Retinal neovascular diseases represent a critical subset of retinal diseases that severely impair vision and can lead to blindness. In recent years, artificial intelligence(AI)has demonstrated breakthrough applications in the medical field, particularly in ophthalmology, leveraging its robust capabilities in image recognition and data analysis. Machine learning and deep learning, as core AI technologies, enable precise feature extraction from vast volumes of medical imaging data and the construction of predictive models, offering novel approaches for the auxiliary diagnosis and prognosis of retinal neovascular diseases. This review synthesizes the latest advancements in AI applications for neovascular retinal diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity, and age-related macular degeneration. It further discusses the limitations and challenges in clinical implementation. Through a comprehensive summary and analysis, this review aims to provide insights for advancing AI-driven diagnosis and treatment strategies, ultimately facilitating early detection and predictive management of these vision-threatening diseases.

In this paper， by referring to ancient and modern literature， the textual research of Inulae Flos has been conducted to clarify the name， origin， production area， quality evaluation， harvesting， processing and others， so as to provide reference and basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing this herb. After textual research， it could be verified that the medicinal use of Inulae Flos was first recorded in Shennong Bencaojing of the Han dynasty. In successive dynasties， Xuanfuhua has been taken as the official name， and it also has other alternative names such as Jinfeicao， Daogeng and Jinqianhua. The period before the Song and Yuan dynasties， the main origin of Inulae Flos was the Asteraceae plant Inula japonica， and from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the present， I. japonica and I. britannica are the primary source. In addition to the dominant basal species， there are also regional species such as I. linariifolia， I. helianthus-aquatili， and I. hupehensis. The earliest recorded production areas in ancient times were Henan， Hubei and other places， and the literature records that it has been distributed throughout the country since modern times. The medicinal part is its flower， the harvesting and processing method recorded in the past dynasties is mainly harvested in the fifth and ninth lunar months， and dried in the sun， and the modern harvesting is mostly harvested in summer and autumn when the flowers bloom， in order to remove impurities， dry in the shade or dry in the sun. In addition， the roots， whole herbs and aerial parts are used as medicinal materials. In ancient times， there were no records about the quality of Inulae Flos， and in modern times， it is generally believed that the quality of complete flower structure， small receptacles， large blooms， yellow petals， long filaments， many fluffs， no fragments， and no branches is better. Ancient processing methods primarily involved cleaning， steaming， and sun-drying， supplemented by techniques such as boiling， roasting， burning， simmering， stir-frying， and honey-processing. Modern processing focuses mainly on cleaning the stems and leaves before use. Regarding the medicinal properties， ancient texts describe it as salty and sweet in taste， slightly warm in nature， and mildly toxic. Modern studies characterize it as bitter， pungent， and salty in taste， with a slightly warm nature. Its therapeutic effects remain consistent across eras， including descending Qi， resolving phlegm， promoting diuresis， and stopping vomiting. Based on the research results， it is recommended that when developing famous classical formulas containing Inulae Flos， either I. japonica or I. britannica should be used as the medicinal source. Processing methods should follow formula requirements， where no processing instructions are specified， the raw products may be used after cleaning.

