ObjectiveTo observe the effect of Qishao capsules on renal injury in db/db mice with diabetic kidney disease （DKD），and explore its mechanism of protecting the kidney by inhibiting podocyte apoptosis. Methodsdb/m mice （7 mice） were used as the normal group，and db/db mice （35 mice） were randomly divided into a model group，a dapagliflozin group （0.001 g·kg^-1·d^-1），and low-，medium-，and high-dose groups of Qishao capsules （0.341 3，0.682 5，and 1.365 g·kg^-1·d^-1，respectively）. Drug intervention lasted for 8 consecutive weeks. After sampling，the serum renal function indicators ［creatinine（SCr），and urea nitrogen（BUN）］，fasting blood glucose （FBG），24 h urinary protein quantification （24 h-UTP）， and other indicators of the mice were measured. The pathological tissue morphology of the kidney was observed by periodic acid-silver methenamine （PASM） and Masson's trichrome （Masson） staining. Immunohistochemical detection of cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific protease （Caspase）-3 and B-cell lymphoma 2 （Bcl-2） was performed. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of Caspase-8，Caspase-7，Caspase-3， and other molecules. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick End labeling （TUNEL） staining was used to observe apoptosis in renal tissue. Immunofluorescence staining of Wilms tumor suppressor gene-1 （WT-1） was used to observe podocyte injury. Real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was employed to detect Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 mRNA expression in the kidneys of experimental mice. Data analysis was conducted using statistical software GraphPad Prism 10. ResultsCompared with the normal group，the model group showed significantly increased 24 h-UTP，SCr，BUN，and FBG （P<0.01）. Additionally， PASM staining of renal tissue showed increased glycogen deposition，glomerular hypertrophy，and thickening of the basement membrane. Masson staining showed collagen fiber proliferation in renal tissue. Transmission electron microscopy showed thickening of the renal tissue basement membrane and fusion or loss of foot processes in the model group. The immunohistochemical results showed that Caspase-3 in the kidneys of the mice in the model group significantly increased （P<0.01），while the Bcl-2 protein expression level decreased significantly （P<0.01）. The number of TUNEL positive cells in renal tissue significantly increased （P<0.01）. The positive expression of WT-1 in podocytes was significantly reduced （P<0.01）. Western blot analysis showed significant upregulation of Caspase-8，Caspase-7，and Caspase-3 protein expression in renal tissue （P<0.01）. The mRNA expression levels of Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 in the kidneys increased significantly （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group，the Qishao capsules groups can significantly reduce the levels of 24 h-UTP，SCr，BUN，and FBG （P<0.01）. The pathological damage of renal tissue and podocyte injury were improved to some extent. Immunohistochemistry in the kidney showed a significant decrease in Caspase-3 （P<0.01） and a significant increase in Bcl-2 protein expression level （P<0.01）. Additionally， there were a significant decrease in the number of TUNEL positive cells in renal tissue （P<0.01），a significant increase in WT-1 positive expression in podocytes （P<0.01），marked downregulation of Caspase-8，Caspase-7，and Caspase-3 protein expression in renal tissue （P<0.05，P<0.01），and a significant decrease in Caspase-8 and Caspase-3 mRNA expression levels （P<0.01）. ConclusionQishao capsules can inhibit podocyte apoptosis by regulating the expression of Caspase-8，Caspase-7， and Caspase-3，thereby improving the diabetic renal injury in db/db mice.

