ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of teaching pedagogy based on outcome-based education (OBE) and conceive-design-implement-operate (CDIO) model in the teaching of exercise rehabilitation training. MethodsTwenty-seven postgraduate students majoring in exercise rehabilitation training of grade 2024 at Capital University of Physical Education and Sports were randomly divided into control group (n = 13) and experimental group (n = 14). The control group received routine teaching methods, while the experimental group received teaching of OBE-CDIO. After the course, theoretical scores, objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) scores and teaching satisfaction via questionnaire were compared between two groups. ResultsAfter the course, there was no significant difference in theoretical scores between two groups (t = 1.103, P > 0.05). Scores in all stations of OSCE were higher in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.181, P < 0.05), as well as the satisfaction scores of learning, enthusiasm, organization, group interaction, individual affinity, workload and examination (|t| > 3.781, P < 0.001). ConclusionThe teaching pedagogy based on the OBE-CDIO model can improve practical competence and teaching satisfaction among postgraduate students majoring in exercise rehabilitation training.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of teaching pedagogy based on outcome-based education (OBE) and conceive-design-implement-operate (CDIO) model in the teaching of exercise rehabilitation training. MethodsTwenty-seven postgraduate students majoring in exercise rehabilitation training of grade 2024 at Capital University of Physical Education and Sports were randomly divided into control group (n = 13) and experimental group (n = 14). The control group received routine teaching methods, while the experimental group received teaching of OBE-CDIO. After the course, theoretical scores, objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) scores and teaching satisfaction via questionnaire were compared between two groups. ResultsAfter the course, there was no significant difference in theoretical scores between two groups (t = 1.103, P > 0.05). Scores in all stations of OSCE were higher in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.181, P < 0.05), as well as the satisfaction scores of learning, enthusiasm, organization, group interaction, individual affinity, workload and examination (|t| > 3.781, P < 0.001). ConclusionThe teaching pedagogy based on the OBE-CDIO model can improve practical competence and teaching satisfaction among postgraduate students majoring in exercise rehabilitation training.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of teaching pedagogy based on outcome-based education (OBE) and conceive-design-implement-operate (CDIO) model in the teaching of exercise rehabilitation training. MethodsTwenty-seven postgraduate students majoring in exercise rehabilitation training of grade 2024 at Capital University of Physical Education and Sports were randomly divided into control group (n = 13) and experimental group (n = 14). The control group received routine teaching methods, while the experimental group received teaching of OBE-CDIO. After the course, theoretical scores, objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) scores and teaching satisfaction via questionnaire were compared between two groups. ResultsAfter the course, there was no significant difference in theoretical scores between two groups (t = 1.103, P > 0.05). Scores in all stations of OSCE were higher in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.181, P < 0.05), as well as the satisfaction scores of learning, enthusiasm, organization, group interaction, individual affinity, workload and examination (|t| > 3.781, P < 0.001). ConclusionThe teaching pedagogy based on the OBE-CDIO model can improve practical competence and teaching satisfaction among postgraduate students majoring in exercise rehabilitation training.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of presentation-assimilation-discussion (PAD) classroom model-based classroom-community collaborative teaching on course of sports rehabilitation therapy under the background of sports-medicine integration. MethodsFrom Febrary, 2024 to June, 2025, a total of 46 undergraduate students majoring in sports rehabilitation (Grade 2022, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports) were randomly divided into control group (n = 23) and experimental group (n = 23). The control group received routine lectures combined with laboratory practice, while the experimental group was taught using a classroom-community collaborative teaching based on PAD classroom structure. The two groups were compared in terms of excellent rate in practical assessment, achievement in higher-order dimensions of Bloom's Taxonomy, real-case rehabilitation scenario transformation ability and teaching satisfaction at the end of the semester. ResultsAt the end of the semester, the excellent rate in practical assessment was 60.87% in the experimental group, higher than 21.74% in the control group (χ² = 7.725, P < 0.05), while the scores in the analyse, evaluation and creation dimensions of Bloom's Taxonomy were significantly higher (t > 8.490, P < 0.001), real-case rehabilitation scenario transformation ability was better (t > 3.873, P < 0.001) and teaching satisfaction was higher (χ² = 8.576, P = 0.003). ConclusionPAD-based classroom-community collaborative teaching can effectively improve practical skills, higher-order cognitive abilities and practical application abilities among students majoring in sports rehabilitation.

Optical microscopy is essential for exploring biological and material structures, with resolution determining the level of observable detail. The advent of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy has broken the diffraction limit, achieving nanoscale resolution. However, traditional assessment methods, such as the Rayleigh criterion and point spread function (PSF) width measurement, rely on empirical judgments and diffraction-limited models, rendering them inadequate for modern super-resolution imaging. This review systematically traces the evolution of resolution assessment methodologies, from classical criteria to advanced strategies tailored for various super-resolution modalities. We first discuss Fourier-based quantitative methods. Fourier ring correlation (FRC) and its 3D counterpart, Fourier shell correlation (FSC), objectively determine resolution by evaluating the statistical correlation of two independent image reconstructions in frequency space. These methods offer robustness against noise and provide a global resolution metric, but they require data independence and are computationally intensive. They have become the prevailing standards in electron and super-resolution microscopy. Subsequently, we examine adaptations for specific super-resolution techniques. For single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) techniques such as PALM and STORM, the Fourier image resolution (FIRE) method extends FRC by incorporating a physical model that accounts for localization precision and labeling density. For stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy and other nonlinear techniques, assessment strategies differ. While PSF shrinkage measurements using fluorescent beads are useful for system calibration, evaluating the effective resolution directly on biological samples is more practical. This is typically performed via linewidth analysis of known structures (e.g., microtubules) or edge-spread function measurements, capturing the effects of photobleaching and sample-induced aberrations. A major paradigm shift is parameter-free resolution estimation based on decorrelation analysis. This method analyzes the autocorrelation decay of a single image’s Fourier spectrum to identify the cutoff spatial frequency without requiring dual datasets or user-defined thresholds. Its high efficiency and broad applicability have been validated across widefield, confocal, STED, SIM, and SMLM modalities. Optimized rendering strategies for SMLM data further enhance its accuracy, and it is emerging as a tool for real-time optimization of experimental parameters. The review also addresses the “gold standard” of resolution validation using well-defined nanostructures, such as DNA origami and nuclear pore complexes, which provide ground truth for verifying resolution claims and detecting artifacts. In the era of artificial intelligence, deep learning plays a dual role: it powerfully enhances image resolution but also introduces challenges, as models may generate “hallucinations” or false details. This underscores the need for new validation metrics to verify the physical fidelity of AI-generated content. Finally, we outline future directions: developing unified cross-modality standards, enabling real-time dynamic resolution monitoring for live-cell imaging, creating techniques for generating local resolution maps to capture sample heterogeneity, and integrating intelligent error correction to ensure data veracity. By providing a comprehensive overview of resolution assessment progress and challenges, this review aims to equip researchers with the knowledge to select appropriate tools, thereby fostering rigorous quantitative imaging in the life and material sciences.

The number of patients with reduced blood volume due to haemorrhage, fractures, severe infections, extensive burns and tumours is increasing, and traditional blood products are no longer able to meet the increasing clinical demand. Therefore, plasma substitutes have become particularly important in fluid resuscitation, especially artificial colloidal solutions, which have a sustained volume expansion time and a good volume expansion effect, and can significantly improve the circulatory status of patients. This article aims to review the classification of artificial colloidal plasma substitutes and their research progress in clinical practice, in order provide a more rigorous, professional and standardized reference for medicine.

