Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and diagnostic-therapeutic strategies of oncocytic mucoepidermoid carcinoma (OMEC) of the parotid gland, and to enhance awareness of this rare variant among clinicians and pathologists. Methods: The clinical data, imaging findings, histopathological features, immunophenotype, and molecular characteristics of two patients with parotid OMEC were retrospectively analyzed, and the relevant literature was reviewed. Results: Case 1 was a 50-year-old man who presented with a painless mass behind the right earlobe for more than 2 years. The patient underwent extended parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve. Histopathological examination revealed that the tumor was predominantly composed of oncocytic cells with a small proportion of mucous cells. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were partially positive for cytokeratin 5/6, cytokeratin 7, and P63. Special staining with alcian blue, periodic acid-Schiff, and phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin yielded positive results. The diagnosis of right parotid OMEC was established. No recurrence or metastasis was observed during a 1 year follow-up. Case 2 was a 61-year-old man with a 3-month history of a mass beneath the left ear. After partial parotidectomy at an outside institution, pathological consultation at the Stomatological Hospital of Jilin University demonstrated that the tumor consisted almost entirely of oncocytic cells, exhibited infiltrative growth, and lacked typical mucous, epidermoid, and intermediate cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed positive mastermind-like transcriptional activator 2 (MAML2) gene rearrangement, establishing the diagnosis of left parotid OMEC. The patient subsequently underwent total parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve, and no recurrence was detected during a short-term 3 months follow-up. A review of the literature indicated that OMEC most commonly arises in the parotid gland and is generally a low-grade malignancy with favorable prognosis. When tumors are composed exclusively of oncocytic cells, exhibit minimal cytological atypia, and lack the classical cellular components of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, they are highly prone to misdiagnosis as oncocytoma, nodular oncocytic hyperplasia, or other benign oncocytic lesions. Accurate differential diagnosis relies on recognition of infiltrative growth patterns, supportive immunophenotypic markers (e.g., P63 positivity), and detection of characteristic MAML2 gene rearrangement. Complete surgical excision remains the treatment of choice. Conclusion OMEC dominated by oncocytic cells carries a high risk of clinical misdiagnosis. Integrating the assessment Conclusion OMEC dominated by oncocytic cells carries a high risk of clinical misdiagnosis. Integrating the assessment of infiltrative histopathological features with immunohistochemistry and molecular detection of MAML2 rearrangement is crucial for accurate diagnosis, appropriate assessment of tumor behavior, and optimal surgical decision making.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of gemcitabine and cisplatin (GP) regimen in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitor sintilimab as neoadjuvant therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients and the feasibility of the following selective bladder sparing surgery. Materials and Methods: Patients with histopathologically confirmed urothelial carcinoma without distant metastases (T2-4a, N ≤ 1, M0, American Joint Committee of Cancer 8th) and with adequate organ function will be enrolled. The therapeutic regimen was sintilimab 200 mg once on day 8, gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 and cisplatin 35 mg/m2 once on days 1 and 8, every 21 days for four cycles. The primary endpoint was pathologic complete response (pCR, pT0N0) rate. The secondary end points were ypT < 2 rate, R0 resection rate, event-free survival, and safety. Results: From May 4, 2020, to May 20, 2023, 55 patients were enrolled. Forty-six patients were evaluated for efficacy. Among the 42 patients who underwent surgery, 16 patients (38.0%) achieved pCR. Thirty-three patients (78.6%) achieved pT < 2. With a median follow-up of 15.7 months, the 1-year event-free survival was 91.3%. Notwithstanding the poor pathological baseline characteristic of a high T3-T4a proportion (39.1%), a promising bladder preservation (including 22 patients transurethral resection of bladder tumor, 5 patients partial cystectomy, and 4 surveillances) rate was achieved (67.4%). The most common grade ≥ 3 treatment-related adverse events was neutropenia (n=15, 27.3%), which was related to chemotherapy. There were no grade 3 immune-related adverse events. Conclusion Neoadjuvant GP plus sintilimab is a promising regimen for MIBC patients, with relatively high pT < 2 rate and triggering the emerging roles for the multi-disciplinary team decision-making for bladder sparing surgery.

