Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is primarily transmitted through the respiratory tract, and remains one of the diseases with the highest mortality rate of single-pathogen infections globally. The cell wall polysaccharides of M. tuberculosis are critical for maintaining bacterial structure, mediating pathogenesis, and enabling immune evasion. Lipoarabinomannan (LAM), a key polysaccharide component, has revolutionized non-invasive diagnostic technologies as a TB biomarker, while polysaccharide-based vaccines have emerged as innovative strategies for TB prevention. This review systematically examines the composition, subcellular distribution, and functional roles of M. tuberculosis cell wall polysaccharides in bacterial metabolism, drug resistance, and immune regulation. A particular emphasis is placed on recent advancements in LAM-based diagnostics and vaccine development. Future studies should utilize advanced technologies to precisely characterize the structural features of TB polysaccharides and explore their biological functions, providing a foundation for targeted diagnostic and therapeutic innovations. This article aims to provide reference for advancing both basic research and clinical applications related to M. tuberculosis.

Objective To study whether there is a difference in the percentage consonants correct(PCC)of children with functional speech sound disorders(SSD)at different ages,and to explore the distribution in types of consonant errors at different ages.Methods A total of 172 children with ages from 4 to 7 years who were diagnosed with functional speech sound disorders and admitted to the Department of Rehabilitation of the Third Xiangya hospi-tal of Central South University participated in the study.The children were divided into three groups according to their ages:Groups 1 to 3.Groups 1,2,and 3 consisted of 97,45,and 30 children,respectively(Group 1:63 boys and 34 girls,aged 4 to＜5 years;Group 2:36 boys and 9 girls,aged 5 to＜6 years;and Group 3:36 boys and 9 girls,aged 6 to＜7 years).Picture-naming task was used to assess children's phonology.The types of consonant error were recorded and the percentage consonants correct(PCC)and the incidence of consonant errors in different places of articulation(stopping,affrication,frication,nasalization,and lateralization)was calculated.Results ①There was no significant difference in the PCC results among the three groups(P＞0.05).②There was a significant difference in omission errors(Z=6.531,P=0.038＜0.05),but not for substitution and distortion errors among the three groups(P＞0.05).③The omission of the lateral/l/was major among the three groups of children.④There were more stopping,affrication and frication in all three groups of children,yet no significant difference in the results of incidence of consonant errors in different places of articulation(stopping,nasalization,affrication,frica-tion and lateralization)among the three groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion There was no significant difference in the PCC among children with functional speech sound disorders at different ages.There were obvious differences in the distribution of omission errors in different age groups,suggesting idiosyncrasy.Children with SSD demonstrated similar characteristics of consonant phonetic errors at different age stages,included mainly the omission of the lateral/1/and more stopping,affrication and frication.

Objective: To develop the Family-School-Community Cooperation Dilemma Scale for Nutritional Education in Primary Schools Students, and to determine its reliability and validity, in order to provide a basis for developing targeted strategies to promote family-school-community cooperation in the area of nutritional education. Methods: Based on overlapping spheres of influence theory, the initial scale was developed through a qualitative and literature review, discussion with Delphi experts and a pilot survey from July 2022 to July 2023. From July to September 2023, a total of 125 primary school parents, 118 primary school teachers and 113 community personnel were selected from six cities in Jiangsu Province by convenient sampling methods, who were investigated to test the reliability and validity of the scale and to develop a formal scale. Results: The final Family-School-Community Cooperation Dilemma Scale for Nutritional Education in Primary School students consisted of 3 dimensions and 19 items. The exploratory analysis extracted three metric factors, with a contribution ratio of 69.07% to the accumulated variance. The mean scale component effectiveness was 0.94, and the coefficient of association between the respective dimensions and the scale ranged from 0.80 to 0.91.The overall Cronbach α coefficient for the scale was 0.95, the folded half reliability was 0.87, and the retest reliability was 0.98. Conclusion The Family-School-Community Cooperation Dilemma Scale for Nutritional Education in Primary School Students has good reliability and validity, and can be used to measure the degree of the family-school-community cooperation dilemma regarding nutritional education in primary school students.

