Natural antimicrobial peptides(AMPs)are promising candidates for the development of a new gener-ation of antimicrobials to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens.They have found extensive applications in the fields of medicine,food,and agriculture.However,efficiently screening AMPs from natural sources poses several challenges,including low efficiency and high antibiotic resistance.This review focuses on the action mechanisms of AMPs,both through membrane and non-membrane routes.We thoroughly examine various highly efficient AMP screening methods,including whole-bacterial adsorption binding,cell membrane chromatography(CMC),phospholipid membrane chromatography binding,membrane-mediated capillary electrophoresis(CE),colorimetric assays,thin layer chromatography(TLC),fluorescence-based screening,genetic sequencing-based analysis,computational mining of AMP data-bases,and virtual screening methods.Additionally,we discuss potential developmental applications for enhancing the efficiency of AMP discovery.This review provides a comprehensive framework for identifying AMPs within complex natural product systems.

Objective:To analyse the characteristics and development of oral mucosal diseases trials registered in the Chinese Clini-cal Trial Registry(ChiCTR).Methods:The ChiCTR database was searched to collect all studies related to oral mucosal diseases from July 25,2007 to September 30,2022.Statistical analysis was conducted on the names of oral mucosal diseases,registration dates,ge-ographical distribution,registration status,ethics committee approval,funding source,sample size,study type and design and blind-ing method.Results:312 registered studies related to oral mucosal diseases were collected.The diseases were mainly herpes zoster,hand-foot-and-mouth disease,radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis,pemphigus and oral lichen planus.The number of registered pro-jects basically showed an increasing trend.The institutions involved in the implementation of the study were mainly located in Beijing,Sichuan,Shanghai,Guangdong and Jiangsu,accounting for 55.02％of the total(340/618).The top 5 provinces and cities in terms of number of registered projects were Beijing,Sichuan,Jiangsu,Shanghai and Guangdong,accounting for 62.5％of the total included trials(195/312).Single-centre studies accounted for 77.56％(242/312),259 studies(83.01％)were pre-registered and 53(16.99％)were supplementary registrations,262(83.97％)studies were approved by the ethics committee.284 studies(91.03％)had their funding status marked,and a total of 301 grants were received,of which the top 3 were 31.89％(96/301)and were self-funded,23.26％(70/301)were funded by hospitals and 19.93％(60/301)were funded by local governments.The types of studies were mainly interventional studies 67.31％(210/312),followed by observational studies 17.31％(54/312).The research designs were mainly randomized parallel controlled trials,accounting for 63.14％(197/312),of which only 52(26.4％)studies explicitly stated the use of blinding,and 137(69.54％)studies were unspecified or blank in the blinding section.Conclusion:The studies on oral mucosal diseases registered in ChiCTR shows a trend of increasing year by year,the regional distribution is uneven,the number of multi-centre clinical trials is relatively small,and there is still room for improvement in study design and the application of blind ness method.

Objective To analyze the multi-target mechanism of Paeoniflorin in the intervention of oral submucosal fibrosis(OSF)systematically,based on molecular dynamics simulation and network pharmacology.Methods Identify potential targets of Paeoniflorin were predicted by using database.OSF-related disease targets and identified drug-disease intersecting targets were screened.Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis were conducted to validate the molecular binding capabilities between Paeoniflorin and core targets.Finally,molecular dynamics simulations were performed to verify binding stability.Results A total of 20 overlapping targets were identified,including key genes such as transforming growth factor(TGF)-β1,interleukin(IL)-6,and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α.TGF-β1,IL-6,and TNF formed the core hub.The enrichment analysis revealed that the target molecules were significantly enriched in the TGF-β1,phosphatidylinositol 3-kinease-actin(PI3K-Akt),and nuclear factor κB(NF-κB)signaling pathways.Molecular docking confirmed high affinity binding of Paeoniflorin to targets including TGF-β1,while molecular dynamics simulations verified stable interactions between Paeoniflorin and both TGF-β1 and B-cell lymphoma-2 targets.Conclusion This study revealed that Paeoniflorin inhibits the inflammatory-fibrotic cascade of OSF through synergistic regulation of TGF-β1/Smad,PI3K-Akt and NF-κB pathways.

Natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising candidates for the development of a new generation of antimicrobials to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens. They have found extensive applications in the fields of medicine, food, and agriculture. However, efficiently screening AMPs from natural sources poses several challenges, including low efficiency and high antibiotic resistance. This review focuses on the action mechanisms of AMPs, both through membrane and non-membrane routes. We thoroughly examine various highly efficient AMP screening methods, including whole-bacterial adsorption binding, cell membrane chromatography (CMC), phospholipid membrane chromatography binding, membrane-mediated capillary electrophoresis (CE), colorimetric assays, thin layer chromatography (TLC), fluorescence-based screening, genetic sequencing-based analysis, computational mining of AMP databases, and virtual screening methods. Additionally, we discuss potential developmental applications for enhancing the efficiency of AMP discovery. This review provides a comprehensive framework for identifying AMPs within complex natural product systems.