Objective: To systematically analyze the stability and decay kinetics of coagulation factors in thawed cryoprecipitate stored at different temperatures under the new storage guidelines, and to provide an evidence basis for optimizing storage strategies. Methods: A total of 30 bags of 2U cryoprecipitate prepared at our blood center from January to June 2025 were selected. After thawing in a 37℃ water bath and thorough mixing, each bag was equally divided into two portions and stored at room temperature (20-24℃) or under refrigerated temperature (2~6℃), respectively. Dynamic sampling was performed at 0, 4, 6, 24, 30, and 120 h after thawing to measure fibrinogen (FIB) content, coagulation factor Ⅷ(FⅧ) activity, and von Willebrand factor (vWF) activity. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to evaluate the effects of storage temperature, time, and their interaction. A one-phase exponential decay model was applied to fit the decay kinetics of FⅧ activity and vWF activity. Results: After thawing, FⅧ activity and vWF activity in cryoprecipitate showed a decreasing trend with prolonged storage time, and a time×temperature interaction was observed for both factors (all P< 0.001). The decay rates of FⅧ activity and vWF activity were lower under room temperature storage than under refrigerated storage, with statistically significant differences between the two groups starting from 24 h. Kinetic fitting revealed that the half-life of FⅧ activity in the room temperature group (19.83 h) was 3.4 times longer than that in the refrigerated group (5.85 h); the half-life of vWF activity in the room temperature group (204.6 h) was 5.9 times longer than that in the refrigerated group (34.6 h). FIB content remained stable throughout the observation period under both storage temperatures, with no statistically significant differences. Conclusion: Storage of thawed cryoprecipitate at room temperature effectively delays the loss of FⅧ activity and vWF activity and reduces cryoprecipitate formation induced by low temperature, providing experimental evidence for optimizing transfusion strategies based on the decay kinetics of different coagulation factors and improving the utilization efficiency of cryoprecipitate resources.

Objective To gain insights into the biological characteristics of different populations of Culex tritaeniorhynchus within and around the Yellow Sea wetland from the perspective of the occurrence of resistance, we investigated the levels of resistance to deltamethrin and kdr gene mutation in the wetland and its peripheral areas. Methods Specimens were collected from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus populations at two monitoring sites in the Rare Bird National Nature Reserve and Tiaozi Ni Wetland Scenic Area, and also from two populations in Yancheng City and the Liuhe District of Nanjing, and the resistance of these mosquitoes to deltamethrin was determined using the CDC biotest bottle method. For each concentration of deltamethrin assessed, a random subset of exposed specimens was selected for amplification of the kdr gene fragment, followed by Sanger sequencing to identify and analyze resistance-associated mutations. Results The LC50 levels of deltamethrin among mosquitoes from the four populations in Luhe, Yancheng, the Rare Bird National Nature Reserve and the Tiaozi Ni Wetland Scenic Area were 2.048 5, 7.798 2, 3.473 3, and 17.695 5 mg/mL, respectively, with corresponding concentrations of deltamethrin ranging from 0.005 to 5.000,0.050 to 50.000,0.050 to 25.000 and 0.050 to 50.000 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the ranges of the KT50 values were 11.76-107.43, 67.05-216.30,29.77-107.43 and 28.40-329.51 min; the 1-h knockdown rates were 34.58%-99.15%, 9.52%-43.80%, 55.09%-73.01%, and 10.09%-68.07%; and the 24-h mortality rates were 12.15%-67.52%,9.52%-79.56%,13.17%-82.21%, and 11.01%-78.99%, respectively. With respect to kdr gene mutation, we assayed a total of 63,70,59, and 57 mosquitoes for the four populations, for which we detected L1014F mutation frequencies of 14.29%, 35.00%, 20.34%, and 31.58%, respectively, with a majority of these mutations being heterozygous for resistance. In addition, five adult mosquitoes were identified has having synonymous mutations at site 1011[i. e. , AAT(asparagine)mutation to AAC(asparagine)]. Conclusions Our findings