primary symptoms include halitosis(2.3),yellow tongue coating(2),abdominal distension(2.3),greasy tongue coating(2.1),loose stool or loose stool(1.5),red tongue(1.3),smooth pulse(1.4).Secondary symptoms include epigastric distension(1.1).Compared with the traditional latent structure analysis method,the rules established by CLTA are more compatible with the concept of differentiating primary and secondary symptoms and the common practice of TCM.The quantitative syndrome diagnostic rules of damp-heat in intestine and stomach syndrome constructed by the CLTA method have considerable objectivity in the modeling process.The diagnostic rules established were also compatible with the qualitative concept of TCM theory in stratifying primary and secondary symptoms.Finally,the diagnostic rules are obtained by logistic regression analysis,and the accuracy of the three rules is compared.The results show that the rule recognition accuracy obtained by CLTA is the highest.Therefore,the syndrome diagnostic rules of damp-heat in intestine and stomach obtained from the analysis of CLTA are in line with the constraint semantics of primary and secondary diseases and the theory of traditional Chinese medicine.

By analyzing the problems existing in the existing medical service model,this paper explores the core health needs of people in the era of intelligent medical care,and puts forward people-oriented,"4S-PAMA"(Self-Perception,Self-Assessment,Self-Management,Self-Adaption)health service model with individual active health promotion as the core.At the same time to build a multi-level,many modules,interactive health management of traditional Chinese medicine harbor as the breakthrough point,science and technology innovation as the means,through to transform traditional medical center or create new health management,in order to further carry out"perception model of the health management"model applied to provide theoretical basis.

Transcutaneous electrical stimulation equipment is a kind of characteristic therapeutic devices developed on the basis of the integration of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory and modern science and technology, which is widely used in clinical practice. Significant breakthroughs have been made in the development of related devices such as transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) devices, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) devices, and transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) devices in recent years. Although the market for these devices is vast, there are still limitations that need to be optimized in terms of electrode materials and power supply methods, bulky instrument size, cumbersome wiring, restricted applications, and inadequate intelligent functionality. In the future, it is still necessary to further build upon the theoretical foundation of TCM acupuncture, integrate a variety of modern scientific technologies to advance the intelligence and modernization of acupuncture equipment, and thereby improving its capabilities to support clinical practice and research.
Humans ; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation/methods* ; Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy/instrumentation* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

By analyzing the problems existing in the existing medical service model,this paper explores the core health needs of people in the era of intelligent medical care,and puts forward people-oriented,"4S-PAMA"(Self-Perception,Self-Assessment,Self-Management,Self-Adaption)health service model with individual active health promotion as the core.At the same time to build a multi-level,many modules,interactive health management of traditional Chinese medicine harbor as the breakthrough point,science and technology innovation as the means,through to transform traditional medical center or create new health management,in order to further carry out"perception model of the health management"model applied to provide theoretical basis.

The classical latent structure method does not consider the influence of primary and secondary symptoms,syndromes and symptoms in the analysis and modeling of syndromes.In this paper,based on the data of damp-heat in intestine and stomach syndrome involving 1087 diabetic patients,the classical latent structure analysis was used to obtain the quantitative syndrome diagnostic rules.Then,using Constrained Latent Tree Analysis(CLTA),the quantitative syndrome diagnostic rules containing primary and secondary symptoms were obtained as follows,primary symptoms include halitosis(2.3),yellow tongue coating(2),abdominal distension(2.3),greasy tongue coating(2.1),loose stool or loose stool(1.5),red tongue(1.3),smooth pulse(1.4).Secondary symptoms include epigastric distension(1.1).Compared with the traditional latent structure analysis method,the rules established by CLTA are more compatible with the concept of differentiating primary and secondary symptoms and the common practice of TCM.The quantitative syndrome diagnostic rules of damp-heat in intestine and stomach syndrome constructed by the CLTA method have considerable objectivity in the modeling process.The diagnostic rules established were also compatible with the qualitative concept of TCM theory in stratifying primary and secondary symptoms.Finally,the diagnostic rules are obtained by logistic regression analysis,and the accuracy of the three rules is compared.The results show that the rule recognition accuracy obtained by CLTA is the highest.Therefore,the syndrome diagnostic rules of damp-heat in intestine and stomach obtained from the analysis of CLTA are in line with the constraint semantics of primary and secondary diseases and the theory of traditional Chinese medicine.

Objective Given that psychosocial stress can contribute to a series of diseases,such as inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome,we aimed to establish an experimental chronic restraint mouse intestinal stress injury model as a basis for exploring the pathogenic mechanism of chronic restraint stress-induced gastrointestinal diseases,and for developing preventive and curative measures.Methods Eighteen male SPF-grade BALB/c mice were acclimatized for 7 days and then divided into a control group and a chronic restraint stress group according to body weight,using a randomized numerical table method.The mice were subjected to restraint stress for 3 hours per day for 14 days to establish an intestinal injury model.The model was evaluated by observing body weight,pathological changes in intestinal histomorphology,expression of tight junction proteins,apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells,and mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines.Results After 14 days of chronic restraint stress,model mice showed weight loss,shortened duodenal villus height,abnormal crypt structure,a decreased villus/crypt ratio,colonic mucosal inflammatory cell infiltration,and irregular crypt structure.Protein immunoblotting,immunohistochemistry,and immunofluorescence staining showed that the expression levels of the duodenal and colonic tight junction proteins Occludin and Claudin-1 were significantly decreased in mice after chronic restraint stress(P＜0.05),while expression levels of the apoptotic protein cleaved-caspase-3 in intestinal epithelial cells were significantly increased(P＜0.05).Regarding the mRNA expression levels of intestinal inflammatory factors and chemokines,chronic restraint stress for 14 days significantly increased the gene expression levels of interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1),tumor necrosis factor-α,and IL-10 in the duodenum of mice(P＜0.05),and significantly increased the gene expression levels ofIL-1β,IL-6,and MCP-1 in the colon(P＜0.001).Conclusions The use of a behavioral restriction device to restrain mice continuously for 14 days led to abnormal intestinal tissue structure,intestinal barrier dysfunction,and intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis,and triggered an intestinal inflammatory response in the stressed mice,indicating successful establishment of a mouse model of intestinal injury by chronic restraint stress.

