Objective To analyze and compare the diagnostic criteria of dampness syndrome in clinical studies and construct a dampness syndrome entry pool,so as to provide theoretical support for the development of dampness-related scales,and then provide reference for clinical research.Methods By searching the literature collected by CNKI,VIP and Wanfang data database from 1960 to 2023,the clinical research literature of dampness syndrome was searched and screened,and the diagnostic criteria of dampness syndrome were summarized and analyzed.Results A total of 7651 articles were retrieved from the above database,and 52 articles were finally included.9 diagnostic criteria were obtained by combining the screening of teaching materials.They are The National Standard of Chinese Medicine Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Chinese Medicine(GB/T16751.2-1997),Syndrome element differentiation,Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome Standards,Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome Differentiation and Diagnosis,Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Fifth edition,sixth edition,second edition of the new century,People's Health Commission edition,and tenth edition of the National Higher Traditional Chinese Medicine College Planning Textbook).The diagnostic methods can be divided into three kinds:narrative method,primary and secondary disease(or see disease)classification diagnosis method,and assigning method.There are a total of 36 symptom components,which can be divided into four groups:the accumulation of muscle and striae group,the obstruction of meridians and joints group,the internal accumulation of organs group,and the dampness and obstruction of orifices group.The National Standard of Chinese Medicine Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Chinese Medicine(GB/T16751.2-1997)has been cited for a maximum of 22 times,covering 16 diseases.Conclusion The National Standard of Chinese Medicine Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Chinese Medicine is the most widely used in clinical research,and the new version of national standard in 2021 is more suitable for the current diagnosis and clinical research of dampness syndrome.

Objective To analyze and compare the diagnostic criteria of dampness syndrome in clinical studies and construct a dampness syndrome entry pool,so as to provide theoretical support for the development of dampness-related scales,and then provide reference for clinical research.Methods By searching the literature collected by CNKI,VIP and Wanfang data database from 1960 to 2023,the clinical research literature of dampness syndrome was searched and screened,and the diagnostic criteria of dampness syndrome were summarized and analyzed.Results A total of 7651 articles were retrieved from the above database,and 52 articles were finally included.9 diagnostic criteria were obtained by combining the screening of teaching materials.They are The National Standard of Chinese Medicine Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Chinese Medicine(GB/T16751.2-1997),Syndrome element differentiation,Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome Standards,Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome Differentiation and Diagnosis,Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine(Fifth edition,sixth edition,second edition of the new century,People's Health Commission edition,and tenth edition of the National Higher Traditional Chinese Medicine College Planning Textbook).The diagnostic methods can be divided into three kinds:narrative method,primary and secondary disease(or see disease)classification diagnosis method,and assigning method.There are a total of 36 symptom components,which can be divided into four groups:the accumulation of muscle and striae group,the obstruction of meridians and joints group,the internal accumulation of organs group,and the dampness and obstruction of orifices group.The National Standard of Chinese Medicine Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Chinese Medicine(GB/T16751.2-1997)has been cited for a maximum of 22 times,covering 16 diseases.Conclusion The National Standard of Chinese Medicine Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Chinese Medicine is the most widely used in clinical research,and the new version of national standard in 2021 is more suitable for the current diagnosis and clinical research of dampness syndrome.

Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response triggered by infection and often leads to acute kidney injury(AKI).The pathogenesis of sepsis-associated AKI is complex,involving multiple factors such as renal ischemia,inflammation and oxidative stress.In recent years,pyroptosis,a pro-inflammatory form of programmed cell death,has gradually attracted the attention of researchers.Pyroptosis is activated by inflammasomes(e.g.,the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-related protein 3 inflammasome,NLRP3 inflammasome),accompanied by Gas-dermin D(GSDMD)-mediated formation of cell membrane pores and release of cellular contents,which leads to exacerbation of local and systemic inflammatory responses.The mechanism of pyroptosis in sepsis-associated AKI has not been fully elucidated,but AKI is directly involved in the process of renal functional impairment by indu-cing the death of renal tubular epithelial cells and exacerbating the local inflammatory response.Blockade of key molecules in the pyroptosis pathway,such as GSDMD or NLRP3 inflammasome,can significantly alleviate renal injury,suggesting that the pyroptosis pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for sepsis-associated AKI.This review summarizes the recent research progress on pyroptosis in sepsis-associated AKI,and discuss its cen-tral role in the pathogenesis,particularly focusing on the inflammasome and GSDMD pathways.Additionally,this paper analyzes the potential of focal death inhibition as a therapeutic strategy and proposes future research direc-tions with the expectation of providing references for the treatment of sepsis-related AKI.

Auto-brewery syndrome(ABS)is a rare and easily overlooked disease.Overgrowth of certain high-alcohol-producing fungi and bacteria in the intestine leads to the production of endogenous ethanol that ex-ceeds the liver's maximum metabolic capacity,resulting in an elevated ethanol concentration in the patient's peripheral blood.Even without alcohol intake,patients may exhibit symptoms similar to intoxication,causing various social,occupational,and health-related distress.This article provides an overview of the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ABS,reveals that gut microbiota dysbiosis is the core of ABS,and introduces multiple intervention strategies involving the regulation of the gut microbiota,including dietary intervention,pharmaco-therapy,probiotic therapy,fecal microbiota transplantation,and phage therapy,with the aim of assisting clini-cians in the early identification and treatment of ABS.