revealed the clear resistance of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus to deltamethrin in the Yancheng region of the Yellow Sea wetland, and the resistance phenotype and kdr frequency of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the wetland environment were comparable to those of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the wetland environment, thereby indicating that the resistance of different populations of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was homogeneous under the pressure of different insecticide selection within and around the wetland. However, the underlying mechanisms need to be further studied.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of astragaloside IV (AS-IV) on podocyte injury of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and reveal its potential mechanism. METHODS: In in vitro experiment, podocytes were divided into 4 groups, normal, high glucose (HG), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE-1) α activator (HG+thapsigargin 1 µmol/L), and IRE-1α inhibitor (HG+STF-083010, 20 µmol/L) groups. Additionally, podocytes were divided into 4 groups, including normal, HG, AS-IV (HG+AS-IV 20 µmol/L), and IRE-1α inhibitor (HG+STF-083010, 20 µmol/L) groups, respectively. After 24 h treatment, the morphology of podocytes and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was observed by electron microscopy. The expressions of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and IRE-1α were detected by cellular immunofluorescence. In in vivo experiment, DN rat model was established via a consecutive 3-day intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) injections. A total of 40 rats were assigned into the normal, DN, AS-IV [AS-IV 40 mg/(kg·d)], and IRE-1α inhibitor [STF-083010, 10 mg/(kg·d)] groups (n=10), respectively. The general condition, 24-h urine volume, random blood glucose, urinary protein excretion rate (UAER), urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (SCr) levels of rats were measured after 8 weeks of intervention. Pathological changes in the renal tissue were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot were used to detect the expressions of GRP78, IRE-1α, nuclear factor kappa Bp65 (NF-κBp65), interleukin (IL)-1β, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), caspase-1, gasdermin D-N (GSDMD-N), and nephrin at the mRNA and protein levels in vivo and in vitro, respectively. RESULTS: Cytoplasmic vacuolation and ER swelling were observed in the HG and IRE-1α activator groups. Podocyte morphology and ER expansion were improved in AS-IV and IRE-1α inhibitor groups compared with HG group. Cellular immunofluorescence showed that compared with the normal group, the fluorescence intensity of GRP78 and IRE-1α in the HG and IRE-1α activator groups were significantly increased whereas decreased in AS-IV and IRE-1α inhibitor groups (P<0.05). Compared with the normal group, the mRNA and protein expressions of GRP78, IRE-1α, NF-κ Bp65, IL-1β, NLRP3, caspase-1 and GSDMD-N in the HG group was increased (P<0.05). Compared with HG group, the expression of above indices was decreased in the AS-IV and IRE-1α inhibitor groups, and the expression in the IRE-1α activator group was increased (P<0.05). The expression of nephrin was decreased in the HG group, and increased in AS-IV and IRE-1α inhibitor groups (P<0.05). The in vivo experiment results revealed that compared to the normal group, the levels of blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, BUN, blood creatinine and urinary protein in the DN group were higher (P<0.05). Compared with DN group, the above indices in AS-IV and IRE-1α inhibitor groups were decreased (P<0.05). HE staining revealed glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial widening and mesangial cell proliferation in the renal tissue of the DN group. Compared with the DN group, the above pathological changes in renal tissue of AS-IV and IRE-1α inhibitor groups were alleviated. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot results of GRP78, IRE-1α, NF-κ Bp65, IL-1β, NLRP3, caspase-1 and GSDMD-N were consistent with immunofluorescence analysis. CONCLUSION AS-IV could reduce ERS and inflammation, improve podocyte pyroptosis, thus exerting a podocyte-protective effect in DN, through regulating IRE-1α/NF-κ B/NLRP3 signaling pathway.
