Cartilage is solid connective tissue that recovers slowly from injury, and pain and dysfunction from cartilage damage affect many people. The treatment of cartilage injury is clinically challenging and there is no optimal solution, which is a hot research topic at present. With the rapid development of 3D printing technology in recent years, 3D bioprinting can better mimic the complex microstructure of cartilage tissue and thus enabling the anatomy and functional regeneration of damaged cartilage. This article reviews the methods of 3D printing used to mimic cartilage structures, the selection of cells and biological factors, and the development of bioinks and advances in scaffold structures, with an emphasis on how 3D printing structure provides bioactive cargos in each stage to enhance the effect. Finally, clinical applications and future development of simulated cartilage printing are introduced, which are expected to provide new insights into this field and guide other researchers who are engaged in cartilage repair.

Cartilage is solid connective tissue that recovers slowly from injury,and pain and dysfunction from cartilage damage affect many people.The treatment of cartilage injury is clinically challenging and there is no optimal solution,which is a hot research topic at present.With the rapid development of 3D printing technology in recent years,3D bioprinting can better mimic the complex microstructure of cartilage tissue and thus enabling the anatomy and functional regeneration of damaged cartilage.This article reviews the methods of 3D printing used to mimic cartilage structures,the selection of cells and biological factors,and the development of bioinks and advances in scaffold structures,with an emphasis on how 3D printing structure provides bioactive cargos in each stage to enhance the effect.Finally,clinical applications and future development of simulated cartilage printing are introduced,which are expected to provide new insights into this field and guide other researchers who are engaged in cartilage repair.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a cardiomyopathy characterized by non-secondary asymmetric hypertrophy of the ventricle, most of which manifests as autosomal dominant inheritance, and it is the main cause of sudden death in young athletes. In recent years, HCM has attracted much attention in epidemiology and molecular mechanism of pathogenicity. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of HCM.

Objective:To investigate the correlations between cerebral β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition assessed by 18F-florbetapir (AV45) PET imaging and clinical cognitive symptoms in patients with subtle cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods:Data of twenty-four patients (11 males, 13 females, age: (63.2±7.6) years) diagnosed as SCD ( n=15) or MCI ( n=9) from December 2018 to March 2019 in Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People′s Hospital were collected prospectively. All patients underwent 18F-AV45 PET imaging, brain MRI T 1 scan and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) within two weeks. 18F-AV45 PET images were analyzed visually (positive, mild positive, negative). After being pretreated according to the MRI, 18F-AV45 PET images were analyzed semi-quantitatively by calculating the standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) of Aβ deposition in 8 regions of interest (ROIs; frontal lobe, lateral parietal lobe, lateral temporal lobe, medial temporal lobe, occipital lobe, basal ganglia, posterior cingulate and precuneus), with cerebellar gray matter as the reference. Partial correlation coefficients between regional SUVRs and MMSE score were calculated. Results:18F-AV45 PET imaging showed that 16 patients with positive results and 8 patients with mild positive results. MMSE score of 24 patients was 28.2±2.0, and the SUVR was 0.93-1.87. Correlation analysis revealed that Aβ deposition in frontal cortex ( r=-0.432), posterior cingulate lobe ( r=-0.434) and precuneus ( r=-0.418) was negatively correlated with MMSE score (all P<0.05); and no significant correlations between SUVR and MMSE in other brain regions were found ( r values: from -0.412 to -0.110, all P>0.05). Conclusion:18F-AV45 PET imaging can noninvasively detect brain Aβ deposition in patients, and can effectively reflect the clinical cognitive status of patients with SCD and MCI to a certain extent.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on inflammatory responses during intestinal mucosal barrier damage caused by gastrointestinal surgery in the rats.Methods:Forty-five healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 7-8 weeks, weighing 220-260 g, were divided into 3 groups ( n=15 each) by a random number table method: control group (C group), gastrointestinal surgery group (S group), and TEAS group (T group). Rats underwent pylorectomy and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunal anastomosis to establish gastrointestinal surgery models in S and T groups, while group C received no treatment.In group T, bilateral Zusanli and Hegu acupoints were stimulated with disperse-dense waves, current intensity 5 mA, frequency 2 Hz, from 30 min before surgery until the end of operation.Only electrode patches were applied, but no stimulation was applied in group S. Five rats were randomly selected from each group and sacrificed at 12, 24 and 48 h after surgery (T 1-3), and ileal tissues were taken after anesthesia.The pathological changes of ileal tissues were observed with a light microscope and scored according to Chiu.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine contents of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), diamine oxidase (DAO) and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP). Western blot was used to detect the expression of occludin, claudin-3 and ZO-1.The immunohistochemical method was used to determine the percentage of occludin, claudin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) positive cells. Results:Compared with group C, Chiu′s scores and contents of ileal IL-6, TNF-α, DAO and I-FABP were significantly increased, the percentage of occludin, claudin-3 and ZO-1 protein positive cells was decreased, and the expression of occludin, claudin-3 and ZO-1 was down-regulated at T 1-3 in group S and group T ( P<0.05). Compared with group S, Chiu′s scores and contents of ileal IL-6, TNF-α, DAO and I-FABP were significantly decreased, the percentage of occludin, claudin-3 and ZO-1 protein positive cells was increased, and the expression of occludin, claudin-3 and ZO-1 was up-regulated at T 1-3 in group T ( P<0.05). Conclusion:TEAS can reduce the intestinal mucosal barrier damage caused by gastrointestinal surgery by inhibiting the inflammatory response in rats.

