Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in men and posing a serious threat to men's health. Detection methods such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate biopsy, and magnetic resonance imaging are widely used for prostate cancer screening, but they have low specificity, high cost, and significant risks. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop highly specific, low-cost, easily obtained, stable, and reliable biomarkers, and use them as the basis to establish non-invasive screening and diagnostic methods for prostate cancer. This paper reviewed the recent advances in the use of prostate cancer biomarkers and combined detection methods for prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis assessment and provides an in-depth analysis and comparison of different biomarkers and combined detection methods, as well as points out the directions and challenges for future research. The paper emphasizes the importance of developing efficient, cost-effective and easy-to-implement biomarkers to increase the early diagnosis rate of prostate cancer, improve patient prognosis, and reduce the waste of healthcare resources. This paper provides an important theoretical basis and technical guidance for early diagnosis, precise treatment and prognostic evaluation of prostate cancer, and has important reference value for promoting clinical research and practice of prostate cancer.
Humans ; Male ; Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis* ; Biomarkers, Tumor/blood* ; Early Detection of Cancer/methods* ; Prognosis ; Prostate-Specific Antigen/blood* ; Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II/metabolism* ; Antigens, Neoplasm/blood* ; Antigens, Surface ; Serine Endopeptidases

In this paper, the domestic and international demand and development trend of clinical diagnostic radionuclides are analyzed, and the medium and high-energy cyclotrons, adequate and systematic facilities, and preparation techniques required for the production of medical radionuclides based on solid targets are introduced. This paper focuses on the research and development carried out by some important medical institutions and scientific research institutes in China over the years in the aspects of medium and high-energy cyclotrons, beam transmission lines, high-power irradiation target stations and new medical isotope production processes etc. It also looks forward to some new directions for the development of medical radionuclides in China during the 14th Five-Year Plan period.

Objective To evaluate the role of P2X3 receptors in the development and mnaintenance of neuropathic pain (NP) and the relationship with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in dorsal root ganglia of rats.Methods Thirty-six SPF healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 180-200 g,aged 4-6 weeks,in which intrathecal catheters were successfully implanted,were divided into 3 groups (n =12 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group S),NP group and P2X3 receptor antagonist A-317491 group (group A).At 3 days after intrathecal catheters were successfully implanted,NP was induced by chronic constriction injury to the sciatic nerve.The sciatic nerve was only exposed but not occluded in group S.Intrathecal injection was performed twice a day for 14 consecutive days starting from 1 day after operation.Normal saline 20 μ l was intrathecally injected in group S and group NP,and A-317491 100 nmol/10 μ1 and normal saline 10 μ l were intrathecally injected in group A.Thermal paw withdrawal threshold (TWT) and mechanical paw withdrawal threshold (MWT) were measured on day 1 before operation and at 30 min after intrathecal injection on days 1,3,7,10 and 14 after operation.On days 7 and 14 after operation,the rats were sacrificed and the dorsal root ganglia of the lumbar segment were removed for determination of the expression of P2X3 receptors and NF-κB p65 by Western blot.Results Compared with group S,TWT and MWT were significantly decreased at each time point after operation,and thc expression of P2X3 receptors andi NF-κB p65 in dorsal root ganglia was up-regulated on days 7 and [4 after operation in group NP (P＜0.05 or 0.01).Compared with group NP,TWT was significantly increased at each time point after operation,MWT was increased on days 3,7,10 and 14 after operation,anl the expression of P2X3 receptors and NF-κB p65 in dorsal root ganglia was down-regulated on days 7 and 14 after operation in group A (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mechanism underlying the development and maintenance of NP is related to the up-regulation of P2X3 receptor expression and promotion of the expression of NF-κB in dorsal root ganglia of rats.

Objective To evaluate the role of transient receptor potential channel 8 (TRPM8) in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain and the relationship with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in the dorsal root ganglion of rats.Methods Thirty-six pathogen-free healthy adult male SpragueDawley rats,weighing 180-200 g,aged 6-8 weeks,were divided into 3 groups (n=12 each) using a random number table:sham opeation group (group S),neuropathic pain group (group NP) and TRPM8 bocker BCTC group (group BCTC).Neuropathic pain was induced by ligation of the right sciatic nerve in anesthetized rats.BCTC 20 nmol was intrathecally injected once a day on preoperative day 1 and postoperative days 1,3,7 and 10 in group BCTC.The thermal,mechanical and cold pain thresholds were measured on preoperative day 1 and postoperative days 1,3,7,10 and 14.The dorsal root ganglions of the lumbar segment (L4-6) were removed on postoperative days 7 and 14 for determination of the expression of TRPM8 and NF-κB p65 by Western blot.Results Compared with group S,the thermal and mechanical thresholds were significantly decreased on postoperative days 1-14,and the cold pain threshold was decreased on postoperative days 3-14 in NP and BCTC groups,the expression of TRPM8 and NF-κB p65 in dorsal root ganglions was up-regulated on postoperative days 7 and 14 in group NP (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in the expression of TRPM8 and NF-κB p65 in dorsal root ganglions in group BCTC (P＞0.05).Compared with group NP,the thermal pain threshold was significantly decreased and the cold pain threshold was increased on postoperative days 3-14,the expression of TRPM8 and NF-κB p65 in dorsal root ganglions was up-regulated on postoperative days 7 and 14,and no significant change was found in the mechanical pain threshold in group BCTC (P＞0.05).Conclusion NF-κB activation after opening of TR-PM8 in dorsal root ganglion neurons is involved in the development and maintenance of neuropathie pain in rats.

