ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of teaching pedagogy based on outcome-based education (OBE) and conceive-design-implement-operate (CDIO) model in the teaching of exercise rehabilitation training. MethodsTwenty-seven postgraduate students majoring in exercise rehabilitation training of grade 2024 at Capital University of Physical Education and Sports were randomly divided into control group (n = 13) and experimental group (n = 14). The control group received routine teaching methods, while the experimental group received teaching of OBE-CDIO. After the course, theoretical scores, objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) scores and teaching satisfaction via questionnaire were compared between two groups. ResultsAfter the course, there was no significant difference in theoretical scores between two groups (t = 1.103, P > 0.05). Scores in all stations of OSCE were higher in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.181, P < 0.05), as well as the satisfaction scores of learning, enthusiasm, organization, group interaction, individual affinity, workload and examination (|t| > 3.781, P < 0.001). ConclusionThe teaching pedagogy based on the OBE-CDIO model can improve practical competence and teaching satisfaction among postgraduate students majoring in exercise rehabilitation training.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of teaching pedagogy based on outcome-based education (OBE) and conceive-design-implement-operate (CDIO) model in the teaching of exercise rehabilitation training. MethodsTwenty-seven postgraduate students majoring in exercise rehabilitation training of grade 2024 at Capital University of Physical Education and Sports were randomly divided into control group (n = 13) and experimental group (n = 14). The control group received routine teaching methods, while the experimental group received teaching of OBE-CDIO. After the course, theoretical scores, objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) scores and teaching satisfaction via questionnaire were compared between two groups. ResultsAfter the course, there was no significant difference in theoretical scores between two groups (t = 1.103, P > 0.05). Scores in all stations of OSCE were higher in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.181, P < 0.05), as well as the satisfaction scores of learning, enthusiasm, organization, group interaction, individual affinity, workload and examination (|t| > 3.781, P < 0.001). ConclusionThe teaching pedagogy based on the OBE-CDIO model can improve practical competence and teaching satisfaction among postgraduate students majoring in exercise rehabilitation training.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of teaching pedagogy based on outcome-based education (OBE) and conceive-design-implement-operate (CDIO) model in the teaching of exercise rehabilitation training. MethodsTwenty-seven postgraduate students majoring in exercise rehabilitation training of grade 2024 at Capital University of Physical Education and Sports were randomly divided into control group (n = 13) and experimental group (n = 14). The control group received routine teaching methods, while the experimental group received teaching of OBE-CDIO. After the course, theoretical scores, objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) scores and teaching satisfaction via questionnaire were compared between two groups. ResultsAfter the course, there was no significant difference in theoretical scores between two groups (t = 1.103, P > 0.05). Scores in all stations of OSCE were higher in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.181, P < 0.05), as well as the satisfaction scores of learning, enthusiasm, organization, group interaction, individual affinity, workload and examination (|t| > 3.781, P < 0.001). ConclusionThe teaching pedagogy based on the OBE-CDIO model can improve practical competence and teaching satisfaction among postgraduate students majoring in exercise rehabilitation training.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of presentation-assimilation-discussion (PAD) classroom model-based classroom-community collaborative teaching on course of sports rehabilitation therapy under the background of sports-medicine integration. MethodsFrom Febrary, 2024 to June, 2025, a total of 46 undergraduate students majoring in sports rehabilitation (Grade 2022, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports) were randomly divided into control group (n = 23) and experimental group (n = 23). The control group received routine lectures combined with laboratory practice, while the experimental group was taught using a classroom-community collaborative teaching based on PAD classroom structure. The two groups were compared in terms of excellent rate in practical assessment, achievement in higher-order dimensions of Bloom's Taxonomy, real-case rehabilitation scenario transformation ability and teaching satisfaction at the end of the semester. ResultsAt the end of the semester, the excellent rate in practical assessment was 60.87% in the experimental group, higher than 21.74% in the control group (χ² = 7.725, P < 0.05), while the scores in the analyse, evaluation and creation dimensions of Bloom's Taxonomy were significantly higher (t > 8.490, P < 0.001), real-case rehabilitation scenario transformation ability was better (t > 3.873, P < 0.001) and teaching satisfaction was higher (χ² = 8.576, P = 0.003). ConclusionPAD-based classroom-community collaborative teaching can effectively improve practical skills, higher-order cognitive abilities and practical application abilities among students majoring in sports rehabilitation.