Objective To observe the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) combined with fasudil hydrochloride on the nerve function of the patients after embolization in the treatment of intracranial aneurysm.Methods Clinical data of 130 patients with intracranial aneurysm treated in our hospital from June 2011 to June 2016 were recruited as research subjects and they were divided into the control group (n =55) and the observation group (n =75) in accordance with different treatment methods.The patients of the control group were treated with nimodipine in addition to routine therapy,while the patients of the observation group were supplemented with HBO on the basis of the treatment received by the control group.Brain edema scores both before and after treatment were compared between the 2 groups.Analyses were also made on the following indexes:Glasgow coma scale (GCS) and Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) grade,middle cerebral artery blood (MCA) flow velocity and cerebral vasospasm (CVS),neural function defect (NFD)scores,Barthel index scores,incidence of cerebral infarction at day 30 after surgery,as well as incidence of adverse reactions.Results There was statistical significance in the brain edema scores,NFD scores and Barthel scores of the observation group,as compared with those before treatment (P ＜ 0.01).MCA and CVS blood flow velocity was significantly lower than that before treatment (P ＜ 0.01),and that of the observation group was obviously lower than that of the control group (P ＜ 0.05).The GCS scores were significantly lower than those before treatment [(14.14±1.88) vs (8.87±1.06),(11.17±1.71) vs (8.71±1.17),P＜0.01].Three months after treatment,GOS grade of the observation group was obviously superior to that of the control group (F =9.625,P ＜0.01).The rate of cerebral infarction in the patients of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (6.67％ vs 18.18％,P ＜ 0.05),and statistical significance could be noted,when comparisons were made between the 2 groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions HBO combined with fasudil hydrochloride in the treatment of intracranial aneurysm after embolization could significantly improve the neurological function,enhance cerebral artery blood flow velocity and promote recovery of daily activities of the patients.

Objective To observe the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) combined with minimally invasive catheter puncture in the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH).Methods One hundred and twenty-two cases of HICH were divided into the observation group (63 cases) and the control group (59 cases),in accordance with treatment methods.The control group received Edaravone injection and ganglioside injection,in addition to routine therapy,while the observation group received the same treatment as the control group plus HBO.Then,changes in the levels of intracranial pressure (ICP),mean arterial pressure (MAP),neurological deficit (NIHSS) scores,daily life ability scale (ADL) classification,stroke scale scores (SSSs),modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores,serum malondialdehyde (MDA),superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) were compared between the 2 groups.Results (1) After treatment,ICP levels at day 7 for the patients in the 2 groups were all significantly higher than ICP levels at day 1 and day 14 (P ＜ 0.01),and the ICP levels of the observation group at day 7 and day 14 were significantly higher than those of the control group (P ＜ 0.05),and no statistical significance could be seen in MAP levels of the 2 groups at different time points (P ＞ 0.05).(2) There was statistical significance in the levels of MDA,SOD and GSH-px in the patients of the 2 groups at day 14 after treatment,as compared with those before treatment (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).(3) NIHSS scores of the patients in the 2 groups after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment at day 7,14 and 21 (P ＜ 0.01).NIHSS scores of the patients in the observation group at day 7,14 and 21 after surgery were significantly lower than those in the control group (P ＜ 0.05).(4) Clinical follow-ups after 3 months of treatment indicated that recovery rate of ADL classification of the observation group was obviously higher than that of the control group(P ＜ 0.01).(5) Statistical significance could be noted in the scores of mRS and SSS at day 20,30 and 90 for the patients of the 2 groups,as compared with those before treatment (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01),and at day 90 after treatment,statistical significance could also be noticed in the scores of mRA and SSS scores,when comparison were made between the patients of the 2 groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Early HBO combined with minimally invasive catheter puncture plus routine therapy could improve neurological functions of the patients with HICH and the quality of daily life.For this reason it was worth further clinical promotion.

