Rheumatoid arthritis （RA） is a common autoimmune disease characterised clinically by symmetrical joint pain， swelling， and stiffness. Long-term chronic synovial inflammation can lead to severe joint damage and even disability， thereby affecting quality of life for patients. Current clinical treatment of RA emphasises an integrated approach combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine， with traditional Chinese medicine offering certain advantages in reducing disease activity of RA， preventing relapses， and other aspects. Modern clinical evidence confirms that Guizhi Shaoyao Zhimutang （GSZT） is effective in improving symptoms such as immune metabolism， joint stiffness， and joint pain in RA patients. Pharmacological studies have revealed that GSZT primarily contains components such as cinnamaldehyde， total glucosides of paeony， total alkaloids of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata， glycyrrhetinic acid， zingiberone， isoimperatorin， ephedra polysaccharides， and cedrol. It improves RA symptoms via multiple mechanisms and targets， including enhancing immune responses， exerting anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects， regulating relevant signalling pathways， inhibiting cell apoptosis， and suppressing bone destruction. This paper reviewed the syndrome patterns and pharmacological basis of GSZT in the treatment of RA， as well as its clinical applications and related mechanisms， thereby providing a theoretical basis and reference for the further development and utilisation of GSZT in the treatment of RA.

Rheumatoid arthritis （RA） is a common autoimmune disease characterised clinically by symmetrical joint pain， swelling， and stiffness. Long-term chronic synovial inflammation can lead to severe joint damage and even disability， thereby affecting quality of life for patients. Current clinical treatment of RA emphasises an integrated approach combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine， with traditional Chinese medicine offering certain advantages in reducing disease activity of RA， preventing relapses， and other aspects. Modern clinical evidence confirms that Guizhi Shaoyao Zhimutang （GSZT） is effective in improving symptoms such as immune metabolism， joint stiffness， and joint pain in RA patients. Pharmacological studies have revealed that GSZT primarily contains components such as cinnamaldehyde， total glucosides of paeony， total alkaloids of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata， glycyrrhetinic acid， zingiberone， isoimperatorin， ephedra polysaccharides， and cedrol. It improves RA symptoms via multiple mechanisms and targets， including enhancing immune responses， exerting anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects， regulating relevant signalling pathways， inhibiting cell apoptosis， and suppressing bone destruction. This paper reviewed the syndrome patterns and pharmacological basis of GSZT in the treatment of RA， as well as its clinical applications and related mechanisms， thereby providing a theoretical basis and reference for the further development and utilisation of GSZT in the treatment of RA.

ObjectiveTo investigate the therapeutic effect of wall-broken ganoderma lucidum spore powder （GLS） on a mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma and to explore its underlying mechanism. MethodsFifty 2-week-old C57BL/6J mice were divided into a control group， a model group and low， medium and high-dose GLS groups（0.25， 0.5， 1.0 g/kg ）， with 10 mice in each group. A DEN/CCL₄ mouse hepatocellular carcinoma model was established， and GLS was administered by gavage starting from the 8th week， once a day for 14 weeks. At the end of the final administration， the number of liver nodules was observed ， and the serum alpha-fetoprotein （AFP） was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The content of catalase （CAT） in serum and liver tissue was determined by ammonium molybdate method. The content of reduced glutathione （GSH） in serum and liver tissue was measured by microplate assay. The content of glutathione peroxidase （GSH-PX） in serum and liver tissue was detected by colorimetric method. Immunohistochemistry （IHC-P） was employed to detect the protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA）. R eal-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction was utilized to detect the relative expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 （Nrf2）， Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-associated protein 1 （Keap1）， NAD（P）H quinone oxidoreductase 1 （Nqo1）， heme oxygenase-1 （Ho-1） and glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit （Gclc） mRNA. ResultsCompared with the control group， the content of serum AFP were significantly higher in the model group （P<0.01）， while the contents of CAT， GSH and GSH-PX in liver and serum were significantly lower in the model group （P<0.01）. The relative expression of Keap1 and Nqo1 mRNA was significantly higher （P<0.01）， the relative expression of Nrf2， Ho-1， Gclc mRNA relative expression was significantly lower （P<0.01）， and the positive expression rate of PCNA was significantly higher （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the total number of liver nodules and content of serum AFP in the administered group were significantly lower （P<0.01）， and the contents of CAT， GSH， and GSH-PX in the liver and serum of mice significantly increased （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. The expression of Keap1 and Nqo1 mRNA significantly decreased （P<0.05）. The expression of Nrf2， Ho-1 and Gclc mRNA significantly increased （P<0.05）， and positive expression rate of PCNA significantly decreased （P<0.01）. ConclusionGLS has a significant protective effect on DEN/CCL4 -induced mouse hepatocellular carcinoma model， and the mechanism of action is related to the regulation of oxidative stress in mouse liver.