Optical microscopy is essential for exploring biological and material structures, with resolution determining the level of observable detail. The advent of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy has broken the diffraction limit, achieving nanoscale resolution. However, traditional assessment methods, such as the Rayleigh criterion and point spread function (PSF) width measurement, rely on empirical judgments and diffraction-limited models, rendering them inadequate for modern super-resolution imaging. This review systematically traces the evolution of resolution assessment methodologies, from classical criteria to advanced strategies tailored for various super-resolution modalities. We first discuss Fourier-based quantitative methods. Fourier ring correlation (FRC) and its 3D counterpart, Fourier shell correlation (FSC), objectively determine resolution by evaluating the statistical correlation of two independent image reconstructions in frequency space. These methods offer robustness against noise and provide a global resolution metric, but they require data independence and are computationally intensive. They have become the prevailing standards in electron and super-resolution microscopy. Subsequently, we examine adaptations for specific super-resolution techniques. For single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) techniques such as PALM and STORM, the Fourier image resolution (FIRE) method extends FRC by incorporating a physical model that accounts for localization precision and labeling density. For stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy and other nonlinear techniques, assessment strategies differ. While PSF shrinkage measurements using fluorescent beads are useful for system calibration, evaluating the effective resolution directly on biological samples is more practical. This is typically performed via linewidth analysis of known structures (e.g., microtubules) or edge-spread function measurements, capturing the effects of photobleaching and sample-induced aberrations. A major paradigm shift is parameter-free resolution estimation based on decorrelation analysis. This method analyzes the autocorrelation decay of a single image’s Fourier spectrum to identify the cutoff spatial frequency without requiring dual datasets or user-defined thresholds. Its high efficiency and broad applicability have been validated across widefield, confocal, STED, SIM, and SMLM modalities. Optimized rendering strategies for SMLM data further enhance its accuracy, and it is emerging as a tool for real-time optimization of experimental parameters. The review also addresses the “gold standard” of resolution validation using well-defined nanostructures, such as DNA origami and nuclear pore complexes, which provide ground truth for verifying resolution claims and detecting artifacts. In the era of artificial intelligence, deep learning plays a dual role: it powerfully enhances image resolution but also introduces challenges, as models may generate “hallucinations” or false details. This underscores the need for new validation metrics to verify the physical fidelity of AI-generated content. Finally, we outline future directions: developing unified cross-modality standards, enabling real-time dynamic resolution monitoring for live-cell imaging, creating techniques for generating local resolution maps to capture sample heterogeneity, and integrating intelligent error correction to ensure data veracity. By providing a comprehensive overview of resolution assessment progress and challenges, this review aims to equip researchers with the knowledge to select appropriate tools, thereby fostering rigorous quantitative imaging in the life and material sciences.

ObjectiveType I interferon (IFN-I) signaling is essential for antiviral innate immunity, yet its sustained or excessive activation contributes to the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases and interferonopathies, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. Current strategies targeting this pathway, exemplified by JAK inhibitors, act mainly on downstream signal transduction and provide limited direct control over upstream IFN-I production, while also carrying the risk of broad immunosuppression. Phyllanthus emblica L. has long been used in traditional medicine for inflammatory disorders, but the bioactive constituent responsible for its regulation of IFN-I signaling and the underlying molecular mechanism have not been clearly defined. This study aimed to identify the active anti-inflammatory component of P. emblica and to characterize its mechanism of action on the IFN-I pathway in macrophages. MethodsActive components ofP. emblica and their candidate targets were screened by network pharmacology using the TCMSP and DrugBank databases (oral bioavailability≥30%, drug-likeness≥0.18) and intersected with inflammation-related genes retrieved from public databases. The predicted interaction between EGCG and IFN-I pathway proteins (TBK1, IRF3, STAT1) was evaluated by molecular docking, with BX795 and GSK8612 used as reference TBK1 inhibitors. Mechanistic experiments were performed in THP-1-derived macrophages and primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). Upstream signaling was activated by transfection of the nucleic acid analogs poly(I∶C) and poly(dA∶dT) or by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, whereas downstream signaling was activated by exogenous IFN-β. An siRNA-mediated TREX1 knockdown model was used to mimic endogenous nucleic acid-driven interferonopathy. Expression of IFN-β1 and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) was measured by RT-qPCR, protein phosphorylation by Western blot, and IFN-β secretion by ELISA. Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) were used to probe the interactionbetween EGCG and IRF3. ResultsNetwork pharmacology identified (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) as a candidate IFN-I-suppressive constituent of P. emblica, with predicted binding to TBK1, IRF3, and STAT1. Molecular docking yielded binding energies of -9.2, -7.2, and -8.2 kcal/mol for TBK1, IRF3, and STAT1, respectively, indicating an affinity for TBK1 comparable to that of the reference inhibitors BX795 (-5.7 kcal/mol) and GSK8612 (-6.4 kcal/mol). EGCG suppressed IFN-β1 and ISG mRNA expression under poly (I∶C), poly (dA∶dT), and LPS stimulation in both THP-1 macrophages and BMDM. At the protein level, EGCG reduced the phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3 without affecting the levels of the upstream sensors cGAS and RIG-I, and lowered IFN-β secretion in a concentration-dependent manner. CETSA and DARTS showed that EGCG did not enhance the thermal stability or protease resistance of IRF3, indicating that its effect on IRF3 is indirect. Following IFN-β stimulation, prolonged EGCG treatment reduced STAT1 phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner without an apparent change in IRF9, and partially attenuated ISG transcription; this effect was not monotonicly concentration-dependent, and CXCL10 showed the most consistent suppression. In TREX1-knockdown cells, the elevated mRNA levels of ISG15, ISG56, and CXCL10 were reduced by EGCG. ConclusionEGCG suppresses IFN-I responses by concurrently inhibiting TBK1-IRF3-dependent IFN‑β production and JAK-STAT1-mediated downstream transcription. These in vitro findings provide a mechanistic basis for the anti-inflammatory use of P. emblica in traditional medicine and identify EGCG as a candidate for further evaluation in interferon-driven autoimmune disease models.

ObjectiveTo analyze the distribution characteristics of competency structures in master's training programs in sports rehabilitation at Chinese universities based on the rehabilitation competency framework (RCF). MethodsUsing RCF as the theoretical analytical framework, master's training programs from Chinese universities offering sports rehabilitation programs or related training tracks were selected as study objects. A combination of text analysis and competency mapping was employed to conduct a systematic comparative analysis of training objectives, curriculum systems and training components. ResultsA total of 16 master's training programs in sports rehabilitation were included. Research-related competencies were well covered across the included programs, whereas competencies related to practice, and management and leadership were relatively insufficient. These competencies were often presented in fragmented or subsidiary forms and lacked systematic alignment with curriculum objectives and assessment mechanisms. In addition, insufficient coordination between curriculum systems and training components was observed. ConclusionThe current master's training programs in sports rehabilitation exhibit a certain degree of imbalance in their competency structure. This imbalance is mainly manifested in the insufficient and unsystematic integration of practice-related competencies as well as management and leadership competencies across training objectives, curriculum design, and assessment components. RCF enables a diagnostic analysis of the alignment between training elements and competency dimensions, allowing for the clear identification of structural gaps and biases within existing training systems. Consequently, it provides an explicit reference framework for practice-oriented curriculum reconstruction and the optimization of competency-based assessment mechanisms.

Objective:To investigate the efficacy of endoscopic sclerotherapy for internal hemorrhoids and its effects on patients' bowel function.Methods:A total of 111 patients who received endoscopic sclerotherapy at Xi'an No. 3 Hospital from September 2019 to August 2020 were retrospectively included in this study. Clinical efficacy, postoperative complications, perianal discomfort, and abnormal defecation were compared among patients with grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ internal hemorrhoids at 1, 4, 8, 12 weeks, and 6 months after surgery.Results:After 6 months of follow-up, the overall response rate was 77.48% (86/111), and the cure rate was 77.17% (79/111). The response rate and cure rate for rectal bleeding were 83.75% (67/80) and 80.00% (64/80), respectively. The response rate and cure rate for prolapse were 82.46% (47/57) and 75.44% (43/57), respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the response rates and cure rates for rectal bleeding and prolapse symptoms among patients with grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ internal hemorrhoids at each follow-up time point (all P>0.05). Among the 111 patients, 27.93% (31/111) experienced perianal discomfort, and 40.54% (45/111) reported abnormal defecation. The incidences of perianal discomfort and abnormal defecation were not statistically significant among patients with grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ internal hemorrhoids (both P>0.05). In patients with gradeⅠ and Ⅱ internal hemorrhoids, perianal discomfort symptoms began to improve 4 weeks after surgery, while symptoms of abnormal defecation started to improve 1 week after surgery. Conclusions:Endoscopic sclerotherapy has a good clinical efficacy for rectal bleeding and prolapse symptoms in patients with grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ internal hemorrhoids. Additionally, it improves perianal discomfort and abnormal defecation by identifying the anal canal transition zone in patients with internal hemorrhoids.

