ObjectiveTo explore the effect of Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma polysaccharides on hyperlipidemia in mice by modulating the gut microbiota. MethodsNinety male C57BL/6J mice were randomized into the following groups （n=15）： control， model， simvastatin， low- （100 mg·kg^-1）， medium- （200 mg·kg^-1）， and high-dose （400 mg·kg^-1） Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma polysaccharides groups. Other groups except the control group were fed with a high-fat diet for the modeling of hyperlipidemia， and drug interventions lasted for 12 weeks. Serum levels of total cholesterol （TC）， triglycerides （TG）， low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）， and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C） were measured by an automatic biochemical analyzer. The pathological changes in the liver and epididymal fat were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining， and lipid accumulation in the liver was assessed by oil red O staining. The gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. ResultsCompared with the control group， the model group exhibited an increase in body weight （P<0.01）， along with marked elevations in serum levels of TC， TG， and LDL-C （P<0.05，P<0.01）. Furthermore， the model group showcased increase in the liver index and epididymal fat coefficient （P<0.05）， increased liver fat accumulation， enlargement of adipocytes in the epididymal fat， decreases in both alpha and beta diversity of the gut microbiota， and an increase in the relative abundance of Allobaculum （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma polysaccharides suppressed the increase in body weight （P<0.01）， lowered the serum levels of TC， TG， and LDL-C （P<0.05，P<0.01）， reduced the liver index and epididymal fat coefficient （P<0.05）， alleviated liver fat accumulation， and decreased the size of adipocytes in the epididymal fat. Furthermore， it enhanced the alpha and beta diversity of the gut microbiota in mice， reduced the relative abundance of Allobaculum， Erysipelotrichaceae， and Clostridium （P<0.01）， and increased the relative abundance of Akkermansia and Blautia （P<0.01）. ConclusionPolygonati Odorati Rhizoma polysaccharides can ameliorate hyperlipidemia induced by a high-fat diet in mice by regulating the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota.

Objective To investigate the effect of trunk control on the biomechanical characteristics of lower limb movements during Asian squats(AS)and Western squats(WS)in young adults to provide empirical support for the application and promotion of deep squat training.Methods Twenty-four healthy young male collegiate students performed AS and WS with and without bar control,and their lower limb kinematic and kinetic characteristics were collected using an infrared light-point motion capture system and a three-dimensional(3D)dynamometer.The 3D angles of the lower limbs were obtained using Cortex-642.6.2 software,based on the calculation of Euler angles,and the 3D moments were obtained by applying the inverse dynamics method.The effects of trunk control and deep squatting posture on the lower limb kinematic characteristics were examined using a two-factor analysis of variance with a 2×2 repeated design.Results There was no significant interaction between trunk control and the deep squatting posture for either kinematic or kinetic parameters(P>0.05).The WS group had a large knee flexion angle,peak patellofemoral contact force,and ratio of peak hip and knee extension moments,and small ankle dorsiflexion and hip flexion angles(P<0.05).The deep squat with a bar had a large ankle dorsiflexion angle,peak patellofemoral contact force,and hip flexion angle as well as a small knee flexion angle and ratio of peak hip and knee extension moments(P<0.05).Conclusions WS is helpful for training hip extension muscle groups,whereas AS is helpful for training knee extension muscle strength.The peak patellofemoral joint contact force of the WS is significantly greater than that of the AS;therefore,it is recommended that patients with patellofemoral joint pain use the AS.A squat with a bar can compensate for the body's balance;thus,people with limited ankle dorsiflexion range of motion or anterior tibial muscle weakness may consider trunk control training,such as a deep squat with a bar.This may help improve lower limb stability during squats.

Purpose/Significance By investigating and analyzing the characteristics of scientific data citation of scientific data sharing institutions in the field of medical and population health,the paper provides references and guidance for open sharing and standardized ci-tation of scientific data.Method/Process Taking the National Population Health Data Center as an example,the literature analysis meth-od is used to analyze the scientific data citation behavior and its traceability in this field.Result/Conclusion It is found that there are non-standard citation behaviors such as inconsistent labeling positions and missing citation elements in the scientific data in the field of medical and population health,and a large number of open and shared scientific data cannot be effectively traced.It is urgent to improve the standards of scientific data citation,strengthen the management of scientific data platform,enhance the awareness of scientific re-searchers,and promote scientific data sharing and citation.