Objective:To observe the effects of Qizhi Tongluo Prescription on renal interstitial fibrosis in rats with membranous nephropathy based on the Shh/Gli1 signaling pathway; To explore its intervention mechanism.Methods:Totally 60 male SD rats were divided into blank group ( n=10) and model group ( n=50) using random number table method. The model of membranous nephropathy was established according to the modified Border method. The successfully modeling rats were divided into model group, benazepril group and Qizhi Tongluo Prescription low-, medium- and high-dosage groups using random number table method. Benazepril group was gavaged with benazepril hydrochloride 10 mg/kg, Qizhi Tongluo Prescription low-, medium- and high-dosage groups were gavaged with Qizhi Tongluo Prescription solution 1.22 g/kg, 2.43 g/kg and 4.86 g/kg, and blank group and model group were gavaged with equal volume of normal saline, once a day, for 4 weeks. The 24-hour urine was collected to detect the 24-hour urinary protein quantification, and the blood was taken from the abdominal aorta to detect the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride(TG), and serum albumin(ALB); the pathological changes of rat kidney were observed by light microscope and transmission electron microscope; the protein expressions of sonic hedgehog factor (Shh), zinc finger protein 1 (Gli1) and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) in renal tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry; the protein expressions of Shh, Gli1, α-SMA, TGF-β1, Collagen Ⅳ and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAl-1) in renal tissues were detected by Western blot. Results:Compared with the model group, the quantitative level of 24-hour urinary protein of rats in each administration group decreased ( P<0.05), serum TC and TG levels increased ( P<0.05), ALB level decreased ( P<0.05), the positive expressions of Shh, Gli1, α-SMA protein in renal tissue decreased ( P<0.05), and the protein expressions of Shh, Gli1, α-SMA, Collagen Ⅳ, TGF-β1, PAI-1 in renal tissue decreased ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Qizhi Tongluo Prescription can improve renal interstitial fibrosis in membranous nephropathy rats, possibly by inhibiting the Shh/Gli1 signaling pathway to delay renal interstitial fibrosis.

The management of antiretroviral therapy（ART）in pregnant women living with HIV presents considerable challenges，necessitating a comprehensive approach that integrates virological suppression，drug safety，physiological changes during pregnancy，co-infections，and maternal-infant outcomes. To address these issues，the AIDS Committee of the Chinese Society of Tropical Disease and Parasitology，the Perinatal Infection Professional Committee of the Zhejiang Maternal and Child Health Association，and the Committee of AIDS Diagnosis and Treatment Quality Control Management of the Zhejiang Provincial STD/AIDS Prevention Association jointly developed the Expert Consensus on Antiretroviral Therapy for Women Living with HIV During Pregnancy（2025 version）. This consensus synthesizes international guidelines，the latest evidence-based research，and clinical expertise tailored to the management of HIV-infected pregnant women in China. It systematically outlines key aspects of ART management across various clinical scenarios during pregnancy，including treatment initiation or re-initiation，dynamic monitoring，regimen optimization，continuum of perinatal care，and management of co-infections，thereby establishing a clinically applicable decision-making framework. This article interprets the core recommendations and clinical applications of the consensus to assist healthcare providers in optimizing care for this population.

People living with HIV（PLWH）experiencing low-level viremia（LLV）face increased risks of virologic failure，abnormal immune activation，HIV drug resistance mutations，AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related comorbidities，and mortality. Currently，standardized management guidelines specifically addressing LLV in the context of HIV care are lacking in China. To address this gap，the AIDS Committee，Chinese Society of Tropical Disease and Parasitology，Infectious Diseases Professional Committee of Zhejiang Society for Mathematical Medicine，and Committee of AIDS Diagnosis and Treatment Quality Control Management，Zhejiang Provincial STD/AIDS Prevention Association jointly formulated the Expert Consensus on the Management ofLow- Level Viremia in People Living withHIV（2025 Edition）. This consensus synthesizes domestic clinical practices，international guidelines，recent research advancements，and expert recommendations. This article provides a critical interpretation of the key recommendations outlined in the consensus.

People living with HIV（PLWH）experiencing low-level viremia（LLV）face increased risks of virologic failure，abnormal immune activation，HIV drug resistance mutations，AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related comorbidities，and mortality. Currently，standardized management guidelines specifically addressing LLV in the context of HIV care are lacking in China. To address this gap，the AIDS Committee，Chinese Society of Tropical Disease and Parasitology，Infectious Diseases Professional Committee of Zhejiang Society for Mathematical Medicine，and Committee of AIDS Diagnosis and Treatment Quality Control Management，Zhejiang Provincial STD/AIDS Prevention Association jointly formulated the Expert Consensus on the Management ofLow- Level Viremia in People Living withHIV（2025 Edition）. This consensus synthesizes domestic clinical practices，international guidelines，recent research advancements，and expert recommendations. This article provides a critical interpretation of the key recommendations outlined in the consensus.

