Objective:To investigate the cognitive characteristics and related influencing factors in Parkinson′s disease (PD) patients with or without olfactory anosognosia (OA).Methods:A total of 113 PD patients who were treated at the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University between March 2023 and April 2024 were selected. The PD Olfactory Dysfunction Auxiliary Diagnostic Card was used to assess olfactory function. Based on the olfactory identification scores and subjective awareness of olfactory dysfunction, patients were divided into the normosmic group, olfactory dysfunction group, and the later was further divided into olfactory dysfunction without OA (OA-) group, and olfactory dysfunction with OA (OA+) group. The results of the Unified Parkinson′s Disease Rating Scale-Ⅲ (UPDRS-Ⅲ) and Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y) staging assessments of the patients were collected. Non-motor symptoms such as cognitive function, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, and constipation were evaluated using relevant scales. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the related factors affecting OA in PD patients with olfactory decline.Results:The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores of the olfactory dysfunction group were lower than those of the normosmic group (20.30±4.47 vs 22.64±2.50, t=2.907, P=0.007). The Self-Rating Anxiety Scale scores (39.00±8.60 vs 43.86±10.63, t=2.444, P=0.016), visuospatial and executive function scores (2.35±1.32 vs 2.98±1.42, t=2.263, P=0.026), and orientation scores (4.88±1.14 vs 5.34±1.07, t=2.046, P=0.043) of the OA+ group were lower than those of the OA- group. Logistic regression analysis revealed that lower MoCA scores were an independent risk factor for PD combined with OA ( OR=0.853, 95% CI 0.743-0.980, P=0.024). Conclusions:PD patients with olfactory dysfunction exhibit more severe cognitive impairment. Among them, patients with OA show more significant impairments in visuospatial, executive function and orientation. Cognitive impairment may be an independent risk factor for PD combined with OA.

Objective:To evaluate the cumulative relationship between individual cardiometabolic diseases(CMDs)and the incidence of cataract in the elderly.Methods:This study was a prospective cohort study based on the UK Biobank, including 165 222 participants without cataract at baseline, aged 60.0 to 74.0 years, with an average age of(64.9±2.9)years, including 76 712 males(46.4%)and 88 510 females(53.6%). The exposure in this study was CMDs(including coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and hypertension), and the outcome was the incidence of cataract.The Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the cumulative hazard ratio( HR)and 95% confidence interval( CI)of the number of CMDs and cataract occurrence in the elderly. Results:After a median follow-up of 13.65 years, 35, 933 cataract events were observed.After adjusting for various factors, the HRs of cataract incidence in elderly patients with 1, 2, and 3 or more CMDs compared with those without CMDs were 1.11( HR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.08~1.14, P<0.001), 1.38( HR=1.38, 95% CI: 1.33~1.43, P<0.001), and 1.80( HR=1.80, 95% CI: 1.68-1.93, P<0.001), respectively.There was a significant dose-cumulative effect between the number of CMDs and the risk of cataract( HR=1.17, 95% CI: 1.15~1.19, P<0.001). Conclusions:The coexistence of CMDs in the elderly is an important risk factor for cataract development, and the risk of cataract increases in a dose-cumulative manner with the increase in the number of CMDs, suggesting that emphasizing health management of CMDs in the elderly population may help reduce the incidence of cataract.

Objective:To evaluate the cumulative relationship between individual cardiometabolic diseases(CMDs)and the incidence of cataract in the elderly.Methods:This study was a prospective cohort study based on the UK Biobank, including 165 222 participants without cataract at baseline, aged 60.0 to 74.0 years, with an average age of(64.9±2.9)years, including 76 712 males(46.4%)and 88 510 females(53.6%). The exposure in this study was CMDs(including coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and hypertension), and the outcome was the incidence of cataract.The Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the cumulative hazard ratio( HR)and 95% confidence interval( CI)of the number of CMDs and cataract occurrence in the elderly. Results:After a median follow-up of 13.65 years, 35, 933 cataract events were observed.After adjusting for various factors, the HRs of cataract incidence in elderly patients with 1, 2, and 3 or more CMDs compared with those without CMDs were 1.11( HR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.08~1.14, P<0.001), 1.38( HR=1.38, 95% CI: 1.33~1.43, P<0.001), and 1.80( HR=1.80, 95% CI: 1.68-1.93, P<0.001), respectively.There was a significant dose-cumulative effect between the number of CMDs and the risk of cataract( HR=1.17, 95% CI: 1.15~1.19, P<0.001). Conclusions:The coexistence of CMDs in the elderly is an important risk factor for cataract development, and the risk of cataract increases in a dose-cumulative manner with the increase in the number of CMDs, suggesting that emphasizing health management of CMDs in the elderly population may help reduce the incidence of cataract.

