Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a developmental defect of enamel that is characterized primarily by abnormal enamel mineralization affecting the first permanent molars and permanent incisors. Due to insufficient mineralization, teeth affected by MIH are prone to post-eruptive breakdown and caries, potentially leading to sequelae such as tooth sensitivity and occlusal problems. The diagnosis of MIH is primarily based on relevant perinatal and infantile medical history, the characteristic distribution of affected teeth, and the morphological features of the enamel defects. Based on the extent and severity of the enamel defect, MIH is classified as mild or severe. Diagnosis and treatment strategies emphasize early screening, diagnosis, and intervention, prioritizing prevention, providing symptomatic care, and implementing regular recall assessments. Mild MIH predominantly manifests as demineralized enamel opacities or discoloration, typically without significant enamel breakdown. Treatment focuses on caries prevention and aesthetic restoration, employing techniques such as remineralization, micro-abrasion, resin infiltration, bleaching, fluoride application, and fissure sealants. Severe MIH typically presents with extensive enamel opacities accompanied by substantial enamel breakdown and may be complicated by caries and tooth sensitivity. Management primarily involves restoring the structural defects or, for teeth that cannot be preserved, extraction followed by orthodontic treatment. Comprehensive management often requires a multimodal approach integrating various therapeutic modalities to restore both the function and aesthetics of the affected teeth and overall dentition. This article provides a review of advancements in diagnosis and the treatment strategies for MIH, offering a reference for clinical practice.

Objective To explore the adverse event signals of children using macrolide drugs （azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin）, and provide reference for rational medicine use in clinical practice. Methods Data from children under 12 years old were extracted from the US FAERS database spanning from the first quarter of 2004 to the second quarter of 2023. The adverse drug reaction （ADR） signal mining for three macrolide antibiotics was conducted using the Reporting Odds Ratio （ROR） and Bayesian Confidence Propagation Neural Network （BCPNN） methods. Special emphasis was placed on analyzing and contrasting the differences in adverse events among the three drugs. Results A total of 1 615 reports for children under 12 years old were retrieved from the FAERS database, including 1 024 reports of azithromycin, 460 reports of clarithromycin, and 131 reports of erythromycin. Among azithromycin and erythromycin, there were more reports from boys than girls, while for clarithromycin, there were more reports from girls than boys. Oral administration was the most common route of administration for all three drugs. Regarding the outcome of adverse events reported, azithromycin and clarithromycin were primarily associated with other serious adverse events, whereas erythromycin was mainly associated with hospitalization and other serious adverse events. The number of adverse events reported decreased with increasing age, with a higher number of reports in the 0-3 age group. Using the ROR and BCPNN methods for signal detection, 86 signals were identified for azithromycin, 91 for clarithromycin, and 34 for erythromycin. These signals involved 22 System Organ Classes （SOCs）, with azithromycin mainly concentrated in skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders （n=21）, clarithromycin in gastrointestinal disorders （n=15）, and erythromycin in gastrointestinal disorders （n=8）. Twenty-four signals of moderate to high risk were detected, with 13 for azithromycin, 9 for clarithromycin, and 2 for erythromycin. Conclusion The adverse events induced by the three drugs with different risks in different systems. When clinically treating Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children, the risk profiles of drugs in different systems should be considered, and personalized dosing should be implemented.

Apical microsurgery is accurate and minimally invasive, produces few complications, and has a success rate of more than 90%. However, due to the lack of awareness and understanding of apical microsurgery by dental general practitioners and even endodontists, many clinical problems remain to be overcome. The consensus has gathered well-known domestic experts to hold a series of special discussions and reached the consensus. This document specifies the indications, contraindications, preoperative preparations, operational procedures, complication prevention measures, and efficacy evaluation of apical microsurgery and is applicable to dentists who perform apical microsurgery after systematic training.
Microsurgery/standards* ; Humans ; Apicoectomy ; Contraindications, Procedure ; Tooth Apex/diagnostic imaging* ; Postoperative Complications/prevention & control* ; Consensus ; Treatment Outcome