In this paper， by referring to ancient and modern literature， the textual research of Inulae Flos has been conducted to clarify the name， origin， production area， quality evaluation， harvesting， processing and others， so as to provide reference and basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing this herb. After textual research， it could be verified that the medicinal use of Inulae Flos was first recorded in Shennong Bencaojing of the Han dynasty. In successive dynasties， Xuanfuhua has been taken as the official name， and it also has other alternative names such as Jinfeicao， Daogeng and Jinqianhua. The period before the Song and Yuan dynasties， the main origin of Inulae Flos was the Asteraceae plant Inula japonica， and from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the present， I. japonica and I. britannica are the primary source. In addition to the dominant basal species， there are also regional species such as I. linariifolia， I. helianthus-aquatili， and I. hupehensis. The earliest recorded production areas in ancient times were Henan， Hubei and other places， and the literature records that it has been distributed throughout the country since modern times. The medicinal part is its flower， the harvesting and processing method recorded in the past dynasties is mainly harvested in the fifth and ninth lunar months， and dried in the sun， and the modern harvesting is mostly harvested in summer and autumn when the flowers bloom， in order to remove impurities， dry in the shade or dry in the sun. In addition， the roots， whole herbs and aerial parts are used as medicinal materials. In ancient times， there were no records about the quality of Inulae Flos， and in modern times， it is generally believed that the quality of complete flower structure， small receptacles， large blooms， yellow petals， long filaments， many fluffs， no fragments， and no branches is better. Ancient processing methods primarily involved cleaning， steaming， and sun-drying， supplemented by techniques such as boiling， roasting， burning， simmering， stir-frying， and honey-processing. Modern processing focuses mainly on cleaning the stems and leaves before use. Regarding the medicinal properties， ancient texts describe it as salty and sweet in taste， slightly warm in nature， and mildly toxic. Modern studies characterize it as bitter， pungent， and salty in taste， with a slightly warm nature. Its therapeutic effects remain consistent across eras， including descending Qi， resolving phlegm， promoting diuresis， and stopping vomiting. Based on the research results， it is recommended that when developing famous classical formulas containing Inulae Flos， either I. japonica or I. britannica should be used as the medicinal source. Processing methods should follow formula requirements， where no processing instructions are specified， the raw products may be used after cleaning.

The increasing prevalence of food allergies significantly affects both the physical and mental health of patients, while concurrently imposing a substantial economic burden on a global scale. Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergies typically manifest as acute reactions and may lead to severe allergic responses. Previous treatment strategies have been predominantly centered on allergen avoidance and oral immunotherapy (OIT), resulting in augmented economic and psychological burdens. In recent years, omalizumab, the anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, has emerged as a treatment option, either as monotherapy or in combination with OIT, for patients with IgE-mediated food allergies. Omalizumab holds promise in augmenting allergen tolerance, accelerating desensitization processes, and mitigating adverse effects associated with OIT. Nonetheless, a multitude of unresolved inquiries persist concerning the practical applications of omalizumab, necessitating additional real world studies for clarification.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical efficacy of auricular electroacupuncture for post-stroke dysphagia in the pharyngeal phase. METHODS: Eighty-two patients with post-stroke dysphagia in the pharyngeal phase were randomized into an auricular electroacupuncture group (41 cases) and a swallowing electrical stimulation group (41 cases, 1 case dropped out). In the auricular electroacupuncture group, electroacupuncture was applied at auricular points, i.e. Xin (CO₁₅) and Yanhou (TG₃), using disperse-dense wave, in frequency of 2 Hz/10 Hz, 30 min a time. In the swallowing electrical stimulation group, swallowing electrical stimulation was delivered for 30 min a time. Both groups were treated once daily for 4 weeks. The functional oral intake scale (FOIS) grade, as well as the hyolaryngeal complex displacement, the pharyngeal constriction rate (PCR) and the pharyngeal delay time (PDT) under video fluoroscopic study of swallowing (VFSS) were observed before and after treatment, and the clinical efficacy was evaluated in the two groups. RESULTS: Compared before treatment, the FOIS grade was improved (P<0.01), the forward and upward displacement amplitude of hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage was increased (P<0.05), and the PCR and PDT were decreased (P<0.05) after treatment in the two groups. After treatment, compared with the swallowing electrical stimulation group, the FOIS grade was superior (P<0.01), the upward displacement amplitude of hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage was larger (P<0.05) and the PCR and PDT were lower (P<0.05) in the auricular electroacupuncture group. The total effective rate was 85.4% (35/41) in the auricular electroacupuncture group, which was higher than 62.5% (25/40) in the swallowing electrical stimulation group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Auricular electroacupuncture can effectively trigger pharyngeal initiation and improve post-stroke dysphagia in the pharyngeal phase.
Humans ; Electroacupuncture ; Male ; Deglutition Disorders/etiology* ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Stroke/physiopathology* ; Pharynx/physiopathology* ; Acupuncture, Ear ; Acupuncture Points ; Deglutition ; Treatment Outcome ; Adult

The auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) gene family is an important regulator for plant growth hormone signaling, involved in plant growth, development, as well as response to environmental stresses. In the present study, we identified SmIAA7 which is potentially associated with Salvia miltiorrhiza leaf development through comparatively analyzed the transcriptome data from different pinnate leaves. SmIAA7 was successfully isolated from S. miltiorrhiza using the specific primers. Then subsequent bioinformatic analysis, prokaryotic expression and purification, subcellular localization, and induction expression analysis under auxin and abiotic stress were performed. The full-length of SmIAA7 contained an ORF of 684 bp encoding a protein of 227 amino acid with a molecular weight of 25.3 kD. Conserved domain analysis showed that SmIAA7 contains the conserved Aux_IAA domain (pfam02309). Sequence analysis and phylogenetic tree analysis results indicated SmIAA7 was phylogenetically close to IAA7 and IAA14 from other plants, suggesting SmIAA7 involved in plant growth and development as well as response to environmental stresses. The prokaryotic expression vector pET28a-SmIAA7 was constructed and SmIAA7 recombinant protein was successfully expressed in E. coli Rosetta (DE3) strain. Subcellular localization experiment demonstrated that SmIAA7 localized in the nucleus of plant cells. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR results showed that the expression level of SmIAA7 was upregulated in response to auxin. Drought, low temperature, and salt stress significantly increased the transcript level of SmIAA7 gene. This study lays a foundation for further elucidating the role of SmIAA7 in leaf development, signal transduction, and stress defense in S. miltiorrhiza.

OBJECTIVE: Lipid oxidation is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and may be contribute to the development of Ischemic stroke (IS). However, the lipid profiles associated with IS have been poorly studied. We conducted a pilot study to identify potential IS-related lipid molecules and pathways using lipidomic profiling. METHODS: Serum lipidomic profiling was performed using LC-MS in 20 patients with IS and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Univariate and multivariate analyses were simultaneously performed to identify the differential lipids. Multiple testing was controlled for using a false discovery rate (FDR) approach. Enrichment analysis was performed using MetaboAnalyst software. RESULTS: Based on the 294 lipids assayed, principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models were used to distinguish patients with IS from healthy controls. Fifty-six differential lipids were identified with an FDR-adjusted P less than 0.05 and variable influences in projection (VIP) greater than 1.0. These lipids were significantly enriched in glycerophospholipid metabolism (FDR-adjusted P = 0.009, impact score = 0.216). CONCLUSIONS Serum lipid profiles differed significantly between patients with IS and healthy controls. Thus, glycerophospholipid metabolism may be involved in the development of IS. These results provide initial evidence that lipid molecules and their related metabolites may serve as new biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for IS.
Humans ; Pilot Projects ; Lipidomics ; Male ; Female ; Biomarkers/blood* ; Middle Aged ; Ischemic Stroke/blood* ; Aged ; China ; Lipids/blood* ; Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; East Asian People