Podocytes/metabolism* ; Animals ; Diabetic Nephropathies/metabolism* ; Saponins/therapeutic use* ; Triterpenes/therapeutic use* ; Signal Transduction/drug effects* ; NF-kappa B/metabolism* ; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism* ; Male ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism* ; Endoribonucleases/metabolism* ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP ; Rats ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications* ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism* ; Multienzyme Complexes

OBJECTIVES: Oblique lateral interbody fusion (OLIF) has become a well-established treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) due to its advantages of being minimally invasive, effective, and associated with fewer complications. However, relying solely on lateral fixation provides limited strength and uneven load distribution. Conventional posterior bilateral fixation after OLIF typically requires intraoperative repositioning, increases fluoroscopy frequency, and involves extensive dissection of posterior muscles and soft tissues, resulting in greater trauma, blood loss, and risks of dural tear, nerve root injury, and persistent postoperative low back pain. This study aims to compare the clinical efficacy of robot-assisted single-position OLIF with lateral plating and posterior unilateral fixation, OLIF with lateral fixation alone, and OLIF combined with posterior bilateral fixation for treating single-segment LSS, and to explore how to enhance fixation stability, reduce trauma, and achieve precise minimally invasive outcomes without changing patient positioning. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data from patients treated for single-segment LSS between January 2020 and June 2023 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University. Patients were divided into 3 groups: Robot group (robot-assisted single-position OLIF with lateral plate and posterior unilateral fixation, 33 cases), lateral group (OLIF with lateral fixation alone, 52 cases), and combined group (OLIF with posterior bilateral fixation, 45 cases). Surgical time, intraoperative blood loss, fluoroscopy frequency, hospital stay, pedicle screw placement accuracy, and complication rates were recorded. Pain visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores were assessed preoperatively, postoperatively, and at the final follow-up. Radiological evaluations (X-ray, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging) measured interbody disc height (IDH), intervertebral foraminal height (IFH), and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the dural sac. Differences between pre- and postoperative imaging indices were statistically analyzed, and complication rates, fusion rates, and cage subsidence rates were recorded. RESULTS: All patients exhibited good positioning of internal fixation devices and cages, with significant symptom relief and no cases of spinal cord injury or symptom worsening. The follow-up time was (15.2±3.6) months. The operation time of the robot group was (70.62±8.99) min, which was longer than that of the lateral group (45.90±6.09) min and shorter than that of the combined group (110.12±8.44) min. The intraoperative blood loss of the robot group was (44.27±6.87) mL, which was more than that of the lateral group (33.58±9.73) mL and less than that of the combined group (79.19±10.35) mL. The number of intraoperative fluoroscopy times of the robot group was (9.49±2.25), which was comparable to that of the lateral group (7.45±2.02) but less than that of the combined group (12.24±4.25). The hospital stay of the robot group was (9.28±2.10) days, which was longer than that of the lateral group (7.95±1.91) days and shorter than that of the combined group (12.49±5.07) days. The screw placement accuracy of the robot group was 98.48%, which was higher than that of the combined group (90.55%). Postoperative and final follow-up VAS and ODI scores were significantly lower than preoperative scores in all 3 groups (all P<0.05), and there were no significant differences in preoperative VAS and ODI scores among the groups (all P>0.05). Radiologically, IDH, IFH, and CSA at the surgical segment were significantly increased postoperatively and at final follow-up compared to preoperatively and at final follow-up compared to preoperative values (all P<0.05), with no significant differences among the groups postoperatively (all P>0.05). Internal fixation remained stable during the follow-up period, and all cages achieved fusion at final follow-up. The intervertebral fusion rate of the robot-assisted group was 93.40%, which was similar to that of the combined group (95.56%) and higher than that of the lateral approach group (90.34%). The complication rate of the robot-assisted group was 6.1%, which was comparable to that of the combined group (8.9%) and lower than that of the lateral approach group (15.4%) (P<0.05). No cases of fixation loosening or breakage were observed throughout the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS Robot-assisted single-position OLIF with lateral plate combined with posterior unilateral fixation effectively achieves indirect decompression and excellent spinal stability without the need for intraoperative repositioning. It provides high pedicle screw accuracy, reduces intraoperative blood loss, fluoroscopy times, and complication rates, offering a fully minimally invasive new treatment option for single-segment LSS.