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome(CCS)is a rare non-hereditary disease characterized by multiple gastrointestinal polyps and ectodermal abnormalities.Its etiology remains unclear,and there is a lack of a gold standard for diagnosis.Patients with CCS have a higher risk of developing gastrointestinal tumors compared to the general population.Early diagnosis is challenging,and the disease is prone to recurrence,necessitating long-term follow-up.The Digestive Disease Branch of China Alliance for Rare Diseases/Beijing Association of Rare Disease Diagnosis,Treatment and Security,in collaboration with the Rare Disease Collaborative Group of the Chinese Society of Gastroenterology,Chinese Medical Association,developed this consensus to provide cor-responding recommendations on the pathogenesis,clinical manifestations,diagnosis,and treatment of CCS.

Rare digestive diseases refer to rare disorders that primarily affect the digestive system.Currently,there is no standardized clinical classification system for these conditions,and physicians have low awareness of them.This leads to a high likelihood of missed diagnoses and misdiagnoses during the di-agnostic and treatment process,coupled with a scarcity of specific and effective therapeutic options,ulti-mately imposing a tremendous disease burden on patients.With the publication of China's first and second batches of rare disease catalogs,many rare digestive diseases have been progressively included,thereby enhancing awareness among clinicians and patients.The role of gastroenterologists in the multidisciplinary treatment(MDT)of rare diseases is becoming increasingly prominent.The advancement in the disciplinary construction and clinical research of rare digestive diseases,the ongoing implementation of the MDT,and the establishment of multidisciplinary teams for rare digestive diseases collectively enhance the diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities for rare digestive diseases and lay a solid foundation for large-scale,high-quality clinical research.

Rare small intestinal diseases are characterized by a broad disease spectrum,non-specific clinical manifestations,and relatively limited diagnostic modalities,which significantly hinder early diagnosis and treatment.Meanwhile,the subspecialty development of rare digestive diseases lags behind,with insufficient physician awareness and a scarcity of experienced multidisciplinary collaborative teams,further exacerbating the difficulties in disease management.In recent years,advancements in gene testing technologies,along with con-tinuous refinements in imaging and endoscopic techniques,have substantially improved the diagnostic and ther-apeutic landscape for rare small intestinal diseases.This article outlines the difficulties and challenges in diag-nosing and treating these conditions,and reviews the evolving applications of common diagnostic and therapeutic approaches across various rare small intestinal diseases.

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome(CCS)is a rare non-hereditary disease characterized by multiple gastrointestinal polyps and ectodermal abnormalities.Its etiology remains unclear,and there is a lack of a gold standard for diagnosis.Patients with CCS have a higher risk of developing gastrointestinal tumors compared to the general population.Early diagnosis is challenging,and the disease is prone to recurrence,necessitating long-term follow-up.The Digestive Disease Branch of China Alliance for Rare Diseases/Beijing Association of Rare Disease Diagnosis,Treatment and Security,in collaboration with the Rare Disease Collaborative Group of the Chinese Society of Gastroenterology,Chinese Medical Association,developed this consensus to provide cor-responding recommendations on the pathogenesis,clinical manifestations,diagnosis,and treatment of CCS.

Rare digestive diseases refer to rare disorders that primarily affect the digestive system.Currently,there is no standardized clinical classification system for these conditions,and physicians have low awareness of them.This leads to a high likelihood of missed diagnoses and misdiagnoses during the di-agnostic and treatment process,coupled with a scarcity of specific and effective therapeutic options,ulti-mately imposing a tremendous disease burden on patients.With the publication of China's first and second batches of rare disease catalogs,many rare digestive diseases have been progressively included,thereby enhancing awareness among clinicians and patients.The role of gastroenterologists in the multidisciplinary treatment(MDT)of rare diseases is becoming increasingly prominent.The advancement in the disciplinary construction and clinical research of rare digestive diseases,the ongoing implementation of the MDT,and the establishment of multidisciplinary teams for rare digestive diseases collectively enhance the diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities for rare digestive diseases and lay a solid foundation for large-scale,high-quality clinical research.

Rare small intestinal diseases are characterized by a broad disease spectrum,non-specific clinical manifestations,and relatively limited diagnostic modalities,which significantly hinder early diagnosis and treatment.Meanwhile,the subspecialty development of rare digestive diseases lags behind,with insufficient physician awareness and a scarcity of experienced multidisciplinary collaborative teams,further exacerbating the difficulties in disease management.In recent years,advancements in gene testing technologies,along with con-tinuous refinements in imaging and endoscopic techniques,have substantially improved the diagnostic and ther-apeutic landscape for rare small intestinal diseases.This article outlines the difficulties and challenges in diag-nosing and treating these conditions,and reviews the evolving applications of common diagnostic and therapeutic approaches across various rare small intestinal diseases.