Objective:To discuss the improvement effect of epicatechin(EC)on acetaminophen(APAP)-induced liver injury in the mice,and to clarify its possible mechanism.Methods:A total of 60 C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into blank control group,APAP model group,low dose of EC group(10 mg·kg-1),middle dose of EC group(20 mg·kg-1)and high dose of EC group(40 mg·kg?1),with 12 mice in each group.Except for blank control group,the mice in the other groups were given intraperitoneal injection of APAP(200 mg·kg?1)to establish the liver injury models.At 1 h before APAP injection,the mice in low,middle and high doses of EC groups were intraperitoneally injected with 10,20 and 40 mg·kg-1 EC,respectively.A total of 36 nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2)deficient mice(Nrf2-/-mice)were randomly divided into control group,APAP group and APAP+EC group,with 12 mice in each group.After modeling 24 h,the mice were sacrificed,and the blood and liver tissue of the mice were collected for subsequent detection.HE staining was used to observe the pathomorphology of the liver tissue in the mice in various groups;kit assay was used to detect the activities of aspartate aminotransferase(AST)and alanine aminotransferase(ALT)in serum of the mice in various groups and the myeloperoxidase(MPO)activity and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-1β(IL-1β),malondialdehyde(MDA),adenosine triphosphate(ATP),glutathione(GSH)and ferrous ion(Fe2?)in liver tissue of the mice in various groups;Western blotting method was used to detect the expression levels of nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)and Nrf2 signaling pathway-related proteins in liver tissue of the mice in various groups.Results:The HE staining results showed that compared with APAP model group,the APAP-induced liver pathology injury in the mice in different doses of EC groups was significantly improved.Compared with blank control group,the levels of ALT and AST in serum of the mice in APAP model group were significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with APAP model group,the activities of ALT and AST in serum of the mice in low,middle and high doses of EC groups were significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Compared with blank control group,the MPO activity and the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in liver tissue of the mice in APAP model group were significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with APAP model group,the MPO activity and the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in liver tissue of the mice in low,middle and high doses of EC groups were decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Compared with blank control group,the levels of MDA and Fe2? in liver tissue of the mice in APAP model group were significantly increased(P<0.05),and the levels of ATP and GSH were significantly decreased(P<0.05).Compared with APAP model group,the levels of MDA and Fe2? in liver tissue of the mice in low,middle and high doses of EC groups were significantly increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and the levels of ATP and GSH were significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with blank control group,the expression levels of amino acid exchange transporter(xCT)and glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4)proteins in liver tissue of the mice in APAP model group were significantly decreased(P<0.05);compared with APAP model group,the expression levels of xCT and GPX4 proteins in liver tissue of the mice in low,middle and high doses of EC groups were significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with blank control group,the expression levels of nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)p-p65 and phosphorylated NF-κB inhibitor α(p-IκBα)proteins in liver tissue of the mice in APAP model group were significantly increased(P<0.05);compared with APAP model group,the expression levels of NF-κB p-p65 and p-IκBα proteins in liver tissue of the mice in low,middle and high doses of EC groups were significantly decreased(P<0.01).Compared with blank control group,the expression levels of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)proteins in liver tissue of the mice in APAP model group were significantly increased(P<0.05);compared with APAP model group,the expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins in liver tissue of the mice in low,middle and high doses of EC groups were significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with control group,the ALT level in serum and the levels of MDA and Fe2+in liver tissue of the Nrf2-/-mice in APAP group were significantly increased(P<0.01),and the levels of ATP and GSH in liver tissue were significantly decreased(P<0.01).Conclusion:EC can improve APAP-induced liver injury in the mice,and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of ferroptosis by activating the Nrf2/GPX4 signaling pathway.

Nano liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry(LC-HRMS/MS)is widely used for body fluid peptidome analysis,yet the impact of replicate analyses remains overlooked.Using salivary peptidome,in this work,10 replicate analyses of the same sample were conducted.It was found that although m/z and molecular weight ranges were consistent across replicates,single runs identified only 348-576 unique peptides from 32-39 degraded proteins.Merging all replicates revealed 1237 peptides from 77 proteins,a 2.5 folds increase in peptides and 2 folds increase in proteins.Instrument stability was confirmed via intensity/retention time of 12 peptides.Merged peptides primarily derived from high-abundance proteins(e.g.,Statherin,PRP1/2).Analysis of 20 peptides showed that the some peptides were detected in single analysis but confidence varying(19%-99%),low-confidence peptides(<95%)exceeded 95%after replicate.signal intensity alone didn't determine confidence and peptides spanning the sequence region between the longest and the shortest detected fragments could be identified.The above findings suggested that single-run LC-MS peptidomics analysis carried inherent false negatives and uncertainties.However,by integrating the results of a single analysis with the mechanism of enzymatic hydrolysis for endogenous peptides,it was possible to make reasonable inferences and extrapolations regarding peptides derived from highly abundant degraded proteins.