ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of the herb pair Cuscutae Semen-Lycii Fructus on oxidative stress-induced blood-testis barrier dysfunction and spermatogenesis in the rat model of oligoasthenozoospermia （OAS） and decipher the mechanism based on the silent information regulator 1 （SIRT1）/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 （Nrf2） signaling pathway. MethodsThirty-five male SD rats were randomized into a blank group （n=7） and a modeling group （n=28）. The OAS model was established by gavage of hydrocortisone aqueous solution combined with single factor electrical stimulation. The modeled rats were randomly assigned into the following groups： model， Cuscutae Semen-Lycii Fructus granules （3.2 g·kg^-1）， Cuscutae Semen-Lycii Fructus total flavonoids （0.34 g·kg^-1）， and L-carnitine （0.38 g·kg^-1）， and treated for 4 weeks. The sperm quality of rats was assessed by an automatic sperm analyzer. The levels of superoxide dismutase （SOD）， malondialdehyde （MAD）， and glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） in the testicular tissue were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was employed to reveal the pathological changes in the testicular tissue and score the spermatogenic function. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe the ultrastructural changes of Sertoli cells. Western blot and Real-time PCR were employed to determine the protein and mRNA levels， respectively， of SIRT1， Nrf2， Occludin， zonula occludens-1 （ZO-1）， connexin 43 （CX43）， and β-catenin. ResultsCompared with the blank group， the model group showed decreased total sperm count and motility （P<0.05， P<0.01）， obvious damage in the testicular tissue and blood-testis barrier structure， reduced score of spermatogenic function （P<0.01）， declined levels of GSH-Px and SOD in the testicular tissue （P<0.05）， elevated level of MDA， and down-regulated protein levels of SIRT1， Nrf2， ZO-1， CX43， β-catenin， and occludin （P<0.05， P<0.01） and mRNA levels of SIRT1， Nrf2， ZO-1， CX43， and β-catenin in the testicular tissue （P<0.05， P<0.01）. After treatment， the testicular tissue， blood-testis barrier structure， and score of spermatogenic function （P<0.01） were improved in the Cuscutae Semen-Lycii Fructus granules group， Cuscutae Semen-Lycii Fructus total flavonoids group， and L-carnitine group. Compared with the model group， the treatment groups presented lowered levels of GSH-Px and SOD （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the Cuscutae Semen-Lycii Fructus granule group showed a decline in MDA level. The protein and mRNA levels of SIRT1， Nrf2， ZO-1， CX43， β-catenin， and occludin were up-regulated in the Cuscutae Semen-Lycii Fructus granules group and total flavonoids group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionThe herb pair Cuscutae Semen-Lycii Fructus can regulate the SIRT1/Nrf2 pathway to inhibit oxidative stress and alleviate the blood-testis barrier damage， thereby improving the spermatogenic function in the rat model of OAS. Total flavonoids may be the material basis for the therapeutic effect of Cuscutae Semen-Lycii Fructus.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of the herb pair Cuscutae Semen-Lycii Fructus on oxidative stress-induced blood-testis barrier dysfunction and spermatogenesis in the rat model of oligoasthenozoospermia （OAS） and decipher the mechanism based on the silent information regulator 1 （SIRT1）/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 （Nrf2） signaling pathway. MethodsThirty-five male SD rats were randomized into a blank group （n=7） and a modeling group （n=28）. The OAS model was established by gavage of hydrocortisone aqueous solution combined with single factor electrical stimulation. The modeled rats were randomly assigned into the following groups： model， Cuscutae Semen-Lycii Fructus granules （3.2 g·kg^-1）， Cuscutae Semen-Lycii Fructus total flavonoids （0.34 g·kg^-1）， and L-carnitine （0.38 g·kg^-1）， and treated for 4 weeks. The sperm quality of rats was assessed by an automatic sperm analyzer. The levels of superoxide dismutase （SOD）， malondialdehyde （MAD）， and glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） in the testicular tissue were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was employed to reveal the pathological changes in the testicular tissue and score the spermatogenic function. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe the ultrastructural changes of Sertoli cells. Western blot and Real-time PCR were employed to determine the protein and mRNA levels， respectively， of SIRT1， Nrf2， Occludin， zonula occludens-1 （ZO-1）， connexin 43 （CX43）， and β-catenin. ResultsCompared with the blank group， the model group showed decreased total sperm count and motility （P<0.05， P<0.01）， obvious damage in the testicular tissue and blood-testis barrier structure， reduced score of spermatogenic function （P<0.01）， declined levels of GSH-Px and SOD in the testicular tissue （P<0.05）， elevated level of MDA， and down-regulated protein levels of SIRT1， Nrf2， ZO-1， CX43， β-catenin， and occludin （P<0.05， P<0.01） and mRNA levels of SIRT1， Nrf2， ZO-1， CX43， and β-catenin in the testicular tissue （P<0.05， P<0.01）. After treatment， the testicular tissue， blood-testis barrier structure， and score of spermatogenic function （P<0.01） were improved in the Cuscutae Semen-Lycii Fructus granules group， Cuscutae Semen-Lycii Fructus total flavonoids group， and L-carnitine group. Compared with the model group， the treatment groups presented lowered levels of GSH-Px and SOD （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the Cuscutae Semen-Lycii Fructus granule group showed a decline in MDA level. The protein and mRNA levels of SIRT1， Nrf2， ZO-1， CX43， β-catenin， and occludin were up-regulated in the Cuscutae Semen-Lycii Fructus granules group and total flavonoids group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionThe herb pair Cuscutae Semen-Lycii Fructus can regulate the SIRT1/Nrf2 pathway to inhibit oxidative stress and alleviate the blood-testis barrier damage， thereby improving the spermatogenic function in the rat model of OAS. Total flavonoids may be the material basis for the therapeutic effect of Cuscutae Semen-Lycii Fructus.