The management of antiretroviral therapy（ART）in pregnant women living with HIV presents considerable challenges，necessitating a comprehensive approach that integrates virological suppression，drug safety，physiological changes during pregnancy，co-infections，and maternal-infant outcomes. To address these issues，the AIDS Committee of the Chinese Society of Tropical Disease and Parasitology，the Perinatal Infection Professional Committee of the Zhejiang Maternal and Child Health Association，and the Committee of AIDS Diagnosis and Treatment Quality Control Management of the Zhejiang Provincial STD/AIDS Prevention Association jointly developed the Expert Consensus on Antiretroviral Therapy for Women Living with HIV During Pregnancy（2025 version）. This consensus synthesizes international guidelines，the latest evidence-based research，and clinical expertise tailored to the management of HIV-infected pregnant women in China. It systematically outlines key aspects of ART management across various clinical scenarios during pregnancy，including treatment initiation or re-initiation，dynamic monitoring，regimen optimization，continuum of perinatal care，and management of co-infections，thereby establishing a clinically applicable decision-making framework. This article interprets the core recommendations and clinical applications of the consensus to assist healthcare providers in optimizing care for this population.

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal cancer patients with different mismatch repair (MMR) statuses and their correlation with KRAS/NRAF/BRAF (KNB) gene mutations. Methods The clinicopathological data of 477 patients with colorectal cancer were collected, and MMR, microsatellite instability (MSI), and KNB status were detected via immunohistochemistry (IHC), PCR–capillary electrophoresis, and next-generation sequencing (NGS), respectively. The clinicopathological features of patients with different MMR statuses and correlations with KNB mutations were analyzed. Results Compared with the patients in the pMMR group, the patients in the classical dMMR group were younger, included more females, and exhibited more tumors in the right colon, mostly mucinous adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated tumors (all P<0.05). The tumors in the nonclassical dMMR group were commonly found in the right colon and were prone to special histologic types (all P<0.05). MLH1-PMS2 codeletion, BRAF mutation, and KRAS G13 codon mutation were common in patients in both the classical and the nonclassical dMMR groups (both P<0.05). The results of MMR IHC (100%) were highly consistent with those of MSI PCR (99.1%). Patients in the classical dMMR group with KRAS mutations were younger, included more males, and were prone to specific histologic types, but distant metastasis was rare (all P<0.05). Conversely, lymph node metastasis was rare in patients in the nonclassical dMMR group with KRAS mutations (P=0.005). The mutation rate of the MSH6 gene was relatively high in the nonclassical dMMR group (P=0.002), and all patients presented complete deletion of MLH1-PMS2 combined with nonclassical expression of MSH6 (100%). Five patients with medullary carcinoma components had complete deletions of MLH1-PMS2. Among the five patients, three had combined nonclassical expression of MSH2/MSH6. Two of the three patients carried the MSH6 gene c.3261 locus mutation. Conclusion The clinicopathologic features of patients with classical/nonclassical dMMR colorectal cancer differ from those of patients with pMMR, and MMR IHC could be used to predict effectively the MSI status. The clinicopathologic features differ between classical and nonclassical dMMR colorectal cancer patients with KRAS mutations, but both groups present codeletion of MLH1-PMS2, BRAF mutation, and KRAS G13 codon mutation. In patients with nonclassical dMMR, complete deletion of MLH1-PMS2 combined with nonclassical expression of MSH6 is common. Mutations in the MSH6 gene may play a key role in the development of colorectal cancer with medullary carcinoma components.