Objective To explore the relationship between health literacy of chronic diseases and the effect of blood glucose control in newly diagnosed and prediabetes patients. Methods A total of 180 newly diagnosed and prediabetes patients treated in the Western Theater Command General Hospital from January 2021 to January 2023 were selected, including 94 newly diagnosed and 86 prediabetes patients. The health literacy of chronic diseases in these patients was evaluated by using the health literacy management scale (HeLMS) developed by Jordan et al. The differences of clinical general information and blood glucose control between patients with adequate and insufficient health literacy were analyzed. Results Among the 180 patients, the total score of information acquisition ability, communication and interaction ability, willingness to improve health, willingness for financial support, total score of health literacy, and adequate proportion of health literacy assessed by HeLMS were (35.54 ± 7.21), (33.02 ± 8.15), (15.54 ± 3.92), (7.10 ± 0.98), (91.87 ± 7.28), and 51.67%, respectively. The age of patients with adequate health literacy in the newly diagnosed diabetes group was (52.23 ± 7.15) years old, which was significantly lower than that of patients with insufficient health literacy (P<0.05). The proportions of patients with high school education and above, monthly income ≥ 3000 yuan, and relatives engaged in medical work were 68.09%, 68.09%, and 34.04%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of patients with insufficient health literacy (P<0.05). The age of patients with adequate health literacy in prediabetes group was (82.23 ± 4.15) years old, which was significantly lower than that of patients with insufficient health literacy (P<0.05). The proportions of patients with high school education and above, monthly income ≥ 3000 yuan, number of children ≥ 2, and relatives engaged in medical work were 65.22%, 67.39%, 34.78%, and 41.30%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of patients with insufficient health literacy (P<0.05). The fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and 2h postprandial blood glucose of patients with adequate health literacy in the newly diagnosed diabetes group after treatment were (6.43 ± 0.93) mmol/L, (6.02 ± 0.91)% and (7.71 ± 1.01) mmol/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of patients with insufficient health literacy (P<0.05). The fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and 2h postprandial blood glucose in patients with adequate health literacy in prediabetes group after treatment were (5.21 ± 0.37) mmol/L, (5.20 ± 0.40)% and (6.20 ± 0.92) mmol/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in patients with insufficient health literacy (P<0.05). Conclusion The chronic disease health literacy of prediabetes and new-onset patients is related to the age, education and monthly income level, number of children, relatives engaged in medical work of patients, and the level of health literacy is helpful to the control of blood glucose.