Body weight abnormalities, including overweight, obesity, and underweight, have become a dual public health challenge in Chinese adults: overweight and obesity lead to a variety of chronic complications, while underweight increases the risks of malnutrition, sarcopenia, and organ dysfunction. To systematically address these issues, multidisciplinary experts in endocrinology, sports science, nutrition, and psychiatry from various regions have held multiple weight management seminars. Based on the latest epidemiological data and clinical evidence, they expanded the guideline to include assessment and intervention strategies for underweight, in addition to the core content of obesity management. This guideline outlines the etiological mechanisms, evaluation methods, and multidimensional management strategies for overweight and obesity, covering key areas such as diagnosis and assessment, medical nutrition therapy, exercise prescription, pharmacological intervention, and psychological support. It is intended to provide a scientific and standardized approach to weight management across the adult population, aiming to curb the rising prevalence of obesity, mitigate complications associated with abnormal body weight, and improve nutritional status and overall quality of life.

Pancreatic cancer has emerged as one of the most challenging malignancies worldwide,with its high resistance to chemotherapy being the primary cause of treatment failure.Therefore,enhancing the chemosensitivity of pancreatic cancer has become a major focus of current research.In this study,we in-vestigated how Bufotaline,a bufadienolide extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine toad venom,exhibits its antitumor activity.Specifically,we explored the potential of Bufotaline to enhance the chemo-sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to Adriamycin and elucidated its underlying molecular mechanisms.Using CCK-8 and colony formation assays,we demonstrated that Bufotaline enhances the inhibitory effect of Adriamycin on the survival of pancreatic cancer cell lines Patu-8988T,Aspc-1,and Patu-8988S.No-tably,Bufotaline treatment reduced the IC50 of Adriamycin in drug-resistant pancreatic cancer cells to lev-els comparable to those in non-resistant cells.Results from Western blot,immunofluorescence,comet as-say,and TUNEL assays revealed that Bufotaline promotes Adriamycin-induced DNA damage in pancreatic cancer cells.RNA-seq analysis of Patu-8988T cells treated with Adriamycin alone or in combination with Bufotaline showed significant changes in gene expression,and qRT-PCR analysis further confirmed that Bu-fotaline downregulates the expression of DNA damage repair proteins NBS1 and RAD50.Moreover,Western blot analysis revealed that Bufotaline reduces the levels of DNA damage response repair proteins,and Im-munofluorescence experiments indicated that Bufotaline inhibits the activation of the ATM/CHK2 signaling pathway.Finally,in a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model,the combination of Adriamycin and Bufotaline treatment significantly suppressed pancreatic cancer cell growth.In conclusion,Bufotaline enhances Adria-mycin-induced chemosensitivity in pancreatic cancer cells;the combination of Adriamycin and Bufotaline downregulates the expression of DNA damage response repair proteins NBS1 and RAD50,and inhibits the ATM/CHK2-mediated DDR signaling pathway,thereby delaying DNA damage repair.

Objective To investigate the effects of different hemodiafiltration(HDF)frequencies combined with high-flux hemodialysis(HFHD)on renal function,micro-inflammatory status,and left ventricular function in patients with diabetic nephropathy who have undergone maintenance hemodialysis(MHD).Methods A total of 120 patients with diabetic nephropathy undergoing MHD between January 2022 and December 2024 were enrolled in the study and randomly divided into a study group and a control group using a random number table method,with 60 patients in each group.Both groups received HFHD.The control group received hemodiafiltration(HDF)once a month,whereas the study group received HDF once a week.The study evaluated the two groups in terms of therapeutic efficacy,renal function indices,calcium-phosphorus metabolism indices,micro-inflammatory status,left ventricular function indices,and the incidence of adverse reactions.Results The total response rate in the study group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).Following treatment,the levels of serum creatinine(Scr),cystatin C(Cys C),and 24-hour urine protein quantification(24hUP)in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).After treatment,the blood calcium level in the study group was higher,whereas the blood phosphorus level was lower compared to the control group(P<0.05).Additionally,post-treatment levels of interleukin-8(IL-8),IL-6,and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in the study group were significantly reduced in comparison to the control group(P<0.05).The study group also exhibited improved cardiac function after treatment,as evidenced by a higher left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF),and reduced left ventricular end-diastolic diameter(LVDD)and left ventricular end-systolic diameter(LVSD)compared to the control group(P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups[8.33%(5/60)vs.11.67%(7/60),P>0.05].Conclusion Combining once-weekly HDF with HFHD can enhance therapeutic outcomes and renal function,promote the recovery of calcium-phosphorus metabolism,alleviate the micro-inflammatory state,and improve left ventricular function in MHD patients with diabetic nephropathy.