Although geriatric diseases are complicated due to the coexistence of many diseases,they often have a common pathological basis and are closely related to the pathogenesis of deficiency and excess in traditional Chinese medicine.Exploring the characteristics of the pathogenesis of deficiency and excess diseases in the elderly is helpful to keep simplicity and restrain complexity,grasp the law of occurrence and development of diseases in the elderly as a whole,and give full play to the advantages of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.Based on the fundamental characteristics of deficiency and excess in senile diseases,researcher Hu Jingqing further summarized that"essence deficiency,Yin deficiency,Yang deficiency,qi deficiency,blood deficiency"and"qi stagnation,phlegm dampness,blood stasis,fire and heat,and latent wind"are the most common pathogenesis in the occurrence and development of senile diseases.Among them,deficiency is the basic pathogenesis of senile diseases,especially deficiency of kidney essence.Excess disease is the key pathogenesis of the development and changes of senile diseases.Qi stagnation is often the initial step in the development of senile diseases.Phlegm dampness and blood stasis are the pathological products of"excess due to deficiency"and are also the main secondary pathogenesis of senile diseases.In clinical identification of senile diseases,attention should be paid to grasping the pathogenesis of deficiency and excess and its concurrent changes.

Objective By simulating acute hypoxic conditions, an experimental model of intestinal stress injury in plateau mice was established to explore the pathogenic mechanism of acute gastrointestinal diseases in plateau, and to lay foundation for preventive and therapeutic measures.MethodsThirty-six SPF-grade adult male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups: normoxic 24 h, normoxic 72 h, hypoxic 24 h, and hypoxic 72 h, based on body weight using a randomized numerical table method, with nine mice in each group. Mice in the normoxic group were kept in a conventional barrier environment, while those in the hypoxic group were placed in a hypoxic chamber within the barrier environment with oxygen concentration set at 10% to simulate plateau conditions. They were subjected to stress for 24 h and 72 h, respectively, in order to establish a model of intestinal injury induced by acute hypoxia. After modeling, the mice were weighed, anesthetized with 1% pentobarbital sodium, and then euthanized by cervical dislocation. Duodenal and colonic tissues were collected. Histopathological morphology of intestinal tissues was observed after HE staining. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression levels of tight junction-related proteins in intestinal tissues. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was performed to measure the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. TUNEL staining was used to assess apoptotic activity of intestinal epithelial cells, thus evaluating intestinal injury-related phenotypes in this model.Results Compared with the normoxic groups, mice in the 24 h and 72 h hypoxia groups showed weight loss, shortened duodenal villi, abnormal crypt structure, and decreased villus/crypt ratio. The colonic mucosa was infiltrated with inflammatory cells and irregular crypt structure. Expression levels of Occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were significantly decreased in duodenal and colonic tissues of mice in the 24 h and 72 h hypoxia groups (P<0.05). The expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax was significantly up-regulated while expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was significantly down-regulated in duodenal tissues (P<0.05). Apoptotic activity of intestinal epithelial cells was significantly enhanced (P<0.05). In addition, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA levels were significantly increased in duodenal tissues after 24 and 72 h of hypoxic stress(P<0.05). After 24 h of hypoxic stress, there was no significant change in the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues (P>0.05), but after 72 h, the expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, and anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 mRNAs significantly increased in colon tissues of mice (P<0.05).Conclusion The usage of a hypoxia chamber to simulate an acute hypoxic environment in plateau can lead to abnormal intestinal tissue structure, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and induce intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, triggering an intestinal inflammatory response in stress mice. These findings indicate the successful construction of a mouse model for an acute hypoxic stress-induced intestinal injury.

The intestine is the largest immune and metabolic site in the body and is thus important for animal health.The integrity of the mucosal barrier and function are fundamental factors protecting the health of the intestine.Stress has been reported to have profound effects on the gastrointestinal tract,including altering gut permeability,the intestinal barrier,and homeostasis.Tryptophan is a functional essential amino acid that alters the gut microbiota and regulates intestine structural and functional change,thus contributing to host physiology and metabolism.Changes in tryptophan metabolism and its metabolites in brain and intestinal tissues during stress suggest that tryptophan may play an important role in the stress response.We therefore review the literature on the mechanisms underlying stress-related diseases and the role of tryptophan metabolism in the regulation of gut homeostasis,with particular focus on functional bowel disorders and their relationship to stress,to provide a theoretical foundation for targeting tryptophan in stress-related intestine diseases.

To solve the problems in the course teaching of Pharmacokinetics and change the current situation of the course, a pharmacokinetic solution program based on Excel has been developed. The program, based on Excel, is the most widely used data processing software. The data processing and drawing functions of Excel are used and encapsulated as a program by Excel-VBA. The program is specially used in pharmacokinetic teaching, which includes 25 solution templates arranged according to the 5th edition of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, a textbook published by the People's Medical Publishing House Co., LTD. Each solution template includes six functional areas: operation setting area, data input area, data relationship display area, return parameter output area, pharmacokinetic parameter output area and chart area. In this course, the teaching content is reorganized. Starting from a case, the concept and knowledge of pharmacokinetics are taught by explaining how to apply the program to solve case problems. After years of practice, the teaching effect has been significantly improved.