Retinal neovascular diseases represent a critical subset of retinal diseases that severely impair vision and can lead to blindness. In recent years, artificial intelligence(AI)has demonstrated breakthrough applications in the medical field, particularly in ophthalmology, leveraging its robust capabilities in image recognition and data analysis. Machine learning and deep learning, as core AI technologies, enable precise feature extraction from vast volumes of medical imaging data and the construction of predictive models, offering novel approaches for the auxiliary diagnosis and prognosis of retinal neovascular diseases. This review synthesizes the latest advancements in AI applications for neovascular retinal diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity, and age-related macular degeneration. It further discusses the limitations and challenges in clinical implementation. Through a comprehensive summary and analysis, this review aims to provide insights for advancing AI-driven diagnosis and treatment strategies, ultimately facilitating early detection and predictive management of these vision-threatening diseases.

In this paper， by referring to ancient and modern literature， the textual research of Inulae Flos has been conducted to clarify the name， origin， production area， quality evaluation， harvesting， processing and others， so as to provide reference and basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing this herb. After textual research， it could be verified that the medicinal use of Inulae Flos was first recorded in Shennong Bencaojing of the Han dynasty. In successive dynasties， Xuanfuhua has been taken as the official name， and it also has other alternative names such as Jinfeicao， Daogeng and Jinqianhua. The period before the Song and Yuan dynasties， the main origin of Inulae Flos was the Asteraceae plant Inula japonica， and from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the present， I. japonica and I. britannica are the primary source. In addition to the dominant basal species， there are also regional species such as I. linariifolia， I. helianthus-aquatili， and I. hupehensis. The earliest recorded production areas in ancient times were Henan， Hubei and other places， and the literature records that it has been distributed throughout the country since modern times. The medicinal part is its flower， the harvesting and processing method recorded in the past dynasties is mainly harvested in the fifth and ninth lunar months， and dried in the sun， and the modern harvesting is mostly harvested in summer and autumn when the flowers bloom， in order to remove impurities， dry in the shade or dry in the sun. In addition， the roots， whole herbs and aerial parts are used as medicinal materials. In ancient times， there were no records about the quality of Inulae Flos， and in modern times， it is generally believed that the quality of complete flower structure， small receptacles， large blooms， yellow petals， long filaments， many fluffs， no fragments， and no branches is better. Ancient processing methods primarily involved cleaning， steaming， and sun-drying， supplemented by techniques such as boiling， roasting， burning， simmering， stir-frying， and honey-processing. Modern processing focuses mainly on cleaning the stems and leaves before use. Regarding the medicinal properties， ancient texts describe it as salty and sweet in taste， slightly warm in nature， and mildly toxic. Modern studies characterize it as bitter， pungent， and salty in taste， with a slightly warm nature. Its therapeutic effects remain consistent across eras， including descending Qi， resolving phlegm， promoting diuresis， and stopping vomiting. Based on the research results， it is recommended that when developing famous classical formulas containing Inulae Flos， either I. japonica or I. britannica should be used as the medicinal source. Processing methods should follow formula requirements， where no processing instructions are specified， the raw products may be used after cleaning.

In this paper， by referring to ancient and modern literature， the textual research of Inulae Flos has been conducted to clarify the name， origin， production area， quality evaluation， harvesting， processing and others， so as to provide reference and basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing this herb. After textual research， it could be verified that the medicinal use of Inulae Flos was first recorded in Shennong Bencaojing of the Han dynasty. In successive dynasties， Xuanfuhua has been taken as the official name， and it also has other alternative names such as Jinfeicao， Daogeng and Jinqianhua. The period before the Song and Yuan dynasties， the main origin of Inulae Flos was the Asteraceae plant Inula japonica， and from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the present， I. japonica and I. britannica are the primary source. In addition to the dominant basal species， there are also regional species such as I. linariifolia， I. helianthus-aquatili， and I. hupehensis. The earliest recorded production areas in ancient times were Henan， Hubei and other places， and the literature records that it has been distributed throughout the country since modern times. The medicinal part is its flower， the harvesting and processing method recorded in the past dynasties is mainly harvested in the fifth and ninth lunar months， and dried in the sun， and the modern harvesting is mostly harvested in summer and autumn when the flowers bloom， in order to remove impurities， dry in the shade or dry in the sun. In addition， the roots， whole herbs and aerial parts are used as medicinal materials. In ancient times， there were no records about the quality of Inulae Flos， and in modern times， it is generally believed that the quality of complete flower structure， small receptacles， large blooms， yellow petals， long filaments， many fluffs， no fragments， and no branches is better. Ancient processing methods primarily involved cleaning， steaming， and sun-drying， supplemented by techniques such as boiling， roasting， burning， simmering， stir-frying， and honey-processing. Modern processing focuses mainly on cleaning the stems and leaves before use. Regarding the medicinal properties， ancient texts describe it as salty and sweet in taste， slightly warm in nature， and mildly toxic. Modern studies characterize it as bitter， pungent， and salty in taste， with a slightly warm nature. Its therapeutic effects remain consistent across eras， including descending Qi， resolving phlegm， promoting diuresis， and stopping vomiting. Based on the research results， it is recommended that when developing famous classical formulas containing Inulae Flos， either I. japonica or I. britannica should be used as the medicinal source. Processing methods should follow formula requirements， where no processing instructions are specified， the raw products may be used after cleaning.