Objective:To investigate the cognitive characteristics and related influencing factors in Parkinson′s disease (PD) patients with or without olfactory anosognosia (OA).Methods:A total of 113 PD patients who were treated at the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University between March 2023 and April 2024 were selected. The PD Olfactory Dysfunction Auxiliary Diagnostic Card was used to assess olfactory function. Based on the olfactory identification scores and subjective awareness of olfactory dysfunction, patients were divided into the normosmic group, olfactory dysfunction group, and the later was further divided into olfactory dysfunction without OA (OA-) group, and olfactory dysfunction with OA (OA+) group. The results of the Unified Parkinson′s Disease Rating Scale-Ⅲ (UPDRS-Ⅲ) and Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y) staging assessments of the patients were collected. Non-motor symptoms such as cognitive function, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, and constipation were evaluated using relevant scales. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the related factors affecting OA in PD patients with olfactory decline.Results:The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores of the olfactory dysfunction group were lower than those of the normosmic group (20.30±4.47 vs 22.64±2.50, t=2.907, P=0.007). The Self-Rating Anxiety Scale scores (39.00±8.60 vs 43.86±10.63, t=2.444, P=0.016), visuospatial and executive function scores (2.35±1.32 vs 2.98±1.42, t=2.263, P=0.026), and orientation scores (4.88±1.14 vs 5.34±1.07, t=2.046, P=0.043) of the OA+ group were lower than those of the OA- group. Logistic regression analysis revealed that lower MoCA scores were an independent risk factor for PD combined with OA ( OR=0.853, 95% CI 0.743-0.980, P=0.024). Conclusions:PD patients with olfactory dysfunction exhibit more severe cognitive impairment. Among them, patients with OA show more significant impairments in visuospatial, executive function and orientation. Cognitive impairment may be an independent risk factor for PD combined with OA.

Purpose: This study aims to elucidate the longitudinal alterations in frailty and health-related quality of life experienced by elderly patients undergoing surgical treatment for esophageal cancer. Additionally, it seeks to ascertain the impact of preoperative frailty on postoperative health-related quality of life over time. Methods: 131 patients were included in the prospective study. Patients' frailty and health-related quality-of-life were assessed utilizing the Tilburg and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 at preoperative, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months, postoperatively. Statistical analyses were performed using generalized estimating equations, repeated-measures analysis of variance, and linear mixed models (LMMs). Results: Out of 131 patients, 28.2% had frailty before surgery, and the prevalence of frailty consistently higher after surgery compared with baseline (67.9%, 51.9%, and 39.7%). There was no significant change in frailty scores in preoperative frail patients within 3 months following surgery (p = .496, p < .999, p < .999); whereas in preoperative non-frail patients, the frailty scores increased at 1 week (p < .001) and then decreased at 1 month (p = .014), followed by no change at 3 months. In addition, preoperative frail patients had significantly worse global quality-of-life (β = −4.24 (−8.31; −.18), p = .041), physical functioning (β = −9.87 (−14.59; −5.16), p < .001), role functioning (β = −10.04 (−15.76; −4.33), p = .001), and social functioning (β = −8.58 (−15.49; −1.68), p = .015), compared with non-frail patients. Conclusions A significant proportion of participants exhibited a high prevalence of preoperative frailty. These patients, who were preoperatively frail, exhibited a marked reduction in health-related quality-of-life, a more gradual recovery across various functional domains, and an increased symptom burden during the follow-up period. Therefore, it is crucial to meticulously identify and closely monitor patients with preoperative frailty for any changes in their postoperative physiology, role, and social functioning.

AIM: To investigate the expression of Th1-typed cytokine IFN-? and Th2-typed cytokine IL-4 on T lymphocytes that infiltrate in nasal polyps for searching the pathogenesis of nasal polyps. METHODS: Nasal polyps tissue samples and peripheral blood were obtained from 21 patients. Normal human inferior turbinate mucosa and peripheral blood were obtained as well. Flow cytometry was adopted to detect the expression of IFN-? and IL-4 of T lymphocytes. RESULTS: Th cytokines were rarely detected in inferior turbinate from normal human. Nasal polyps tissue consisted of abundant T lymphocytes. The expression of IL-4 and IFN-? increased in peripheral blood from patients [(6 686?0 204)%, (64 312?1 611)%, respectively] compared with normal human [(0 560?0 051)%, (0 246?0 020)%, respectively] ( P