Objective:To analyze the trends in literature related to oral microbiology and regenerative medicine from 2014 to 2023. By identifying key research countries, institutions, and their collaboration networks, as well as exploring research hotspots and development directions, the study seeks to provide references for researchers and decision-makers in the field of oral microbiology and regenerative medicine, thereby guiding the direction of future research.Methods:Relevant literature was retrieved using the Web of Science Core Collection database, with data processing and analysis conducted using CiteSpace 6.2.R6 software. Time slicing, node type selection, and the application of the g-index (g-index) were used for filtering, analyzing countries, institutions, authors, journals, and keywords.Results:The volume of literature in the field of oral microbiology and regenerative medicine has steadily increased from 2014 to 2023, with the number of publications first exceeding one hundred in 2020 and reaching 134 in 2022, accompanied by a citation frequency of 3 363 times. China and the United States have been at the forefront in terms of the volume of publications, while the United States and Germany lead in terms of intermediary centrality. The research primarily spans disciplines such as oral medicine, interdisciplinary studies, materials science, and immunology. High-frequency keywords include stem cells, scaffold materials, and gut microbiota, while cluster analysis indicates that inflammation, drug delivery, and antimicrobial activity remain consistent research themes. In recent years, the research heat in "tissue regeneration""gut microbiota " and "maxillofacial surgery" has risen, suggesting these may become focal points of future research.Conclusions:Over the past decade, the volume of literature published in the fields of oral microbiology and regenerative medicine, along with their citation frequencies, has increased annually. The research focus has shifted over time. Understanding the interactions between oral and gut microbiomes is crucial for developing innovative regenerative treatment strategies.

Clostridium perfringens is an important foodborne pathogen that causes intestinal infections and tissue necrosis in both human and animals.A variety of exotoxins it produces are lethal.The increasing demand for ratio-nal use of antimicrobial agents and healthy farming make the implementation of vaccination critically important.H owever,traditional Clostridium perfringens exotoxin vaccines may have problems such as inconsistent efficacy,residual toxins and formaldehyde,raising concerns about the safety of these vaccines.This article systematically in-troduces the latest research progress in traditional toxoid vaccine,genetically engineered recombinant vaccines,and epitope peptide vaccines designed based on reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics for Clostridium perfringens,providing new ideas for the development and preparation of effective and safe novel Clostridium perfringens toxin vaccines.