Objective:To investigate the effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in assisting neonates with complex congenital heart diseases (CHD) and the survival rate of the patients.Methods:A retrospective case-control study was made on 22 newborns with complex CHD assisted by ECMO during the perioperative period in Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital from January 2018 to June 2024.There were 19 males and 3 females in the newborns included, with an average age of (10.4±8.7) days (range: 1-26 days) and an average weight of (3.1±0.3) kg.Complex CHD included total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in 9 cases (40.9%), interrupted aortic arch and coarctation in 8 cases (36.4%), transposition of great arteries in 3 cases (13.6%), double outlet right ventricle in 1 case (4.5%) and cardiac tumor in 1 case (4.5%).The patients were divided into the <5 d group, 5-12 d group, and >12 d group according to the duration of ECMO support.Data were compared using the t-test or χ2 test. Results:There were 8 cases (36.4%) successfully weaned from ECMO support and 6 cases (27.3%) survived.ECMO support was used routinely in 15 cases (68.2%), and for extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 7 cases (31.8%).The duration of ECMO support was (5.9±3.7) days.There were no statistically differences in age, weight, gender, disease composition, operation time, cardiopulmonary bypass time, cross-clamp time, assistant time, blood routine, liver and kidney function and other biochemical indicators, preoperative cardiac ejection fraction value, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and other infection indicators between the death group and the survival group (all P>0.05).The highest lactate values 24 hours before [(8.1±5.4) mmol/L] and after ECMO support [(10.5±7.1) mmol/L] in the survival group were significantly lower than those in the death group [(18.7±9.2) mmol/L, (21.3±8.6) mmol/L] ( t=2.606, P=0.018; t=2.729, P=0.013).It was found that the survival rate was 0/9 (0) in the <5 d group, 6/12 (50.0%) in the 5-12 d group, and 0/1 (0) in the >12 d group.The survival rate of the 5-12 d group was the highest, which was significantly higher than that of the <5 d group ( χ2=6.300, P=0.012). Conclusions:ECMO support is an effective treatment for severe circulatory failure in neonates with complex CHD in the perioperative period.The highest lactate levels 24 hours before and after ECMO support affect the survival rate.Patients receiving 5-12 d ECMO support can achieve the highest survival rate.

Objective:To analyze the morphologic changes and the extent of severity in end-stage heart disease; and to explore the correlation with their clinical features.Methods:Twelve cases of recipients who underwent pediatric cardiac allograft transplantation were collected from May 2022 to November 2023 at the Seventh Medical Center of People′s Liberation Army of China General Hospital. Gross pathologic examinations were performed and morphological changes were observed under a light microscope after HE, Masson′s trichrome, and reticulin staining. Semi-quantitative analysis of morphologic changes was performed. One case received DMD genetic testing, one received mtDNA variation testing for mitochondriopathy, and 1 received metagenomics next-generation sequencing. Clinical data and related literature were reviewed for comprehensive analysis.Results:There were 12 recipient hearts including 11 dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and 1 fulminant myocarditis (FM). The median age of DCM was 12 years (range, 3 to 15 years). DCM showed cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte disarray, nuclear morphological changes, interstitial fibrosis and fatty infiltration. One DCM was confirmed as Becker muscular dystrophy by DMD genetic testing. No pathogenic mutations were found in 1 patient that received mtDNA variation testing. H. influenzae was detected in the case of FM. FM showed diffuse and full-thickness inflammatory cell infiltration by large numbers of lymphocytes and plasma cells, scattered eosinophils, and few neutrophils.Conclusions:Cardiac transplantation is an excellent treatment for end-stage heart disease. The morphological features of DCM include cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, nuclear morphological changes, interstitial fibrosis and fatty infiltration. The severity of the lesion is influenced by multiple factors. FM predominantly presents diffuse infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells.