ObjectiveThe accuracy of Y-chromosome haplogroup assignment is crucial for tracing paternal lineage in male samples. With the advancement of high-throughput sequencing technologies, high-density Y-SNP genotyping from whole-genome or array-based data has become a standard method for determiningY-chromosome haplogroups. This study systematically evaluated the performance of 4 commonly used high-density SNP genotyping systems—namely, the Global Screening Array (GSA), Chinese Genotyping Array (CGA), Affymetrix array, and the 1240K capture panel—for haplogroup assignment. This work provides a reference for data comparison across different systems. MethodsWe extracted genotype data for the 4 Y-SNP panels from 30× whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data of 1 590 male samples from the 1000 Genomes Project. Additionally, GSA array genotype data from 384 relative pairs (spanning 1st- to 12th-degree relationships) from 109 Chinese Han families were collected. Haplogroup assignment was performed using Y-LineageTracker v1.3.0 software. We assessed the concordance and resolution of haplogroup assignments between the four Y-SNP panels and the WGS data. The consistency and resolution of haplogroup assignments were also evaluated for both the 1000 Genomes Project samples and the 109 family samples collected in this study. Furthermore, the impact of varying numbers of Y-SNPs on haplogroup assignment was examined. ResultsThe GSA and CGA panels demonstrated superior resolution and discrimination of haplogroup subclades compared with the other two panels. The haplogroup assignments from the GSA, CGA, and 1240K panels showed high concordance with WGS data, with consistency rates exceeding 88.70%, whereas the Affymetrix platform exhibited a significantly lower consistency rate of 61.89%. Specifically, the GSA and CGA panels consistently demonstrated superior performance compared with the other two panels in the assignment of haplogroups O-M175 and H-L901, achieving complete concordance (100%) for both haplogroups. In contrast, the Affymetrix panel erroneously assigned all individuals belonging to haplogroup O-M175 to haplogroup K2-M526. Furthermore, its accuracy for haplogroup H-L901 was exceedingly low, at merely 1.41%. This poor performance was characterized by the misassignment of 98.59% of H-L901 samples—specifically, 1.41% to J-M304 and a predominant 97.18% to F-M89. For haplogroup R-M207, all four panels exhibited uniformly high levels of consistency, with concordance values exceeding 94.00%. Notably, for haplogroup E-M96, the 1240K and Affymetrix panels outperformed the GSA and CGA panels in terms of concordance, representing the first instance in which these two panels surpassed the latter. Conversely, for haplogroups J-M304, Q-M242, and I-M170, all 4 panels showed relatively elevated misclassification rates, with the Affymetrix array demonstrating the poorest overall performance. None of the four panels showed any discordant haplogroup assignments among the familial relative pairs analyzed. A positive correlation was observed between the number of Y-SNPs (ranging from 1 000 to 10 000) and classification consistency; however, classification consistency plateaued when the number of Y-SNPs exceeded 10 000. Furthermore, a random sampling analysis conducted on the GSA and CGA panels demonstrated that the haplogroup misclassification rate exhibited negligible fluctuation across the Y-SNP range of 500 to 1 000. Conversely, a marked enhancement in classification consistency was observed as the number of markers increased from 1 000 to 5 000, ultimately reaching a plateau within the interval of 5 000 to 8 000 markers. ConclusionThese findings indicate that the GSA and CGA panels provide high resolution and concordance, delivering reliable Y-haplogroup assignment for forensic investigations.