Humans ; Spinal Stenosis/surgery* ; Robotic Surgical Procedures/methods* ; Lumbar Vertebrae/surgery* ; Spinal Fusion/instrumentation* ; Male ; Female ; Retrospective Studies ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Treatment Outcome ; Bone Plates ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures/methods* ; Adult

Given that ovarian stimulation is vital for assisted reproductive technology (ART) and results in elevated serum estrogen levels, exploring the impact of elevated estrogen exposure on oocytes and embryos is necessary. We investigated the effects of various ovarian stimulation treatments on oocyte and embryo morphology and gene expression using a mouse model and estrogen-treated mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Female C57BL/6J mice were subjected to two types of conventional ovarian stimulation and ovarian hyperstimulation; mice treated with only normal saline served as controls. Hyperstimulation resulted in high serum estrogen levels, enlarged ovaries, an increased number of aberrant oocytes, and decreased embryo formation. The messenger RNA (mRNA)‍-sequencing of oocytes revealed the dysregulated expression of lysine-specific demethylase 6b (Kdm6b), which may be a key factor indicating hyperstimulation-induced aberrant oocytes and embryos. In vitro, Kdm6b expression was downregulated in mESCs treated with high-dose estrogen; treatment with an estrogen receptor antagonist could reverse this downregulated expression level. Furthermore, treatment with high-dose estrogen resulted in the upregulated expression of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) and phosphorylated H2A histone family member X (γ-H2AX). Notably, knockdown of Kdm6b and high estrogen levels hindered the formation of embryoid bodies, with a concomitant increase in the expression of H3K27me3 and γ-H2AX. Collectively, our findings revealed that hyperstimulation-induced high-dose estrogen could impair the demethylation of H3K27me3 by reducing Kdm6b expression. Accordingly, Kdm6b could be a promising marker for clinically predicting ART outcomes in patients with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
Female ; Mice ; Demethylation/drug effects* ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; Estrogens/administration & dosage* ; Gene Expression/drug effects* ; Histones/metabolism* ; Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases/metabolism* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Oocytes ; Ovary/drug effects* ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted ; Animals

Acetaminophen (APAP) is the primary cause of drug-induced acute liver failure. Ovarian tumor deubiquitinase 6A (OTUD6A), a recently discovered deubiquitinase of the OTU family, has been primarily studied in tumor contexts. However, its role in APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the involvement of OTUD6A in the pathogenesis of AILI. Our findings demonstrated a substantial upregulation of OTUD6A in both the liver tissue and isolated hepatocytes of mice following APAP stimulation. OTUD6A knockout exacerbated APAP-induced inflammation, hepatocyte necrosis, and liver injury, whereas OTUD6A overexpression alleviated these pathologies. Mechanistically, OTUD6A directly interacted with the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and selectively removed K48-linked polyubiquitin chains from EZH2, enhancing its stability. This resulted in increased protein levels of EZH2 and H3K27me3, as well as reduced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cell death in hepatocytes. Collectively, our research uncovers a novel role for OTUD6A in mitigating APAP-induced liver injury by promoting EZH2 stabilization.