Accurate determination of the thickness of multi-layered nanofilm materials is of great importance to advance the development of thin film deposition technology and ensure the quality assurance of photovoltaic materials.Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS)has been successfully employed for depth profiling of thin film materials,such as metal coatings.However,the accuracy of interface discrimination and thin layer thickness measurement is limited by the mixing effects of elemental signals.In this work,a high-depth resolution method for measuring the thin film thickness of lead sulfide(PbS)colloidal quantum dot(CQD)photovoltaic devices by LA-ICP-MS was introduced.The influence of different laser parameters on the mixing effects of element signals during the ablation process was compared,and the results showed that the laser ablation behavior of multi-layered nanofilm materials were improved and the mixing of element signals were reduced by optimizing parameters such as laser energy density and spot diameter.Meanwhile,a self-developed aerosol rapid wash-out small volume tubular ablation cell was used to effectively improve the aerosol transport efficiency,and the wash-out time of aerosol was(1.60±0.6)s.Compared with commercial cylindrical ablation cells,the depth profile of multi-layer thin film samples was clearer.The depth profile of the interlayer interface showed a significant melting phenomenon during the ablation of the PbS CQD layer,leading to severe mixing of elemental signals at the PbS/ZnO layer interface.Under the conditions such as 2.5 J/cm2 laser energy,32 μm spot diameter,and 1 Hz repetition rate,the average ablation rates of Au,PbS and ZnO layers in PbS CQD photovoltaic devices were(60±2)nm/pulse,(69±5)nm/pulse,and(22±2)nm/pulse,with depth resolution of(26±2)nm,(213±11)nm,and(68±6)nm,respectively.The thickness of PbS CQD photovoltaic device films from the same batch was determined,and the test results exhibited good consistency with scanning electron microscope(SEM)measurement values,with a relative deviation of less than 6％.This method could accurately determine the thickness of nanoscale multilayer thin film samples,which was crucial for improving the performance of photovoltaic devices and controlling product quality.

Polysaccharides are the main active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine and ideal raw materials for new drug development with diverse structures,rich activity and low toxicity.Research has shown that traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides(TCMP)exhibit outstanding associated activities in anti-tumor,immunomodulatory,anti-fibrotic,and Alzheimer's disease prevention,with clear mechanisms and targeting properties.In this review,we discuss research progress of the mechanisms and discovery of target molecules of TCMP in various areas,including anticancer,immunomodulation,gut microbiota regulation,anti-fibrosis,and Alzheimer's disease prevention.By analyzing relevant literature,it has been observed that TCMP exhibits various complex mechanisms of action,highlighting significant targeting properties in immunomodulation,anticancer effects and disrupts angiogenesis activities.At the same time,this review summarizes and analyzes the current shortcomings and challenges in the research on TCMP and proposes future directions,aiming to provide new ideas and strategies for understanding the basis of active substances in traditional Chinese medicine and the development of original new drugs based on polysaccharides.

Most chemical medicines have polymorphs. The difference of medicine polymorphs in physicochemical properties directly affects the stability, efficacy, and safety of solid medicine products. Polymorphs is incomparably important to pharmaceutical chemistry, manufacturing, and control. Meantime polymorphs is a key factor for the quality of high-end drug and formulations. Polymorph prediction technology can effectively guide screening of trial experiments, and reduce the risk of missing stable crystal form in the traditional experiment. Polymorph prediction technology was firstly based on theoretical calculations such as quantum mechanics and computational chemistry, and then was developed by the key technology of machine learning using the artificial intelligence. Nowadays, the popular trend is to combine the advantages of theoretical calculation and machine learning to jointly predict crystal structure. Recently, predicting medicine polymorphs has still been a challenging problem. It is expected to learn from and integrate existing technologies to predict medicine polymorphs more accurately and efficiently.

With the rapid society development and broad recognition of "Healthy China", the demands for good life and health are increasing. Accordingly, the concept of "food and medicine homologous" have been attractive. The concept of "food and medicine homologous" has a long history in China, and is an essence of various ideas in traditional Chinese medicine, such as diet therapy, medicated diet, regimen and preventive treatment of disease, representing an important field in health science. Many studies have found that the active ingredients of "food and medicine homologous" substances are multiple types, multiple mechanisms and multiple targets, exerting their biological effects after oral administration and chemical or metabolic transformation. In this review, the chemical basis and biological principles of various "food and medicine homologous" substances were summarized as compounds, biological macromolecules and intestinal flora. By focusing on the intestinal flora, we discussed the detailed biological principles of several classic "food and medicine homologous" substances. The scientific significance of "food and medicine homologous" concept were also discussed. This review explores the concept of "food and medicine homologous" from the perspective of modern medicine, in order to provide insights for future drug development and human health.