AIM To establish the HPLC characteristic chromatograms for Yixin Fumai Granules,and to determine the contents of sodium danshensu,protocatechualdehyde,chlorogenic acid,calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside,ferulic acid,rosalinic acid,salvianolic acid A,salvianolic acid B,schisandrol A.METHODS The analysis was performed on a 35 ℃ thermostatic Acutfex PA-C18 column(4.6 mm ×250 mm,5 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of acetonitrile-0.1％phosphoric acid flowing at 1.0 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and the detection wavelengths were set at 210,250,280,320 nm.Subsequently,cluster analysis and principal component analysis were performed.RESULTS There were 11 characteristic peaks in the characteristic chromatograms for 15 batches of samples with the similarities of more than 0.980.Nine constituents showed good linear relationships within their own ranges(r≥0.999 6),whose average recoveries were 97.60％-107.02％with the RSDs of 0.78％-1.87％.Various batches of samples were clustered into 4 categories,2 principal components demonstrated the accumulative variance contribution rate of 89.454％.CONCLUSION This sensitive and reproducible method can provide a reference for the quality evaluation and control of Yixin Fumai Granules.

AIM To study the chemical constituents from the buds of Aralia chinensis L.var.nuda Nakai and their in vitro anti-inflammatory activities.METHODS The 70％ethanol extract from the buds of A.chinensis var.nuda was isolated and purified by silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,ODS and semi-preparative HPLC,then the structures of compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.Their anti-inflammatory activities in vitro were evaluated by RAW264.7 model.RESULTS Sixteen compounds were isolated and identified as 4-(2,2-dibutoxyethyl)phenol(1),trans-linalool-3,7-oxide-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(2),2'-O-(9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl)glyceryl β-D-galactopyranoside(3),quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(3'→ O-3''')quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside(4),syringaresinol-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(5),p-hydroxybenzaldehyde(6),7α-hydroxystigmasterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(7),trans-p-hydroxy cinnamic acid methyl ester(8),funingensin A(9),3,4-dihydroxy-acetophenone(10),N-acetyltyramine(11),3,4-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid(12),chlorogenic acid(13),aralia cerebroside(14),caffeic acid methyl ester(15),tetradecanoic acid(16).The IC50values of compounds 8,10,12 and 13 were(22.19±1.59),(35.25±1.30),(13.38±0.72),(15.73±1.16)μmol/L,respectively.CONCLUSION Compound 1 is a new compound,2-13 are isolated from genus Aralia for the first time.Compounds 8,10,12,13 exhibit significant in vitro anti-inflammatory activities.

Objective To identify the potential categories and influencing factors of apathy in stroke patients,providing a basis for precise typing and individualized interventions by healthcare professionals.Methods Using the convenience sampling method,stroke patients from 2 tertiary hospitals in Xinjiang Uggur Automous Region were selected from November 2023 to August 2024,and were surveyed using the General Information Questionnaire,Apathy Evaluation Scale-Informant,Perceived Autonomy Scale,and Stroke Self-Efficacy Questionnaire.The latent profile analysis was used to identify potential categories of apathy,and logistic regression analysis was used to explore the differences in the characteristics of patients in different categories.Results The apathy symptoms of 521 stroke patients could be divided into 3 potential categories:mild apathy group(23.6％),moderate apathy-low interest-low behavioral group(46.5％),and heavy apathy-low interest-low cognitive group(29.9％).Logistic regression showed that age 45～＜60 years,duration of the disease＜6 months,and high rehabilitation self-efficacy were the common protective factors of the moderate apathy-low interest-low behavioral group and the heavy apathy-low interest-low cognitive group.The dependence on activities of daily living was a risk factor for the moderate apathy-low interest-low behavioral group,and high perception of autonomy was a protective factor for the heavy apathy-low interest-low cognitive group.Conclusion Apathy symptoms in stroke patients are characterized by distinct categories,which are influenced by age,stroke duration,ADL,rehabilitation self-efficacy,and perception of autonomy.Healthcare professionals should adopt effective strategies to precisely intervene based on different potential categories of protective factors and risk factors to alleviate their apathy.