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the active components that mediate the therapeutic effect of Centella asiatica on psoriasis and their therapeutic mechanisms. METHODS: TCMSP, TCMIP, PharmMapper, Swiss Target Prediction, GeneCards, OMIM and TTD databases were searched for the compounds in Centella asiatica and their targets and the disease targets of psoriasis. A drug-active component-target network and the protein-protein interaction network were constructed, and DAVID database was used for pathway enrichment analysis. In a RAW264.7 macrophage model of LPS-induced inflammation, the anti-inflammatory effect of 7.5, 15, 30, and 60 μmol/L quercetin, asiaticoside, and asiatic acid, which were identified as the main active components in Centella asiatica, were tested by measuring cellular production of NO, TNF‑α and IL-6 using Griess method and ELISA and by detecting mRNA expressions of IL-23, IL-17A, TNF-α and IL-6 and protein expressions of p-STAT3 (Tyr705) and p-STAT3 (Ser727) with RT-qPCR and Western blotting. RESULTS: A total of 139 targets of Centella asiatica and 4604 targets of psoriasis were obtained, and among them CASP3, EGFR, PTGS2, and ESR1 were identified as the core targets. KEGG analysis suggested that quercetin, asiaticoside, and asiatic acid in Centella asiatica were involved in cancer and IL-17 and MAPK signaling pathways. In the RAW264.7 macrophage model of inflammation, treatment with quercetin significantly reduced cellular production of NO, TNF‑α and IL-6, and lowered mRNA expressions of IL-23, IL-17A, TNF‑α and IL-6 and protein expressions of p-STAT3 (Tyr705) and p-STAT3 (Ser727). CONCLUSIONS Quercetin, asiaticoside and asiatic acid are the main active components in Centella asiatica to mediate the therapeutic effect against psoriasis, and quercetin in particular is capable of suppressing cellular production of NO, TNF‑α and IL-6 and regulating the IL-23/IL-17A inflammatory axis by mediating STAT3 phosphorylation to inhibit inflammatory response.
Quercetin/pharmacology* ; Psoriasis/metabolism* ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism* ; Mice ; Animals ; Centella/chemistry* ; Triterpenes/pharmacology* ; Phosphorylation ; Interleukin-17/metabolism* ; Interleukin-23/metabolism* ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Pentacyclic Triterpenes/pharmacology* ; Macrophages/drug effects* ; Signal Transduction ; Plant Extracts

OBJECTIVES: To elucidate the anti-aging effect of β-sitosterol (BS), an important component in the fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq., in C. elegans and its regulatory effect on ETS-5 gene to modulate ferroptosis. METHODS: C. elegans treated with 10 µg/mL BS were monitored for survival time and changes in body length, motility, and reproductive function. The effect of ETS-5 gene knockdown on survival time of C. elegans was observed, and the changes in fat accumulation and lipid redox homeostasis in the transfected C. elegans were assessed using Oil Red O staining and by detecting MDA levels and the GSH/GSSG ratio. The mRNA expression levels of ferroptosis-related genes (FTN-1, GPX-1 and AAT-9) were detected using qPCR. The effects of BS treatment and ETS-5 knockdown on AAT-9 enzyme activity in C. elegans were examined. The effect of BS on nuclear localization of FEV (the human homolog of ETS-5) was validated in cultured human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVECs). RESULTS: Both BS treatment and ETS-5 knockdown significantly prolonged the lifespan, promoted lipid accumulation and reduced lipid peroxidation in C. elegans. ETS-5 knockdown resulted in upregulated expressions of the ferroptosis repressors GPX-1, AAT-9 and FTN-1 and increased the GSH/GSSG ratio in C. elegans. CONCLUSIONS BS inhibits ferroptosis in C. elegans by suppressing the expression of ETS-5 transcription factor and hence the activity of AAT-9 enzyme, a key gene for ferroptosis, which in turn prolongs the lifespan of C. elegans.
Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/physiology* ; Ferroptosis/drug effects* ; Alpinia/chemistry* ; Sitosterols/pharmacology* ; Longevity/drug effects* ; Fruit/chemistry* ; Humans