Objective To investigate the knowledge and behavioral status of foot care among patients with type 2 diabetes in Xinjiekou Community in Beijing and analyze its influencing factors. Methods A convenient sampling method was used to select 278 diabetes patients from Xinjiekou Community in Beijing for questionnaire surveys, which included general information, foot care knowledge, and behaviors of the patients. Results The average score of foot care knowledge among the 278 patients was (71.65±14.59), indicating a moderate level overall. The average score of foot care behavior was (48.83±8.83), indicating a poor level overall. Multivariate stepwise regression analysis showed that gender, duration of diabetes, and whether the patients had received foot care education or not were independent influencing factors for both the foot care knowledge score and the foot care behavior score among community diabetes patients (P < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that a positive correlation between foot care knowledge and foot care behavior among community diabetes patients was observed(r=0.593, P < 0.001). Conclusion The level of foocare knowledge among diabetes patients in this community in Beijing is moderate, while the status of foot care behaviors is not optimistic. Community healthcare professionals should strengthen health education on foot care, improve patients' knowledge of foot care and compliance with foot care behaviors, and pay attention to male patients and those with a shorter duration of diabetes to reduce the occurrence of diabetic foot.

We wished to establish an expert consensus on late stage of critical care (CC) management. The panel comprised 13 experts in CC medicine. Each statement was assessed based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) principle. Then, the Delphi method was adopted by 17 experts to reassess the following 28 statements. (1) ESCAPE has evolved from a strategy of delirium management to a strategy of late stage of CC management. (2) The new version of ESCAPE is a strategy for optimizing treatment and comprehensive care of critically ill patients (CIPs) after the rescue period, including early mobilization, early rehabilitation, nutritional support, sleep management, mental assessment, cognitive-function training, emotional support, and optimizing sedation and analgesia. (3) Disease assessment to determine the starting point of early mobilization, early rehabilitation, and early enteral nutrition. (4) Early mobilization has synergistic effects upon the recovery of organ function. (5) Early functional exercise and rehabilitation are important means to promote CIP recovery, and gives them a sense of future prospects. (6) Timely start of enteral nutrition is conducive to early mobilization and early rehabilitation. (7) The spontaneous breathing test should be started as soon as possible, and a weaning plan should be selected step-by-step. (8) The waking process of CIPs should be realized in a planned and purposeful way. (9) Establishment of a sleep-wake rhythm is the key to sleep management in post-CC management. (10) The spontaneous awakening trial, spontaneous breathing trial, and sleep management should be carried out together. (11) The depth of sedation should be adjusted dynamically in the late stage of CC period. (12) Standardized sedation assessment is the premise of rational sedation. (13) Appropriate sedative drugs should be selected according to the objectives of sedation and drug characteristics. (14) A goal-directed minimization strategy for sedation should be implemented. (15) The principle of analgesia must be mastered first. (16) Subjective assessment is preferred for analgesia assessment. (17) Opioid-based analgesic strategies should be selected step-by-step according to the characteristics of different drugs. (18) There must be rational use of non-opioid analgesics and non-drug-based analgesic measures. (19) Pay attention to evaluation of the psychological status of CIPs. (20) Cognitive function in CIPs cannot be ignored. (21) Delirium management should be based on non-drug-based measures and rational use of drugs. (22) Reset treatment can be considered for severe delirium. (23) Psychological assessment should be conducted as early as possible to screen-out high-risk groups with post-traumatic stress disorder. (24) Emotional support, flexible visiting, and environment management are important components of humanistic management in the intensive care unit (ICU). (25) Emotional support from medical teams and families should be promoted through"ICU diaries"and other forms. (26) Environmental management should be carried out by enriching environmental content, limiting environmental interference, and optimizing the environmental atmosphere. (27) Reasonable promotion of flexible visitation should be done on the basis of prevention of nosocomial infection. (28) ESCAPE is an excellent project for late stage of CC management.
Humans ; Consensus ; Critical Care/methods* ; Intensive Care Units ; Pain/drug therapy* ; Analgesics/therapeutic use* ; Delirium/therapy* ; Critical Illness