Objective To observe the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) combined with fasudil hydrochloride on the nerve function of the patients after embolization in the treatment of intracranial aneurysm.Methods Clinical data of 130 patients with intracranial aneurysm treated in our hospital from June 2011 to June 2016 were recruited as research subjects and they were divided into the control group (n =55) and the observation group (n =75) in accordance with different treatment methods.The patients of the control group were treated with nimodipine in addition to routine therapy,while the patients of the observation group were supplemented with HBO on the basis of the treatment received by the control group.Brain edema scores both before and after treatment were compared between the 2 groups.Analyses were also made on the following indexes:Glasgow coma scale (GCS) and Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) grade,middle cerebral artery blood (MCA) flow velocity and cerebral vasospasm (CVS),neural function defect (NFD)scores,Barthel index scores,incidence of cerebral infarction at day 30 after surgery,as well as incidence of adverse reactions.Results There was statistical significance in the brain edema scores,NFD scores and Barthel scores of the observation group,as compared with those before treatment (P ＜ 0.01).MCA and CVS blood flow velocity was significantly lower than that before treatment (P ＜ 0.01),and that of the observation group was obviously lower than that of the control group (P ＜ 0.05).The GCS scores were significantly lower than those before treatment [(14.14±1.88) vs (8.87±1.06),(11.17±1.71) vs (8.71±1.17),P＜0.01].Three months after treatment,GOS grade of the observation group was obviously superior to that of the control group (F =9.625,P ＜0.01).The rate of cerebral infarction in the patients of the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (6.67％ vs 18.18％,P ＜ 0.05),and statistical significance could be noted,when comparisons were made between the 2 groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions HBO combined with fasudil hydrochloride in the treatment of intracranial aneurysm after embolization could significantly improve the neurological function,enhance cerebral artery blood flow velocity and promote recovery of daily activities of the patients.

Objective To observe the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) combined with minimally invasive catheter puncture in the treatment of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH).Methods One hundred and twenty-two cases of HICH were divided into the observation group (63 cases) and the control group (59 cases),in accordance with treatment methods.The control group received Edaravone injection and ganglioside injection,in addition to routine therapy,while the observation group received the same treatment as the control group plus HBO.Then,changes in the levels of intracranial pressure (ICP),mean arterial pressure (MAP),neurological deficit (NIHSS) scores,daily life ability scale (ADL) classification,stroke scale scores (SSSs),modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores,serum malondialdehyde (MDA),superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) were compared between the 2 groups.Results (1) After treatment,ICP levels at day 7 for the patients in the 2 groups were all significantly higher than ICP levels at day 1 and day 14 (P ＜ 0.01),and the ICP levels of the observation group at day 7 and day 14 were significantly higher than those of the control group (P ＜ 0.05),and no statistical significance could be seen in MAP levels of the 2 groups at different time points (P ＞ 0.05).(2) There was statistical significance in the levels of MDA,SOD and GSH-px in the patients of the 2 groups at day 14 after treatment,as compared with those before treatment (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).(3) NIHSS scores of the patients in the 2 groups after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment at day 7,14 and 21 (P ＜ 0.01).NIHSS scores of the patients in the observation group at day 7,14 and 21 after surgery were significantly lower than those in the control group (P ＜ 0.05).(4) Clinical follow-ups after 3 months of treatment indicated that recovery rate of ADL classification of the observation group was obviously higher than that of the control group(P ＜ 0.01).(5) Statistical significance could be noted in the scores of mRS and SSS at day 20,30 and 90 for the patients of the 2 groups,as compared with those before treatment (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01),and at day 90 after treatment,statistical significance could also be noticed in the scores of mRA and SSS scores,when comparison were made between the patients of the 2 groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Early HBO combined with minimally invasive catheter puncture plus routine therapy could improve neurological functions of the patients with HICH and the quality of daily life.For this reason it was worth further clinical promotion.

Third-class medical metrology station is being established in hospital for implementing national and military medical metrology law and regulations. The goal, significance and main functions are elaborated. It is suggested that the leader should take the initiative to grasp not only the overall design and the supplementary equipment construction, but the civil engineering technological design and the layout of metrology standard equipment. The general steps of establishing third-class medical metrology station are discussed.