ObjectiveThe accuracy of Y-chromosome haplogroup assignment is crucial for tracing paternal lineage in male samples. With the advancement of high-throughput sequencing technologies, high-density Y-SNP genotyping from whole-genome or array-based data has become a standard method for determiningY-chromosome haplogroups. This study systematically evaluated the performance of 4 commonly used high-density SNP genotyping systems—namely, the Global Screening Array (GSA), Chinese Genotyping Array (CGA), Affymetrix array, and the 1240K capture panel—for haplogroup assignment. This work provides a reference for data comparison across different systems. MethodsWe extracted genotype data for the 4 Y-SNP panels from 30× whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data of 1 590 male samples from the 1000 Genomes Project. Additionally, GSA array genotype data from 384 relative pairs (spanning 1st- to 12th-degree relationships) from 109 Chinese Han families were collected. Haplogroup assignment was performed using Y-LineageTracker v1.3.0 software. We assessed the concordance and resolution of haplogroup assignments between the four Y-SNP panels and the WGS data. The consistency and resolution of haplogroup assignments were also evaluated for both the 1000 Genomes Project samples and the 109 family samples collected in this study. Furthermore, the impact of varying numbers of Y-SNPs on haplogroup assignment was examined. ResultsThe GSA and CGA panels demonstrated superior resolution and discrimination of haplogroup subclades compared with the other two panels. The haplogroup assignments from the GSA, CGA, and 1240K panels showed high concordance with WGS data, with consistency rates exceeding 88.70%, whereas the Affymetrix platform exhibited a significantly lower consistency rate of 61.89%. Specifically, the GSA and CGA panels consistently demonstrated superior performance compared with the other two panels in the assignment of haplogroups O-M175 and H-L901, achieving complete concordance (100%) for both haplogroups. In contrast, the Affymetrix panel erroneously assigned all individuals belonging to haplogroup O-M175 to haplogroup K2-M526. Furthermore, its accuracy for haplogroup H-L901 was exceedingly low, at merely 1.41%. This poor performance was characterized by the misassignment of 98.59% of H-L901 samples—specifically, 1.41% to J-M304 and a predominant 97.18% to F-M89. For haplogroup R-M207, all four panels exhibited uniformly high levels of consistency, with concordance values exceeding 94.00%. Notably, for haplogroup E-M96, the 1240K and Affymetrix panels outperformed the GSA and CGA panels in terms of concordance, representing the first instance in which these two panels surpassed the latter. Conversely, for haplogroups J-M304, Q-M242, and I-M170, all 4 panels showed relatively elevated misclassification rates, with the Affymetrix array demonstrating the poorest overall performance. None of the four panels showed any discordant haplogroup assignments among the familial relative pairs analyzed. A positive correlation was observed between the number of Y-SNPs (ranging from 1 000 to 10 000) and classification consistency; however, classification consistency plateaued when the number of Y-SNPs exceeded 10 000. Furthermore, a random sampling analysis conducted on the GSA and CGA panels demonstrated that the haplogroup misclassification rate exhibited negligible fluctuation across the Y-SNP range of 500 to 1 000. Conversely, a marked enhancement in classification consistency was observed as the number of markers increased from 1 000 to 5 000, ultimately reaching a plateau within the interval of 5 000 to 8 000 markers. ConclusionThese findings indicate that the GSA and CGA panels provide high resolution and concordance, delivering reliable Y-haplogroup assignment for forensic investigations.

Objective: To understand the mosquito infestation status in schools in Jing an District of Shanghai from 2019 to 2025, so as to provide a basis for mosquito control work in schools. Methods: Four schools of each school type (colleges and secondary specialized schools, primary and secondary schools, nurseries and kindergartens) were respectively selected from Jing an District as the survey sites by combination of stratified sampling and convenience sampling. Mosquito breeding sites surveys (including small stagnant water and medium and large static water) and adult mosquito monitoring were carried out in schools every August, from 2019 to 2025. The breeding sites surveys were investigated by visual inspection and spoon trapping methods, and the adult mosquito monitoring was investigated by the human baited trapping. Chi square test was used for inter group comparison. Results: A total of 970 small stagnant water were surveyed from 2019 to 2025, with the positive rate of 17.01% for mosquito breeding. The highest positive rate was in colleges and secondary specialized schools (25.07%). The top three positive breeding sites for mosquito were unused containers(27.46%), waste tires (16.67%), and bonsai and aquatic plants (16.52%). There were statistically significant differences in the positive rates for mosquito breeding among different years, school types and waterlogging types ( χ 2=122.70, 28.48 , 24.80, all P <0.01). A total of 640 medium and large static water were surveyed, and the positive rate for mosquito breeding was 7.34%. There was a statistically significant difference for the positive rate among different years ( χ 2= 50.23 , P <0.01). The highest positive rate for mosquito breeding was in colleges and secondary specialized schools (9.63%), and there was no statistically significant difference for the positive rate among different school types ( χ 2=4.41, P =0.11). From 2019 to 2025, a total of 390 mosquitoes were captured in the time period from 16:30 to 17:00, all of which were Aedes albopictus; the adult mosquito density in colleges and secondary specialized schools was the highest, being 2.38 mosquitoes/(0.5 h ·person). A total of 210 mosquitoes were captured in the time period from 19:00 to 19:30 during 2019-2025, among which Aedes albopictus accounted for 74.76% and Culex pipiens pallens accounted for 25.24%. The adult mosquito density in colleges and secondary specialized schools was the highest, being 1.15 mosquitoes/(0.5 h ·person). In colleges and secondary specialized schools, the area with the largest number of captured mosquitoes was around the teaching buildings and libraries(44.78%). In primary and secondary schools, as well as nurseries and kindergartens, the area with the largest number of captured mosquitoes was around the school gates and playgrounds( 49.44% , 53.60%), the difference in mosquito distribution in different regions among different types of schools was statistically significant ( χ 2=111.39, P <0.01). Conclusions The mosquito density in Jing an District schools is generally higher during summer. It is recommended that the school strengthen the management of mosquito breeding sites and the control of adult mosquitoes before the start of autumn semester, so as to prevent insect infestation of mosquitoes.

Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is widely prevalent across the world. The life cycle of T. gondii involves definitive hosts (cats and felines), intermediate hosts (humans, livestock, and wild animals), and the environment (such as soil and water). The One Health concept brings together the health of humans, animals, and the environment, with aims to pursue the optimal health outcomes through coordinated management. Management of toxoplasmosis from a One Health perspective may provide key insights into formulation of interventions for toxoplasmosis control. This article reviews the complex biological characteristics and life cycle of T. gondii, as well as the importance of felines as definitive hosts in the transmission of toxoplasmosis, analyzes the epidemiology, ecological impact and economic burden of toxoplasmosis, and discusses the bottlenecks in diagnostic and monitoring systems, environmental management technologies, and One Health interdisciplinary collaboration. In addition, toxoplasmosis control strategies are proposed based on the One Health concept, covering public health interventions, management of animal sources, multi-sector collaboration, and development of novel vaccines. These strategies provide insights into interruption of toxoplasmosis transmission and maintenance of the global public health security.

ObjectiveTo investigate the current status of ethical sensitivity among clinical nursing interns in the context of artificial intelligence （AI） and analyze its influencing factors. MethodsAdopting mixed research methods and convenience sampling， a total of 237 nursing interns from a tertiary A hospital in Xi’an were selected as research subjects. Data were collected using a general information questionnaire and the Nursing Students’ Ethical Sensitivity Scale， and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 nursing interns. ResultsThe total score of ethical sensitivity among nursing interns was （33.98±6.32）， which was at a moderate level. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that academic degree （undergraduate： β=0.147， P<0.05； postgraduate： β=0.139， P<0.05）， affinity for the nursing profession （β=0.118， P<0.05）， whether they had taken nursing ethics courses （β=-0.124， P<0.05）， and familiarity with artificial intelligence （β=-0.159，P<0.05） were influencing factors of ethical sensitivity among nursing interns. Four themes were extracted from semi-structured interviews， namely， the incomplete mastery of nursing ethics-related knowledge among nursing interns， weakened ethical sensitivity in the AI teaching scenario of nursing interns， insufficient professional identity affecting the development of nursing interns’ ethical sensitivity， and technological dependence leading to the lack of humanistic care among nursing interns. ConclusionEthical sensitivity of nursing interns represents a moderate level， primarily influenced by educational background， degree of fondness for the nursing profession， learning experience of nursing ethics courses， and familiarity with AI. Nursing educators and clinical administrators urgently need to establish a sustainable school-hospital collaborative model of nursing ethics education， attach importance to the cultivation of ethical awareness and value guidance for nursing interns， and strengthen the intensity and depth of nursing ethics education among nursing interns， thereby improving their level of ethical sensitivity in the context of AI.

The development of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnosis and treatment has undergone multiple paradigms, evolving from sporadic experiential practices to systematic approaches in syndrome differentiation and treatment and further integration of disease and syndrome frameworks. TCM is a vital component of the medical system, valued alongside Western medicine. Treatment based on syndrome differentiation embodies both personalized treatment and holistic approaches; however, the inconsistency and lack of stability in syndrome differentiation limit clinical efficacy. The existing integration of diseases and syndromes primarily relies on patchwork and embedded systems, where the full advantages of synergy between Chinese and Western medicine are not fully realized. Recently, driven by the development of diagnosis and treatment concepts and advances in analytical technology, Western medicine has been rapidly transforming from a traditional biological model to a precision medicine model. TCM faces a similar need to progress beyond traditional syndrome differentiation and disease-syndrome integration toward a more precise diagnosis and treatment paradigm. Unlike the micro-level precision trend of Western medicine, precision diagnosis and treatment in TCM is primarily reflected in data-driven applications that incorporate information at various levels, including precise syndrome differentiation, medication, disease management, and efficacy evaluation. The current priority is to accelerate the development of TCM precision diagnosis and treatment technology platforms and advance discipline construction in this area.