Objective To analyze the multi-target mechanism of Paeoniflorin in the intervention of oral submucosal fibrosis(OSF)systematically,based on molecular dynamics simulation and network pharmacology.Methods Identify potential targets of Paeoniflorin were predicted by using database.OSF-related disease targets and identified drug-disease intersecting targets were screened.Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis were conducted to validate the molecular binding capabilities between Paeoniflorin and core targets.Finally,molecular dynamics simulations were performed to verify binding stability.Results A total of 20 overlapping targets were identified,including key genes such as transforming growth factor(TGF)-β1,interleukin(IL)-6,and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α.TGF-β1,IL-6,and TNF formed the core hub.The enrichment analysis revealed that the target molecules were significantly enriched in the TGF-β1,phosphatidylinositol 3-kinease-actin(PI3K-Akt),and nuclear factor κB(NF-κB)signaling pathways.Molecular docking confirmed high affinity binding of Paeoniflorin to targets including TGF-β1,while molecular dynamics simulations verified stable interactions between Paeoniflorin and both TGF-β1 and B-cell lymphoma-2 targets.Conclusion This study revealed that Paeoniflorin inhibits the inflammatory-fibrotic cascade of OSF through synergistic regulation of TGF-β1/Smad,PI3K-Akt and NF-κB pathways.

Objective:To analyse the characteristics and development of oral mucosal diseases trials registered in the Chinese Clini-cal Trial Registry(ChiCTR).Methods:The ChiCTR database was searched to collect all studies related to oral mucosal diseases from July 25,2007 to September 30,2022.Statistical analysis was conducted on the names of oral mucosal diseases,registration dates,ge-ographical distribution,registration status,ethics committee approval,funding source,sample size,study type and design and blind-ing method.Results:312 registered studies related to oral mucosal diseases were collected.The diseases were mainly herpes zoster,hand-foot-and-mouth disease,radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis,pemphigus and oral lichen planus.The number of registered pro-jects basically showed an increasing trend.The institutions involved in the implementation of the study were mainly located in Beijing,Sichuan,Shanghai,Guangdong and Jiangsu,accounting for 55.02％of the total(340/618).The top 5 provinces and cities in terms of number of registered projects were Beijing,Sichuan,Jiangsu,Shanghai and Guangdong,accounting for 62.5％of the total included trials(195/312).Single-centre studies accounted for 77.56％(242/312),259 studies(83.01％)were pre-registered and 53(16.99％)were supplementary registrations,262(83.97％)studies were approved by the ethics committee.284 studies(91.03％)had their funding status marked,and a total of 301 grants were received,of which the top 3 were 31.89％(96/301)and were self-funded,23.26％(70/301)were funded by hospitals and 19.93％(60/301)were funded by local governments.The types of studies were mainly interventional studies 67.31％(210/312),followed by observational studies 17.31％(54/312).The research designs were mainly randomized parallel controlled trials,accounting for 63.14％(197/312),of which only 52(26.4％)studies explicitly stated the use of blinding,and 137(69.54％)studies were unspecified or blank in the blinding section.Conclusion:The studies on oral mucosal diseases registered in ChiCTR shows a trend of increasing year by year,the regional distribution is uneven,the number of multi-centre clinical trials is relatively small,and there is still room for improvement in study design and the application of blind ness method.

Objective: To explore the treatment options for congenitally missing teeth in patients with ectodermal dysplasia and provide a clinical reference. Methods: A patient with ectodermal dysplasia with a concave midface, anterior protrusion of the chin, and underdevelopment of the lower third of the face presented with congenital loss of multiple maxillary teeth, malocclusion of the remaining teeth, congenital loss of mandibular dentition, small dental arches, and upper and lower alveolar bone hypoplasia. The patient was treated by means of a removable partial maxillary prosthesis, implants in the anterior region of the lower mandible designed with the assistance of digital guides, and bar-clamped implant-overlay prostheses. A literature review of the protocol for the treatment of this condition was also conducted. Results: In addition to good retention and stability after denture wear, an excellent occlusal relationship, improvement of the patient's facial appearance, including upper and lower lip fullness, more equal balancing of the lower and middle 1/3 of the face, and improved masticatory function were achieved. The results of the literature review showed that patients with ectodermal dysplasia who are congenitally edentulous usually have a complex intraoral situation that makes restoration difficult, and common restorative modalities for these patients include fixed bridges, removable partial dentures, complete dentures, overdentures, and implant prostheses, which need to be selected according to the actual intraoral situation of each patient. Currently, there is no consensus on the treatment of congenitally missing teeth in patients with ectodermal dysplasia, and some scholars have suggested that fixed restorations be recommended for patients with fewer missing teeth, while the option of removable or implant-covered denture restorations should be given to patients with more missing teeth, with removeable prostheses for underage patients that are replaced with permanent fixed prostheses when the jaws have stabilized. Conclusion In patients with ectodermal dysplasia with congenital tooth loss, all factors should be taken into account, and an individualized restorative plan should be developed.