Objective:To compare surgical-related indicators between non-inflated subclavian endoscopic surgery and axillary and traditional open surgery for the treatment of right lobe thyroid cancer,as well as their effects on postoperative anterior cervical function and cosmetic outcomes.Methods:This retrospective cohort study analyzed 151 cases of thyroid cancer patients who underwent surgical treatment at the Department of Thyroid Surgery,Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from June 2024 to October 2024. Based on the surgical approach,patients were divided into three groups:56 cases of traditional open surgery group, 44 cases of non-inflated axillary approach group,and 51 cases of non-inflated subclavian approach group. Comparative indicators included surgical time, parathyroid autotransplantation rate,complete exposure rate of central area, number of lymph node dissections, number of positive lymph nodes, anterior cervical function, and satisfaction with incision beauty. One-way analysis of variance,non-parametric test,Kruskal-Wallis test,Pearson χ2 test and Fisher′s exact probability method were used to compare the results of the three groups and subsequent pairwise comparisons,respectively. Results:All laparoscopic surgeries were successfully completed without conversion to open surgery. (1) Surgical time:the traditional open surgery group had the shortest operative time ( M(IQR))(71.5(16.0)minutes), significantly shorter than both endoscopic groups (both P<0.01); among the endoscopic approaches, the non-inflated subclavian approach group (97.0(10.0)minutes) had a significantly shorter operative time than the non-inflated axillary approach group (115.0(11.0)minutes)( P<0.01). (2) Parathyroid autotransplantation rate:the rates were 53.6%(30/56) in the traditional group, 70.5%(31/44) in the non-inflated axillary approach group, and 66.7%(34/51) in the non-inflated subclavian approach group, with no statistically significant differences ( P>0.05). (3) Complete exposure rate of the central area:the exposure rate was 100%(56/56) in the traditional open surgery group, 86.4%(38/44) in the non-inflated axillary approach group, and 96.1%(49/51) in the non-inflated subclavian approach group. A significant difference was observed between the traditional open surgery group and the non-inflated axillary approach group ( χ2=8.124, P<0.01), but not observed between other groups. (4) Number of lymph node dissection:no significant difference was found among the three groups (8(6)(range:2 to 17) in the traditional open surgery group,7(3)(range:2 to 16) in the non-inflated axillary approach group,7(4)(range:2 to 16) in the non-inflated subclavian approach group)( P=0.078).(5) Number of positive lymph nodes:no significant differences were observed among the three groups( P=0.923). (6) Postoperative anterior cervical function:① Visual analogue scale: there was no significant difference between the non-insufflation transaxillary approach group and the non-insufflation subclavian approach group at 3 days and 1 month postoperatively ( P>0.017). However, the two groups had significantly lower scores than the traditional open group (both P<0.01). ② Neck disability index:at 3 days post-surgery, there were significantly lower in the axillary and subclavian groups compared to the traditional open group ( P<0.01), with no significant difference between the two endoscopic groups( P>0.017); at 1 month postoperatively, the traditional open surgery group, gasless axillary approach group, and gasless subclavian approach group, with statistically significant differences between each group (both P<0.01). ③ Swallowing disorder index: no significant differences were observed at 3 days post-surgery( P>0.05); however, at 1 month post-surgery, the endoscopic groups showed significantly lower scores compared to the traditional open group(both P<0.01).(7) Satisfaction with incision beauty:significant differences were found among the three groups in terms of vancouver scar scores, patient scar assessment scores, and observer scar assessment scores(all P<0.01). Conclusions:Compared to the non-inflated axillary endoscopic thyroidectomy, the non-inflated subclavian approach offers a technically simpler procedure, better exposure of the central lymph node dissection area, and superior protection of anterior cervical function, although it results in less favorable cosmetic outcomes. Under strict preoperative evaluation and appropriate indications,both non-inflated subclavian and axillary approaches can achieve outcomes comparable to traditional open surgery for cN0 thyroid cancer,demonstrating good clinical application value.