ObjectiveMigraine is a leading neurological disorder and the fourth most common cause of years lived with disability worldwide, affecting nearly 116 million individuals. Although pharmacological treatments are available, their efficacy is often limited by side effects and variable response rates. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) offers a safe, non-invasive alternative for migraine management. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms, particularly how rTMS modulates local cortical excitability and distributed pain-related circuits, remain poorly understood. Elucidating these mechanisms is essential for optimizing treatment protocols and improving clinical outcomes. MethodsThis study employed concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) to investigate neuroplastic and neurocircuitry mechanisms of DLPFC-rTMS in migraine. Study 1 compared 30 migraineurs and 28 healthy controls to identify abnormalities in TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) and significant current density (SCD) within sensory-discriminative regions including the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and posterior insula (pINS), cognitive-affective regions including the anterior insula (aINS) and midcingulate cortex (MCC), and a descending modulatory region, the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Study 2 used a single-blind, crossover, sham-controlled design in 34 healthy participants. Each participant received both active (10 Hz, 80% RMT, 1 500 pulses) and sham DLPFC-rTMS in counterbalanced order. TMS-EEG and cold pain tolerance were assessed before and after each session. ResultsIn Study 1, migraineurs showed a significantly less negative N120 amplitude compared to healthy controls (P=0.027, Cohen’s d=0.60), indicating local intracortical disinhibition. No group differences were observed for N40, P60, or P180 components. At the source level, migraineurs exhibited significantly higher SCD in the S1, pINS, aINS, and MCC (allQ<0.05), but not in the ventroposterior thalamus (vpTHAL), mediodorsal thalamus (mdTHAL), or PAG. In Study 2, active rTMS significantly reduced SCD from pre- to post-stimulation in the S1, aINS, and MCC (all Q<0.05). Sham stimulation also reduced SCD in the S1 (Q<0.05) but not in the aINS or MCC. Although no significant group-level analgesic effect was observed between active and sham conditions (P=0.107), correlation analyses revealed that greater SCD reductions in the S1 and MCC were significantly associated with higher post-rTMS pain tolerance (R=-0.487 and -0.495, both Q<0.01) and larger improvements in pain tolerance(R=-0.487 and -0.451, both Q<0.05). No such correlations were found following sham stimulation, suggesting that the behavioural relevance of neural changes is specific to active rTMS. ConclusionThis study provides novel evidence that migraineurs exhibit both local neuroplastic abnormalities (reduced N120 amplitude) and hyperactivity in key pain-processing regions (S1, pINS, aINS, MCC). A single session of DLPFC-rTMS reduced hyperactivity in the aINS, MCC, and S1. Notably, greater reductions in the S1 and MCC were associated with improved pain tolerance. These findings identify distinct cortical circuitries, particularly within the cognitive-affective pain network, that may serve as potential biomarkers for optimizing rTMS treatment in migraine and other chronic pain conditions. Future studies should validate these results in patient populations experiencing spontaneous migraine attacks and explore multi-session or accelerated rTMS protocols.

Objective:To analyze the relationship between serum GATA binding protein-3(GATA3)and eosinophilic cationic protein(ECP)and lung function indexes in children with obliterated bronchiolitis and their predictive value for poor prognosis.Methods:96 children with bronchiolitis obliterans admitted to our hospital from January 2022 to July 2024 were divided into mild group(34 cases)and moderate to severe group(62 cases)according to their severity.Serum GATA3,ECP levels and lung function indexes were detected in the two groups,and Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between serum GATA3,ECP levels and lung function indexes.According to the levels of serum GATA3 and ECP,they were divided into high GATA3 group and low GATA3 group,high ECP group and low ECP group.The incidence of adverse prognosis in different groups was compared.Area under ROC curve(AUC)was used to evaluate the predictive efficacy of serum GATA3 combined with ECP for poor prognosis.Results:The levels of serum GATA3 and ECP in moderate and severe group were higher than those in mild group(P＜0.05).By Pearson correlation analysis,serum GATA3 and ECP levels were negatively correlated with tidal volume(VT),peak-to-expiratory volume(VPEFNE)and peak-to-time ratio(TPTEF/TE)in children with bronchiolitis obliterans(P＜0.05).The incidence of adverse prognosis in the high GATA3 group was higher than that in the low GATA3 group,and the incidence of adverse prognosis in the high ECP group was higher than that in the low ECP group(P＜0.05).ROC curve analysis showed that serum GATA3 combined with ECP had a sensitivity of 90.45％,specificity of 52.37％and AUC of 0.893 in predicting adverse prognosis of children with bronchiolitis obliterans.Conclusion:Serum GATA3 and ECP are closely related to pulmonary function indexes in children with bronchiolitis obliterans.The combined effect of GATA3 and ECP is better in predicting poor prognosis,and it has a certain suggestive role in evaluating the disease.

Objective By comparing the prevalence and mortality of dementia among rural people in Xi'an in 1997 and 2014 to clarify the epidemiological changes of dementia among rural people in the city over 17 years.Methods In 1997 and 2014,people aged 55 and above in villages in Xi'an were selected by random cluster sampling method,and face-to-face questionnaire survey was conducted by combining centralized and home visits.Dementia and its subtypes were diagnosed by"the three-step method";the changes of dementia prevalence and mortality were compared between the two surveys.Results The prevalence of dementia among rural residents aged 55 and above in Xi'an was 3.49％in 1997,with age-gender standardized prevalence of 2.08％.In 2014,the prevalence of dementia was 4.25％,with age-gender standardized prevalence of 2.78％.Over the 17 years,the prevalence of dementia increased by 1.79 times(OR=1.79,95％CI:1.20-2.65,P=0.004),with a 1.9-fold increase in females and a 1.67-fold increase in males.The mortality of dementia patients was 61.76‰ and age-gender standardized mortality was 60.20‰ in 1997,while the mortality was 35.71‰ and age-gender standardized mortality was 34.18‰ in 2014.The mortality of dementia decreased by 33％over the 17 years(HR=0.33,95％CI:0.15-0.74,P=0.007).Conclusion The prevalence of dementia in rural areas of Xi'an increased significantly over the 17 years,but the mortality rate decreased,and this trend was more obvious in women.

Objective To investigate the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and cognitive decline.Methods Data were obtained from the cognitive impairment cohort of middle-aged and elderly population in rural areas of Xi'an City.The cohort consisted of residents aged 40 years and older in two villages of Huyi District,Xi'an.The baseline survey was completed between October 2014 and March 2015,with two follow-up visits in 2016 and 2018.The present study was conducted on cognitively normal people at baseline.Individual characteristics,lifestyle,and medical history were collected;physical and biochemical examinations were completed.According to medical history of T2DM and fasting blood glucose,the study population was divided into non-T2DM group,pre-existing T2DM group,and new-onset T2DM group.The Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE)was used to assess global cognitive function.Participants with a drop of≥2 points in MMSE score from baseline after 4 years were defined as having cognitive decline.Chi-square test and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were employed to analyze the effect of T2DM status on the risk of cognitive decline.Results A total of 1 350 subjects completed the follow-up.In the follow-up population,1 096(81.2％)were free of T2DM,158(11.7％)already had T2DM at baseline,and 96(7.1％)developed new-onset T2DM during the follow-up.Cognitive decline was observed in 230 individuals after 4 years,representing 17.0％of the study population.The new-onset T2DM group had the highest 4-year incidence of cognitive decline(non-T2DM group vs.pre-existing T2DM group vs.new-onset T2DM group:15.7％vs.20.9％vs.26.0％,P=0.014),and the incidence of cognitive decline in the newly-onset T2DM group was significantly higher than that in the non-T2DM group(P=0.009).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the new-onset T2DM group had an increased risk of cognitive decline compared with the non-T2DM group within 4 years(OR=1.726,95％CI:1.029-2.896,P=0.039).However,no significant difference in 4-year risk of cognitive decline in the pre-existing T2DM group was observed(OR=1.402,95％CI:0.890-2.210,P=0.145).Conclusion Through the 4-year follow-up study of cognitively normal adults aged 40 and above in rural Xi'an,it was found that new-onset T2DM patients face a significantly elevated risk of cognitive decline,suggesting that cognitive decline may occur in the early stage of T2DM.