Objective The aim of this study is to discuss the causal relationship between periodontal disease(PD)and prostate cancer(PCa).Methods A two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization(MR)analysis based on publicly statistical data from genome-wide association studies(GWAS)was conducted.MR Egger,weighted medium,simple mode and weighted mode were supplemented,while inverse variance weighted analysis(IVW)was the main method of analysis.Heterogeneity testing,pleiotropy testing and leave-one-out testing were used to assess the sensitivity and stabili-ty.Results The results of MR analysis showed that PD had no significant impact on the occurrence of PCa:East Asian(IVW,PD:OR=1.07,P=0.48);European(IVW,PD:OR=1.00,P=0.37,periodontitis:OR=1.03,P=0.14,chronic gingivitis:OR=0.99,P=0.37,chronic periodontitis:OR=1.03,P=0.22).The reverse MR analysis also did not show a causal relationship between PCa and PD:East Asian(IVW,PD:OR=0.97,P=0.22);European(IVW,PD:OR=0.84,P=0.44,periodontitis:OR=1.01,P=0.75,chronic gingivitis:OR=0.93,P=0.23,chronic periodontitis:OR=0.99,P=0.80).The results of other analysis were consistent with those of IVW analysis.Conclusions The results of our two-sample bidirectional MR analysis do not support a causal relationship between PD and PCa.

AIM:To investigate the effects of ethylisopropylamiloride(EIPA),an inhibitor of Na+/H+ex-changer 1(NHE1),on the proliferation,migration,invasion,cell cycle and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells,and to explore its mechanisms.METHODS:The human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Huh7 was cultured in vitro,and treated with different concentrations of EIPA.The mRNA and protein expression of NHE1 in Huh7 cells was assessed by RT-qPCR and Western blot.The proliferation of Huh7 cells was examined by kFluor488-EdU staining.The migration and invasion of Huh7 cells were assessed by Transwell assays.The cell cycle distribution and apoptosis of these cells were detected by flow cytometry.Moreover,the intracellular pH was measured via the PTI high-speed ion imaging system.RE-SULTS:Treatment with EIPA significantly suppressed the mRNA and protein expression of NHE1(P＜0.01).It signifi-cantly inhibited the proliferation,migration and invasion of Huh7 cells(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01),promoted their apoptosis(P＜0.01),and caused significant S-phase arrest(P＜0.01).It also significantly reduced the intracellular pH of Huh7 cells.CONCLUSION:The NHE1 inhibitor EIPA regulates the intracellular pH by inhibiting the expression and function of NHE1,which consequently affects the proliferation,migration,invasion,cell cycle,and apoptosis of Huh7 cells.There-fore,NHE1 may be a potential target for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Aim To investigate the possible mechanism of the myocardial protective effect of Danzhi Jiangtang capsules(DJC)on db/db mice based on NLRP3 in-flammasome-mediated pyroptosis.Methods The db/db mice were randomly divided into the model group,DJC low,medium,and high dose groups,and the met-formin group,and the db/m mice were taken as the blank group.The administration lasted for eightweeks.At the end of drug administration,blood glucose,blood lipids,cardiac enzymes and inflammatory factors were detected in each group of mice.HE and Masson stai-ning was performed to observe the morphology and fi-brosis of myocardial tissue.TUNEL staining was per-formed to detect apoptosis.RT-qPCR was performed to detect the mRNA expression of ANP,BNP and β-MHC,and Western blot was performed to detect the protein expression of NLRP3,ASC,caspase-1,cleaved-caspase-1,GSDMD and GSDMD-NT in myocardial tis-sue.Results DJC could alleviate myocardial patho-logical damage,reduce collagen deposition and apopto-sis,reduce the levels of blood glucose,blood lipid,myo-cardial enzyme and inflammatory factors in db/db mice.DJC could reduce the mRNA expressions of ANP,BNP and β-MHC,and the protein expressions of NLRP3,ASC,caspase-1,cleavedcaspase-1,GSDMD and GSDMD-NT in myocardial tissues.Conclusion DJC attenuates myocardial injury in db/db mice,prob-ably by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflamma-somes,attenuating cardiomyocyte pyroptosis,and amel-iorating the inflammatory state.