The long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine injection regimen（CAB+RPV regimen）is the first approved long-acting antiretroviral therapy（ART）for HIV in China，administered once every two months. This regimen provides an innovative alternative to daily oral ART，benefiting virologically suppressed patients. Several large clinical-studies have shown that the CAB+RPV regimen achieves comparable virologic suppression and safety to daily oral regimens，while significantly enhancing patient satisfaction. Based on international and domestic HIV/AIDs guidelines and clinical evidence，this consensus offers expert recommendations on patient selection，clinical management，and key communication strategies for healthcare providers to support the effective use of this regimen，aiming to improve quality of life for people living with HIV and accumulate domestic clinical experience with this advanced treatment approach.

The long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine injection regimen（CAB+RPV regimen）is the first approved long-acting antiretroviral therapy（ART）for HIV in China，administered once every two months. This regimen provides an innovative alternative to daily oral ART，benefiting virologically suppressed patients. Several large clinical-studies have shown that the CAB+RPV regimen achieves comparable virologic suppression and safety to daily oral regimens，while significantly enhancing patient satisfaction. Based on international and domestic HIV/AIDs guidelines and clinical evidence，this consensus offers expert recommendations on patient selection，clinical management，and key communication strategies for healthcare providers to support the effective use of this regimen，aiming to improve quality of life for people living with HIV and accumulate domestic clinical experience with this advanced treatment approach.

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of Dahuang Xiezhuo prescription on the clinical symptoms， blood uric acid， and renal tubular function of patients with immunoglobulin A （IgA） nephropathy in stages 1-2 of chronic kidney disease （CKD） complicated with hyperuricemia （HUA）. MethodSixty patients with IgA nephropathy in stages 1-2 of CKD complicated with HUA of spleen and kidney deficiency and combined turbidity and blood stasis syndromes were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group， with 30 cases in each group. The patients in the control group received basic treatment， i.e.， losartan potassium tablets 50-100 mg/time， once per day， and sodium bicarbonate tablets 0.5 g/time， three times per day by oral administration， combined with low-salt， low-fat， and low-purine diet. The patients in the observation group received Dahuang Xiezhuo prescription on the basis of basic treatment， one dose per day， twice a day in the morning and evening with warm water. Both groups were treated for two months. The total scores of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）syndrome， blood pressure， 24 h urinary protein （24 h UTP）， blood urea nitrogen （BUN）， serum creatinine （SCr） ［glomerular filtration rate （eGFR） was calculated by CKD-epidemiology collaboration （CKD-EPI） formula］， serum uric acid （SUA）， and renal tubular function indexes ［urinary α₁-microglobulin （α₁-MG）， urinary β₂-microglobulin （β₂-MG）， urinary kidney injury molecule-1 （KIM-1）， and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin （NGAL）］ of the two groups before treatment and two months after treatment were recorded. The clinical efficacy of the two groups was evaluated two months after treatment. ResultAfter 2 months of treatment，the total effective rate in the observation group was 81.48%（22/27），higher than 50.00%（14/28） in the control group（χ² =6.661，P<0.05）. The total scores of TCM syndrome， 24 h UTP， and SUA in the observation group and the observation group were lower than those before treatment （P<0.05）， and compared with the control group after treatment， the observation group decreased more significantly （P<0.05）. After treatment， the blood pressure in the observation group and the observation group was lower than that before treatment （P<0.05）， and there was no significant difference in blood pressure between the two groups after treatment. After treatment， the levels of urinary α₁-MG， β₂-MG， KIM-1， and NGAL in the two groups were lower than those before treatment （P<0.05）， and the observation group was lower than the control group after treatment （P<0.05）. There were no significant inter-group and intra-group differences in BUN， SCr， and eGFR levels before and after treatment. There were no obvious abnormalities in blood routine， liver function， and electrolytes before and after treatment in the two groups， and no adverse reactions such as allergies occurred. ConclusionDahuang Xiezhuo prescription can effectively improve the clinical symptoms of IgA nephropathy with HUA （CKD1-2） patients with spleen and kidney deficiency and combined turbidity and blood stasis syndromes， reduce blood uric acid level， alleviate renal tubular injury， and protect the kidney. The curative effect is better than that of basic treatment.