Purpose/Significance To analyze the management problems of scientific data collection in the biomedical field and put forward countermeasures in order to improve the dissemination of scientific data.Method/Process Based on the relevant national scientif-ic data collection policy,taking the National Population Health Data Center as an example,the challenges and countermeasures of scien-tific data collection in the biomedical field are analyzed from the perspective of scientific data manager.Result/Conclusion The paper puts forward some countermeasures to solve the problems,including popularizing the scientific data collection mechanism,setting stand-ards and conducting audits of biomedical science data quality and standardization,strengthening data security and privacy protection tech-nology research and development in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.

Efferocytosis refers to the process that phagocytes recognize and remove the apoptotic cells, which is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis both in physiological and pathological conditions. Numerous studies have demonstrated that efferocytosis can prevent secondary necrosis and proinflammatory factor release, leading to the resolution of inflammation and tissue immunological tolerance in numerous diseases such as stroke. Stroke is a leading cause of death and morbidity for adults worldwide. Persistent inflammation triggered by the dead cells or cell debris is a major contributor to post-stroke brain damage. Effective efferocytosis might be an efficient strategy to minimize inflammation and restore brain homeostasis for neuronal regeneration and function recovery. In this review, we will discuss the phagocytes in the brain, the molecular mechanisms underlying efferocytosis, the role of efferocytosis in inflammation resolution, and the potential therapeutic applications targeting efferocytosis in stroke.
Humans ; Stroke ; Phagocytosis/physiology* ; Inflammation ; Apoptosis/physiology* ; Animals ; Phagocytes/physiology* ; Brain/metabolism* ; Efferocytosis

The theory of "liver opens at the eyes" was first seen in Yellow Emperor's Internal Canon of Medicine， which is the ancient people's summary of the connection between the liver and the eyes. The theory of "liver opens at the eyes" suggests the characteristic of "co-damage and co-recover of liver and eyes". It has been found in clinical practice that liver diseases and eye diseases often occur together， and "liver and eyes co-recover" is an ideal choice. The key to achieving "liver and eyes co-recover" is to analyze its pharmacological material basis and mechanism. With the development of modern medicine， more and more evidence indicates that the liver and eyes have complex and close relationships in physiological and pathological aspects. In a pathological state， there is a phenomenon of "liver and eyes co-damage"， and after the intervention of traditional Chinese medicine， "liver and eyes co-recover" occurs. "Liver and eyes co-damage and co-recover" can be explained through the "co-material basis and co-action mechanism". On this basis， the research group tentatively proposed that the liver and eyes had "four common characteristics" （4CCs）， namely "co-damage， co-recover， co-material basis， and co-action mechanism" from the theoretical connotation of traditional Chinese medicine， clinical practice， and molecular biology. Additionally， the group also took the intervention of Prunella vulgaris， traditional Chinese medicine， for removing liver fire and improving eyesight on immune liver injury （ILI） and allergic conjunctivitis （AC） as examples to analyze 4CCs. This project aims to deeply analyze the scientific connotation of the theory of "liver opens at the eyes"， reveal the common characteristics and biological essence of liver and eyes， explore a new research paradigm of "liver and eyes co-recover"， and provide a reference for the study of common problems of multi-organ associated diseases.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the current situation and characteristics of clinical trials of nasal spray registration in China in the past 10 years, and to discuss the future development trend of nasal spray drugs in China, taking into account the current situation of international research. METHODS By accessing the State Drug Administration's drug clinical trial registration and information disclosure platform(http://www.chinadrugtrials.org.cn/index.html), collected information on clinical trials of nasal spray drugs in China from the open registration date(November 1, 2012) to March 29, 2023, in terms of clinical trial status, analyzed the status and characteristics of clinical trials of nasal sprays in terms of clinical trial status, indications, geographical distribution and trial phases, and trial design types by Microsoft Office Excel. RESULTS A total of 80 clinical trials of nasal sprays were conducted in China, of which 24 (30.0%) were phase I, 15 (18.8%) were phase II, 13(16.3%) were phase III, 3(3.8%) were phase IV, 17(21.3%) were bioequivalence trials, and 8(10.0%) were other(pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies). The status of clinical trials included 13(16.3%) in progress(not yet enrolled), 7(8.8%) in progress (enrollment completed), 15(18.8%) in progress (enrollment in progress), 44(55.0%) completed, and 1(1.3%) voluntarily terminated. There were 56 phase I-IV clinical trials, including 41(73.2%) parallel group trials, 14(25.0%) crossover design trials, and 1(1.8%) single-arm trial. A total of 65(81.3%) were chemicals, 7(8.8%) were biologics and 8(10.0%) were traditional Chinese medicine/natural drugs. A total of 15 indications were identified, which included allergic rhinitis, sedation, dry eye, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, etc. CONCLUSION The research and development of nasal sprays in China is still at an early stage, but it keeps up with the international and independent innovation ability is being strengthened, and more new clinical research directions and strategies of nasal sprays should be explored in the future to help the development of nasal sprays and meet the needs of more patients.