Background: Although trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1 (TRPS1) was initially thought to be highly sensitive and specific for carcinomas and mesenchymal tumors of mammary origin, more recent data suggest its expression is not limited to breast neoplasms but also can be seen in other cutaneous neoplasms, such as extramammary Paget disease and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ. Methods: Two-hundred cases of non-melanocytic cutaneous neoplasm, including basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) (n = 41), SCCs (n = 35), Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs) (n = 25), and adnexal neoplasms (n = 99), were tested for TRPS1 expression using a monoclonal anti- TRPS1 rabbit anti-human antibody. Results: TRPS1 expression was present in almost all cases of SCC (94%), with a median H-score of 200, while it was either absent or only focally present in most BCCs (90%), with a median H-score of 5. The difference between BCCs and SCCs in H-score was significant (p < .001). All MCCs (100%) lacked TRPS1 expression. TRPS1 expression was frequently seen in most adnexal neoplasms, benign and malignant, in variable intensity and proportion but was consistently absent in apocrine carcinomas. All endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinomas (EMPSGCs) (100%, 6/6) showed diffuse and strong TRPS1 immunoreactivity, with a median H-score of 300, which was significantly different (p < .001) than that of BCCs. Conclusions Our study shows that TRPS1 may be an effective discriminatory marker for BCCs and SCCs. It also has a role in distinguishing BCCs from EMPSGCs.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the clinical efficacy of total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) and ankle arthrodesis (AA) in the treatment of end-stage ankle arthritis. METHODS: The PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were searched for articles published in the treatment of end-stage ankle arthritis with AA or TAA from the establishment of the database to June 2021. Bias risk tool was used to evaluate the quality of the literature. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Scale(AOFAS), visual analog scale (VAS), ankle osteoarthritis scale(AOS), gait analysis (pace, frequency, stride), range of motion (ROM), satisfaction, complications and reoperation rate were analyzed by meta-analysis between AA and TAA groups by RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS: A total of 12 articles were included, including 1 050 patients in the AA group and 3 760 patients in the TAA group, totaling 4 810 patients. Meta-analysis showed that the total score of AOFAS[MD=-3.12, 95%CI(-9.02, 2.96), P=0.31], pain score [MD=1.60, 95%CI(-1.35, 4.54), P=0.29], alignmentl score[MD=-0.04, 95%CI(-0.52, 0.44), P=0.88], VAS[MD=0.10, 95%CI(-0.49, 0.68), P=0.74], and AOS total score [MD=-4.01, 95%CI(-8.28, 0.25), P=0.06], the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The score of AOFAS functional in TAA group was significantly higher than that in TAA group[MD=44.22, 95%CI(-8.01, -0.43), P=0.03]. There was no significant difference in gait analysis between the two groups (P>0.05). Postoperative ROM [MD=-4.93, 95%CI(-6.35, -3.52), P<0.000 01] and change in ROM from preoperative to follow-up[MD=-5.74, 95%CI(-8.88, -2.61), P=0.0003] between two groups, the difference was statistically significant. There was no significant difference in satisfaction between the two groups [OR=1.011, 95%CI(0.46, 2.23), P=0.98]. Complications [OR=1.61, 95%CI(1.26, 2.06), P=0.0002] and non-revision reoperation [OR=1.61, 95%CI(1.17, 2.21), P=0.003] were significantly lower in the TAA group than in the AA group. There was no significant difference in the rate of revision and reoperation(P>0.05) between the two groups [OR=1.02, 95%CI(0.37, 2.78), P=0.97]. CONCLUSION The clinical efficacy of AA is similar to that of TAA, but the non revision reoperation rate and main surgical complications of TAA are significantly reduced. Therefore, further high-quality methodological research and long-term follow-up are needed to confirm this conclusion.
Humans ; Ankle/surgery* ; Ankle Joint/surgery* ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Ankle ; Treatment Outcome ; Osteoarthritis/surgery* ; Arthrodesis ; Retrospective Studies

Background: Diabetes is a risk factor for postoperative complications. Previous meta-analyses have shown that elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels are associated with postoperative complications in various surgical populations. However, this is the first meta-analysis to investigate the association between preoperative HbA1c levels and postoperative complications in patients undergoing elective major abdominal surgery. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were adhered to for this study. Six databases were searched up to April 1, 2020. Primary studies investigating the effect of HbA1c levels on postoperative complications after elective major abdominal surgery were included. Risk of bias and quality of evidence assessments were performed. Data were pooled using a random effects model. Meta-regression was performed to evaluate different HbA1c cut-off values. Results: Twelve observational studies (25,036 patients) were included. Most studies received a ‘good’ and ‘moderate quality’ score using the NOS and GRADE, respectively. Patients with a high HbA1c had a greater risk of anastomotic leaks (odds ratio [OR]: 2.80, 95% CI [1.63, 4.83], P < 0.001), wound infections (OR: 1.21, 95% CI [1.08, 1.36], P = 0.001), major complications defined as Clavien-Dindo [CD] 3–5 (OR: 2.16, 95% CI [1.54, 3.01], P < 0.001), and overall complications defined as CD 1–5 (OR: 2.12, 95% CI [1.48, 3.04], P < 0.001). Conclusions An HbA1c between 6% and 7% is associated with higher risks of anastomotic leaks, wound infections, major complications, and overall postoperative complications. Therefore, guidelines with an HbA1c threshold > 7% may be putting pre-optimized patients at risk. Future randomized controlled trials are needed to explore causation before policy changes are made.