Abstract Postoperative urinary retention is a common complication after mixed hemorrhoid surgery, referring to the inability of urine in the bladder to be normally expelled, leading to urine retention. This condition not only prolongs the postoperative recovery time and increases medical costs, but may also cause problems such as urinary tract infections and bladder dysfunction. The pathogenesis of urinary retention after mixed hemorrhoid surgery is complex, involving multiple factors such as the type of surgery, anesthesia method, individual differences among patients, postoperative pain management and psychological stress. Although there are various clinical treatment methods, their efficacy varies among individuals. This article reviews relevant literature from 2018 to 2024, analyzing the etiology of urinary retention after mixed hemorrhoid surgery. It summarizes the intervention measures and mechanisms of non-pharmacological treatments, such as physical therapy and analgesic techniques, as well as pharmacological treatments, including anticholinesterase drugs, selective α-receptor blockers and analgesics drugs, so as to provide the reference for the prevention and treatment of urinary retention after mixed hemorrhoid surgery.

Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and osteoporosis (OP) are two very common metabolic diseases. A growing body of experimental evidence supports a pathophysiological link between MAFLD and OP. MAFLD is often associated with the development of OP. Rutaecarpine (RUT) is one of the main active components of Chinese medicine Euodiae Fructus. Our previous studies have demonstrated that RUT has lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects, and can improve the OP of rats. However, whether RUT can improve both fatty liver and OP symptoms of MAFLD mice at the same time remains to be investigated. In this study, we used C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 months to construct a MAFLD model, and gave the mice a low dose (5 mg·kg^-1) and a high dose (15 mg·kg^-1) of RUT by gavage for 4 weeks. The effects of RUT on liver steatosis and bone metabolism were then evaluated at the end of the experiment [this experiment was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (approval number: IMB-20190124D₃03)]. The results showed that RUT treatment significantly reduced hepatic steatosis and lipid accumulation, and significantly reduced bone loss and promoted bone formation. In summary, this study shows that RUT has an effect of improving fatty liver and OP in MAFLD mice.

After 50 years of clinical development， endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （ERCP） has become the preferred method for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of cholangio-pancreatic duct diseases； however， the major postoperative complications of ERCP， such as pancreatitis， hemorrhage， and perforation， are still a difficult issue faced by clinicians， and postoperative perforation is associated with an extremely high risk of death. Therefore， it is very important to explore the risk factors for perforation after ERCP， make a definite diagnosis of perforation in a timely manner， and formulate precise prevention and treatment measures. By reviewing a large number of articles， this article summarizes the influencing factors for perforation after ERCP and related diagnosis and treatment measures.

[Objective] To establish a method for detecting the potency of recombinant human coagulation factor Ⅶa for injection. [Methods] By adding the sample and factor Ⅶ deficient plasma to the sample cup and activating the reaction with prothrombin time assay reagent (PT reagent), the coagulation time of the sample was determined by the change in magnetic bead swing amplitude in the sample cup. The logarithm of coagulation time was inversely proportional to the logarithm of human factor Ⅶa potency. [Results] Under the experimental conditions, the specificity of the methodology was evaluated through spiked recovery, and the recovery rates ranged from 90.0% to 110.0%. Within the range from 0.125 to 1.000 IU/mL, there was a good linear response between the potency and coagulation time of the standard and sample, with correlation coefficients r>0.99. As for the accuracy and repeatability, the recovery rates of various concentrations detected in the stock solution were 101.0%, 100.0% and 112.0%, respectively, with RSD values of 2.6%, 4.0% and 0.0%, respectively. The recovery rates of various concentrations in finished product testing were 104.0%, 94.7% and 112.0%, respectively, with RSD values of 1.9%, 2.4% and 0.0%, respectively. As for the intermediate precision, the RSD were 4.5% and 3.7%, respectively. After treated with sample diluent, the sample was tested at room temperature for 6 hours and still exhibited relatively stable biological activity. [Conclusion] This detection method is accurate, stable, easy to operate and highly automated, and is suitable for detecting the potency of recombinant human coagulation factor Ⅶa for Injection.