Pulpotomy, which belongs to vital pulp therapy, has become a strategy for managing pulpitis in recent decades. This minimally invasive treatment reflects the recognition of preserving healthy dental pulp and optimizing long-term patient-centered outcomes. Pulpotomy is categorized into partial pulpotomy (PP), the removal of a partial segment of the coronal pulp tissue, and full pulpotomy (FP), the removal of whole coronal pulp, which is followed by applying the biomaterials onto the remaining pulp tissue and ultimately restoring the tooth. Procedural decisions for the amount of pulp tissue removal or retention depend on the diagnostic of pulp vitality, the overall treatment plan, the patient's general health status, and pulp inflammation reassessment during operation. This statement represents the consensus of an expert committee convened by the Society of Cariology and Endodontics, Chinese Stomatological Association. It addresses the current evidence to support the application of pulpotomy as a potential alternative to root canal treatment (RCT) on mature permanent teeth with pulpitis from a biological basis, the development of capping biomaterial, and the diagnostic considerations to evidence-based medicine. This expert statement intends to provide a clinical protocol of pulpotomy, which facilitates practitioners in choosing the optimal procedure and increasing their confidence in this rapidly evolving field.
Humans ; Calcium Compounds/therapeutic use* ; Consensus ; Dental Pulp ; Dentition, Permanent ; Oxides/therapeutic use* ; Pulpitis/therapy* ; Pulpotomy/standards*

In recent years,significant breakthroughs have been achieved in the immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease.In line with global advancements,two anti-amyloid-β monoclonal antibodies have been approved and successfully launched in China for clinical use.Lecanemab and Donanemab were officially used in June 2024 and April 2025 in China,respectively.In order to standardize the rational and safe application of anti-amyloid-β monoclonal antibodies for Alzheimer's disease in China,this article integrates recom-mendations from the clinical trials and real-world experience from the author's team and domestic peers to further update the recom-mendations for the clinical use of anti-amyloid-β monoclonal antibody based on the 2024 version.It includes indications for therapy,pre-treatment evaluation and preparation,administration protocols and safety measures during treatment,and post-treatment monitor-ing strategies.

Cognitive decline is one of the main clinical symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases. There is no specific drug treatment, which seriously affects the quality of life and rehabilitation process of these patients. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technology such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial electrical stimulation known as its advantages of non-invasive, painless, and easy to operate, has been used in clinical treatment of cognitive disorders. In particular, it has a good effect on improving cognitive functions such as memory, attention, orientation and language ability. In recent years, the study of cerebellar involvement in learning and memory through brain-cerebellar circuit has attracted much attention, and cerebellum has become a new target for NIBS technology exploration. However, the correlation between cerebellar NIBS and cognitive function regulation is still unclear. This paper aims to provide the evidences of the anatomic and functional basis of cerebellar involvement in cognitive function regulation and cerebellar non-invasive stimulation on cognitive function regulation.

BackgroundPrevious studies have found that patients with generalized anxiety disorder （GAD） have impaired performance in executive function， and group cognitive behavioral therapy （CBT） has been shown to be effective in alleviating negative affect in patients with GAD， while its efficacy on executive function remains unclear. ObjectiveTo explore the efficacy of group CBT on anxiety symptom and executive function in GAD patients， so as to provide references for the rehabilitation program for GAD. MethodsA total of 80 consecutive patients with GAD who were hospitalized in Sleep and Psychosomatic Medical Center of Shiyan Taihe Hospital from March 2021 to August 2022 and met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders， fifth edition （DSM-5） diagnostic criteria for GAD were enrolled， and they were assigned into study group （n=40） and control group （n=40） using random number table methods. All patients were subjected to routine medication treatment and regular health education， based on this， study group received group CBT once a week （6 weeks， 60 to 90 minutes per session）. At the enrollment and after 6 weeks of treatment， patients were assessed using Hamilton Anxiety Scale （HAMA） and Frontal Assessment Battery （FAB）. ResultsANOVA with repeated measures on HAMA score revealed a significant time effect （F=1 870.320， P<0.01）， no significant group effect and no significant time×group interaction effect （F=1.254， 0.293， P>0.05）. Significant time effect， group effect and time×group interaction effect were reported on FAB scores （F=311.190， 4.399， 7.021， P<0.05 or 0.01）. Further analysis indicated that FAB scores of both groups after treatment were higher than those at baseline （t=200.569， 115.401， P<0.01）.And the FAB score of study group was higher than that of control group after treatment （t=-3.211， P<0.01）. ConclusionGroup CBT combined with medication treatment for GAD may alleviate the anxiety symptoms and improve executive function in GAD patients. ［Funded by Shiyan Science and Technology Bureau Pilot Scientific Research Project （number， 21Y21）］