Objective To explore the relationship between plasma amyloid-β(Aβ)and cognitive impairment.Methods A total of all villagers(aged 40 years and above)from two villages of Xi'an,China,were enrolled.A validated Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination and neuropsychological battery were used to assess cognition.Levels of fasting plasma Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 were tested using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Relationship between plasma Aβ and cognitive impairment was analyzed using Logistic regression analysis.Results Of the 1 314 enrolled subjects,1 180(89.80％)had normal cognition,85(6.47％)had suspected cognitive impairment,and 49(3.73％)had probable cognitive impairment.Univariate analysis showed that plasma Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio was higher in the suspected cognitive impairment group than in the probable cognitive impairment group(P＜0.05)and normal cognitive group(P＜0.05);plasma Aβ1-42 level in the suspected cognitive impairment group was higher than that in normal cognitive group(P＜0.05).The level of Aβ1-40 did not differ between the three groups.After correcting for confounding factors(including age,gender,degree of education,cognitive impairment risk factors,habits of living)in the multivariate Logistic regression analysis,the results were consistent with those in the univariate analysis.Conclusion Levels of plasma Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio were elevated in patients with suspected cognitive impairment,indicating that elevated plasma Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio may be more pronounced in early stage of cognitive impairment.They may be early biomarkers for cognitive impairment,which can help identify and intervene the disease earlier.

Objective To explore the relationship between carotid atherosclerosis(CAS)and cognitive impairment in the stroke high-risk population aged 40 years and above in the rural area of Xi'an City and determine whether CAS is a risk factor for cognitive impairment.Methods In this study,stroke high-risk population found in the Community and Rural Population Stroke High-risk Group Screening and Intervention Project carried out in Huyi District,Xi'an City,from October 2014 to March 2015 were selected as the research subjects.Color Doppler ultrasound was used to evaluate CAS,and CAS was defined as:carotid intima-media thickness(CIMT)≥1.0 mm,or carotid arteries(including common carotid artery,carotid sinus,internal carotid artery,and external carotid artery)have atherosclerotic plaques,or carotid stenosis.Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE)was used to assess cognitive function.The MMSE score lower than the cut-off value(illiteracy ≤17,primary school ≤ 20 points,and junior high school and above education level ≤24 points)is defined as cognitive impairment.The study population was grouped according to the presence of CAS or cognitive impairment;univariate difference test and bivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship between CAS and cognitive impairment.Results A total of 451 subjects were included in the analysis.The average age of the subjects was(58.7±9.83)years old,and 44.3％were female.Among them,329 cases(72.9％)had CAS and 57 cases(12.6％)met the diagnostic criteria for cognitive impairment.The prevalence of cognitive impairment in CAS group was significantly higher than that in non-CAS group(14.6％vs.7.4％,P=0.041).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that cognitive impairment was significantly correlated with age(OR=1.121,95％CI:1.056-1.189,P＜0.001),but not with CAS(OR=1.008,95％CI:0.202-5.170,P=0.992).Conclusion No significant association between CAS and cognitive impairment was found in high stroke risk group aged 40 and above in rural areas of Xi'an.

Objective To investigate the correlation between coronary heart disease(CHD)and cognitive impairment in rural populations aged 40 and above.Methods From October 2014 to March 2015,all residents aged 40 and above from two villages in Huyi District,Xi'an,were selected as study subjects.Information regarding their demographics,lifestyle habits,medical history,family history,physical examinations,and biochemical tests was collected.The participants were categorized into those with and without the history of CHD.Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE),with scores below the cutoff(illiteracy≤17;primary school≤20;junior high school and above≤24)defined as cognitive impairment.Chi-square test was used to compare the prevalence of cognitive impairment between the CHD and non-CHD groups.Multivariate Logistic regression was employed to adjust for confounding factors in analyzing the relationship between CHD and cognitive impairment.Results A total of 1 833 subjects were included in the analysis,comprising 735 males(40.1％)and 57 individuals with CHD(3.1％).Among them,234 participants(13.3％)met the criteria for cognitive impairment.Univariate analysis showed a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment in the CHD group compared to the non-CHD group(24.6％vs.12.9％,P=0.016).Unadjusted binary Logistic regression analysis indicated a positive correlation between CHD and cognitive impairment(OR=2.199,95％CI:1.185-4.084,P=0.013).However,after adjusting for confounding factors such as gender,age,education level,hypertension,diabetes,dyslipidemia,stroke history and BMI,the association between CHD and cognitive impairment was not statistically significant(OR=1.265,95％CI:0.656-2.441,P=0.483).In the stratified analysis,among diabetic patients,CHD was significantly associated with a high risk of cognitive impairment(OR=4.191,95％CI:1.464-12.000,P=0.008).The prevalence of cognitive impairment significantly increased in patients with CHD combined with diabetes(OR=4.712,95％CI:1.651-13.449,P=0.004).Conclusion This study did not establish a direct association between CHD and cognitive impairment.However,this study suggests that the presence of CHD and diabetes mellitus is significantly associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment.Future prospective studies with larger sample sizes should be conducted to further confirm the relationship between the two.