Abstract As a non-invasive drug delivery method, nasal drug delivery has many advantages, such as rapid onset, easy use, high compliance, no first pass effect, fewer adverse reactions, mucosal immunity, and provides a new convenient route to deliver drugs to the brain through nose-to-brain delivery. Nasal formulations are increasingly becoming a research and development hotspot, focusing on addressing unmet clinical needs. However, due to the special structure and physiology of the nasal cavity, there are still many challenges in the development and evaluation of nasal preparations.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To introduce the scientific progress in the regulation of nasal preparations by the US Food and Drug Administration(FDA), and provide reference and inspiration for the development, manufacture, quality control and supervision of nasal preparations in China. METHODS Regulations and literature relevant to the nasal preparations were translated and collated, and research projects and latest developments of FDA regulatory science were introduced. The difficulties encountered in the development of nasal preparations and the future development direction were analyzed. RESULTS The main directions of FDA nasal regulatory science were to evaluate potential bioequivalence(BE) methods as an alternative to comparative clinical endpoint BE studies, to employ digital technology to establish computer models, to study the factors influencing nasal absorption, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics characteristics, as well as pediatric drug use studies, nasal-brain delivery, and to develop new tools, new methods, and new standards. It provided a scientific basis for optimizing regulatory strategy and improving regulatory efficiency. CONCLUSION This article summarizes the latest research on the regulatory science of nasal preparation, provides a reference for the management personnel of regulatory agencies, and provides new ideas and new methods for improving the quality and efficiency of China's drug regulation and realizing international standards.

Abstract This paper focuses on the regulatory strategy of drug-led drug device combination products, comparing and analyzing the definition, scope and management mode of drug device combination products in the United States, the European Union, Japan, Canada and China; summarizing and analyzing the types of combination products in the Product-specific Guidances for Generic Drug Development(PSGs) of the US FDA's scientific and technical reports in the past five years, the results show that the top three PSGs newly added to the FDA were transdermal system, nasal sprays, and single-dose prefilled syringes/pens(including auto-injectors). As of March 1, 2023, the National Medical Products Administration(NMPA) had cumulatively announced the results of 339 combination products applied for attribute definition by enterprises, of which 88 were "drug-led drug device combination products", accounting for 26%; and 78 were "device-led drug device combination products", accounting for 23%; the results of "not belonging to drug device combination products" accounted for more than half (51.0%), which indicated that there was a big difference between the industry and the regulatory understanding of the definition of drug-device combination products, and that the existing guideline and documents were unable to provide clear and predictable positioning of the combination products under research and development for the time being. This paper also puts forward suggestions for solving the problems in the development of drug-device combination products in China, in order to improve the consistency, predictability and transparency of the classification and definition of drug-device combination products in China, and to provide references for the development and scientific supervision of this kind of products.