Objective Post-transcription RNA interference (RNAi) is more and more widely applied in multigene therapy.This study aimed to establish an subcutaneous xenotransplanted tumor (SXT) model of human HT-29 colon carcinoma in nude mice and investigate the effects of the survivin shRNA-APC double gene co-expression lentiviral vector on the growth of SXT.Methods Thirty-five nude mice were equally divided into five groups, double-gene survivin shRNA, survivin shRNA, APC, empty vector, and blank, and injected into the left anterior axillary with respective stably transfected cell lines and human HT-29 colon carcinoma cells, all at 2×106/mL, to establish an SXT model of human HT-29 colon carcinoma.The inhibition rate of tumor growth was calculated by measuring the size and weight of the SXT, the expressions of survivin mRNA and protein in the tumor tissue detected by real time PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively, and the apoptosis of the HT-29 colon carcinoma cells determined by TUNEL.Results The mean size and weight of the SXT were significantly reduced in the double-gene survivin shRNA-APC, survivin shRNA, and APC groups as compared with the blank and empty vector groups (P<0.05), though increased in the survivin shRNA and APC groups in comparison with the double-gene group (P<0.05).The expressions of survivin mRNA and protein in the tumor tissue were remarkably lower in the double-gene survivin shRNA-APC, survivin shRNA, and APC groups than in the blank and empty vector groups (P<0.05), even lower in the double-gene group than in the survivin shRNA, and APC groups (P<0.05).The apoptosis rate of the HT-29 colon carcinoma cells was markedly up-regulated in the double-gene survivin shRNA-APC ([56.72±3.17]%), survivin shRNA ([33.64±2.03]%), and APC groups ([31.19±1.79]%) as compared with the blank ([9.89±0.31]%) and empty vector groups ([10.06±0.43]%) (P<0.05), even more significantly in the double-gene than in the survivin shRNA and APC groups (P<0.05).Conclusion The survivin shRNA-APC double gene co-expression lentiviral vector can reduce the expression level the survivin gene, promote the apoptosis of colon carcinoma cells, and suppress the growth of the subcutaneous xenotransplanted tumor.

Objective Studies show that the abnormal ex-pressions of APC and survivin play important roles in the development and progression of colon cancer .Survivin shRNA and APC double gene co-expression lentiviral vector was constructed to observe whether it could be successfully expressed in HT-29 colon cancer cells and whether it could impact on colon cancer cell apoptosis . Methods We selected the best shRNA interference fragment from the construc-tion of three pairs of complementary shRNA fragments and connected it with the effective fragment of APC ( aa1020-1698 ) to construct a double gene co-expression lentiviral vector .HT-29 cells were divid-ed into experimental group , empty loading group and blank group .HT-29 cells were observed by fluorescence microscopy after infec-tion.Survivin and APC expression levels were observed by real time PCR and western blot .Apoptosis was detected by caspase-3 activi-ty assay. Results ①We successfully constructed three pairs of shRNA sequences and proved that they had no human gene homolo -gous to the rest.Real time PCR analysis showed that the best sequence was shRNA 3.②After the sequence alignment of constructed shRNA vectors, three pairs of shRNA sequences were completely the same with the first designed sequence .Green fluorescence was observed in HT-29 cells by fluorescence microscope .The survivin content in experiment group (31.71 ±1.49) was significantly de-creased compared with empty loading group (100 ±0) and blank group(95.12 ±2.15)(P<0.05).The expression level of APC mR-NA was significantly increased compared with empty loading group (0 ±0) and blank group(0.51 ±0.15)(P<0.05).③The relative ratio of apoptosis in experiment group (0.573 ±0.050) was significantly increased compared with empty loading group (0.390 ± 0.040) and blank group(0.407 ±0.030)(P<0.05). Conclusion We have successfully constructed survivin-shRNA-APC double gene co-expression lentiviral vector which can be successfully expressed in HT-29 colon cancer cells , providing references for subse-quent gene therapy by the use of the carrier .

This article introduces a new method using the servo motor which is controlled by ARM microcontroller to provide power for a pulsatile blood pump to beat. This method is featured with straightforward structure, accurate control, excellent timeliness, stable performance and small noise. And it can adjust the rate of beat, the rate of flow and the compression ratio according to actual demand.
Algorithms ; Heart-Assist Devices ; Models, Cardiovascular ; Pulsatile Flow

Action Potentials ; Animals ; Ear, Inner ; blood supply ; Facial Nerve ; physiopathology ; Hearing Loss, Sensorineural ; etiology ; Rabbits