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is an oral potentially malignant disorader that may be closely related to betel chewing and other factors. The pathogenic mechanism of OSF is still unclear, and there is no cure for OSF. Currently, there are many clinical treatments for OSF, such as medications, including steroids, pentoxifylline, lycopene, turmeric, salvia miltiorrhiza, and aloe vera, lasers, and surgery. In order to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these methods to improve the maximum mouth opening, alleviate the burning sensation, increase tongue flexibility, and other symptoms that accompany OSF, researchers have completed some evidence-based studies in recent years. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases for systematic reviews or meta-analyses of OSF research and treatment published over the last 10 years (July 2014-July 2024). Current evidence-based studies have shown that pentoxifylline, hyaluronidase combined with steroids, lycopene, curcumin, salvia miltiorrhiza combined with steroids, and aloe vera are effective in improving maximum mouth opening and alleviating the burning sensation in patients with OSF. The evidence levels of hyaluronidase combined with steroids, lycopene, curcumin, salvia miltiorrhiza combined with steroids, and aloe vera were all A, and pentoxifylline was B. Lycopene was more effective than other positive drugs in improving maximum mouth opening in patients, and aloe vera was more effective than positive drugs in improving the burning sensation in the early stage of treatment. In addition, antioxidants are good for improving OSF symptoms and have promising application. Lasers can improve maximum mouth opening and alleviate pain and other OSF symptoms, but laser treatment is costly and the level of evidence is C. Surgery is effective in improving maximum mouth opening, but it is traumatic and the level of evidence is C. However, the current evidence-based data are not of high quality, and additional well-designed multi-center, large-sample, randomized controlled clinical trials with long follow-up periods and standardized outcome indicators are needed in the future.

Objective To summarize the clinical registration data of endodontic diseases registered in ClinicalTri-als.gov in the United States and Chinese Clinical Trial Registry(ChiCTR),and analyze the registration characteristics at home and abroad.Methods We searched the clinical studies related to endodontic disease registered in the two data-bases from January 1,2000,to August 20,2023.We extracted and analyzed the information from clinical studies relat-ed to endodontic diseases.The extracted content included information on the registration region,registration year,trial title,research direction,sample size,trial progress,study type,trial design,blinding method,clinical trial phase,and participating institutions.Results The two databases contained a total of 536 191 registered items,of which 634 were endodontic diseases.Clinical trials in the registry of endodontic diseases involved 43 countries,of which the top three were Egypt(188 items),China(130 items),and the America(46 items).In addition,the number of registrations of clini-cal trials on endodontic diseases has significantly increased since 2015.The research directions were mainly pulposis(434 items),caries(106 items),and periapical diseases(77 items),which mostly involved etiology,drug intervention,surgical intervention,new technology,and new materials.Moreover,there were 430 clinical trials(67.82%)with a sam-ple size<100 and 185(29.18%)with a sample size of 100-999.The progress status at the time of registration showed the largest number of completed trials,accounting for 286 items(45.11%),followed by unknown(125 items),recruiting(110 items),and not yet recruiting(81 items).The main research types were intervention studies(546 items,86.12%),and the main design model was randomized parallel controlled trials(473 items,74.61%).Additionally,423 items(66.72%)were marked using the blind method,mainly double-blind trials(195 items),followed by other/unmarked(123 items,19.40%)and open study(88 items,13.88%).Furthermore,the largest number of items in the study phase were marked other/unlabeled(388 items),followed by phaseⅡ study(69 items)and preliminary study(62 items).Addi-tionally,611 items(96.37%)were clinical trials with a number of participating institutions<3,and 23 items(3.63%)had a number of participating institutions≥3.Conclusion The number of clinical trials registered for endodontic dis-eases is generally on the rise,but it is still relatively small.The quality of the study design needs to be enhanced,and the registration information in the study phase needs to be improved.Moreover,the number of multicenter trials is small.In the future,we should fully mobilize the talent advantages of well-known stomatology majors in China,take the lead in conducting high-quality,multi-center clinical research,and realize the transformation of results.

Oral cancer has a high degree of malignancy, easily recurs, readily metastasizes and poor progonsis. Autophagy is a catabolic process induced in cells under stressful conditions. In recent years, studies have found that the activation of autophagy in epithelial cells can inhibit carcinogenesis and activate pathways such as mTOR and MAPK to activate autophagy in oral cancer cells and inhibit their survival. Inducing autophagy can degrade eukaryotic initiation factor 4E protein and inhibit oral cancer metastasis. Inducing autophagy in oral cancer cells can inhibit their proliferation and promote their apoptosis. Adding autophagy inducers to the treatment can help improve its efficacy and patient survival compared with chemoradiotherapy alone. In addition, the induction of autophagy in oral cancer cells can improve the body's immune function and enhance the efficacy of oral cancer immunotherapy. This article summarizes the relationship between autophagy and oral cancer and the role of induced autophagy in the treatment of oral cancer with the combined application of chemoradiotherapy and immunotherapy. The goal is to provide new ideas for inducing autophagy during the treatment of oral cancer, improving the therapeutic effect of oral cancer and the survival rate of patients. At present, the mechanism of action of induced autophagy in the treatment of oral cancer is not clear. Future research should study its mechanism of action, improve its therapeutic effect on oral cancer and develop autophagy inducers to accurately regulate and induce autophagy during the treatment of oral cancer.