Objective To investigate whether cisplatin induces tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)secretion in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC)cells to trigger RIP1/RIP3/MLKL-dependent necroptosis of the cells.Methods HNSCC cell lines HN4 and SCC4 treated with cisplatin(CDDP)or the combined treatment with CDDP and z-VAD-fmk(a caspase inhibitor)or Nec-1(a necroptosis inhibitor)for 24 h were examined for changes in cell viability using CCK8 assay and expressions of caspase-8 and necroptosis pathway proteins(RIP1/RIP3/MLKL)using Western blotting.The changes in migration of the cells were assessed with cell scratch assay,and the expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)marker proteins N-cadherin,vimentin,and E-cadherin as well as the expressions of NF-κB(p65)and TNF-α were detected with Western blotting.Results The IC50 of cisplatin was 10 μg/mL in HN4 cells and 15 μg/mL in SCC4 cells.Cisplatin treatment significantly decreased the expressions of caspase-8,N-cadherin and vimentin and increased the expressions of E-cadherin,the necroptosis pathway proteins(RIP1/RIP3/MLKL),TNF-α,and NF-κB(p65),and these changes were obviously inhibited by treatment with Nec-1.Cisplatin stimulation also significantly lowered migration of the cells,and this inhibitory effect was strongly attenuated by Nec-1 treatment.Conclusion Cisplatin activates nuclear factor-κB signaling in HNSCCs to promote TNF-α autocrine and induce RIP1/RIP3/MLKL-dependent necroptosis,thus leading to inhibition of cell proliferation.

Endodontic diseases are a kind of chronic infectious oral disease.Common endodontic treatment concepts are based on the removal of inflamed or necrotic pulp tissue and the replacement by gutta-percha.However,it is very essential for endodontic treatment to debride the root canal system and prevent the root canal system from bacterial reinfection after root canal therapy(RCT).Recent research,encompassing bacterial etiology and advanced imaging techniques,contributes to our understanding of the root canal system's anatomy intricacies and the technique sensitivity of RCT.Success in RCT hinges on factors like patients,infection severity,root canal anatomy,and treatment techniques.Therefore,improving disease management is a key issue to combat endodontic diseases and cure periapical lesions.The clinical difficulty assessment system of RCT is established based on patient conditions,tooth conditions,root canal configuration,and root canal needing retreatment,and emphasizes pre-treatment risk assessment for optimal outcomes.The findings suggest that the presence of risk factors may correlate with the challenge of achieving the high standard required for RCT.These insights contribute not only to improve education but also aid practitioners in treatment planning and referral decision-making within the field of endodontics.

Chemical cleaning and disinfection are crucial steps for eliminating infection in root canal treatment.However,irrigant selection or irrigation procedures are far from clear.The vapor lock effect in the apical region has yet to be solved,impeding irrigation efficacy and resulting in residual infections and compromised treatment outcomes.Additionally,ambiguous clinical indications for root canal medication and non-standardized dressing protocols must be clarified.Inappropriate intracanal medication may present side effects and jeopardize the therapeutic outcomes.Indeed,clinicians have been aware of these concerns for years.Based on the current evidence of studies,this article reviews the properties of various irrigants and intracanal medicaments and elucidates their effectiveness and interactions.The evolution of different kinetic irrigation methods,their effects,limitations,the paradigm shift,current indications,and effective operational procedures regarding intracanal medication are also discussed.This expert consensus aims to establish the clinical operation guidelines for root canal irrigation and a position statement on intracanal medication,thus facilitating a better understanding of infection control,standardizing clinical practice,and ultimately improving the success of endodontic therapy.