National biological standards for antibiotics are critical components of the antibiotic quality control system and serve as reference materials for measuring and calibrating the biological activity of antibiotics. This article systematically reviews the classification, definition of potency units, and current research status of commercially available national antibiotic biological standards in China. At present, these standards can be categorized based on chemical structure, number of components, and development methods. The definition of potency units has evolved from an early “arbitrarily assigned unit” to “being represented by the mass of the antibiotic salt” and, more recently, to the current mainstream approach of “being represented by the mass of the active ingredient”. This evolution reflects a shift in quality control philosophy from primarily biological analysis to a system dominated by chemical analysis supplemented by biological methods. Current research focuses on optimizing potency determination methods, studying the unification of content and potency, and implementing dual quality control of both the potency and the ratio/content of active components in multi-component antibiotics. For complex multi-component antibiotics, the microbiological assay based on biological activity remains irreplaceable in quality control. Future efforts should emphasize further method optimization, ensuring batch-to-batch consistency of standards, and advancing precision quality control as key research priorities for antibiotic biological standards.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of gemcitabine and cisplatin (GP) regimen in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitor sintilimab as neoadjuvant therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients and the feasibility of the following selective bladder sparing surgery. Materials and Methods: Patients with histopathologically confirmed urothelial carcinoma without distant metastases (T2-4a, N ≤ 1, M0, American Joint Committee of Cancer 8th) and with adequate organ function will be enrolled. The therapeutic regimen was sintilimab 200 mg once on day 8, gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 and cisplatin 35 mg/m2 once on days 1 and 8, every 21 days for four cycles. The primary endpoint was pathologic complete response (pCR, pT0N0) rate. The secondary end points were ypT < 2 rate, R0 resection rate, event-free survival, and safety. Results: From May 4, 2020, to May 20, 2023, 55 patients were enrolled. Forty-six patients were evaluated for efficacy. Among the 42 patients who underwent surgery, 16 patients (38.0%) achieved pCR. Thirty-three patients (78.6%) achieved pT < 2. With a median follow-up of 15.7 months, the 1-year event-free survival was 91.3%. Notwithstanding the poor pathological baseline characteristic of a high T3-T4a proportion (39.1%), a promising bladder preservation (including 22 patients transurethral resection of bladder tumor, 5 patients partial cystectomy, and 4 surveillances) rate was achieved (67.4%). The most common grade ≥ 3 treatment-related adverse events was neutropenia (n=15, 27.3%), which was related to chemotherapy. There were no grade 3 immune-related adverse events. Conclusion Neoadjuvant GP plus sintilimab is a promising regimen for MIBC patients, with relatively high pT < 2 rate and triggering the emerging roles for the multi-disciplinary team decision-making for bladder sparing surgery.

Background: and Purpose Vertebrobasilar fusiform aneurysms (VBFAs) carry substantial morbidity and mortality, but optimal management for unruptured VBFAs remains unclear. We compared the safety and efficacy of conservative management (CM), stent-assisted coiling (SAC), and flow diverters (FDs) in patients with unruptured VBFAs, focusing on long-term prognosis. Methods: This study included data from a nationwide Chinese cohort of patients with vertebrobasilar dissecting aneurysms. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) balanced confounders across groups. The primary outcome was poor prognosis (modified Rankin Scale score >2). Secondary outcomes included aneurysm rupture, ischemic stroke, compression symptoms, and VBFA-related deaths. Logistic regression estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. Results: Among 1,115 patients with unruptured VBFAs, 838 (median age, 54 years; 655 men) were included. After IPTW, baseline characteristics were balanced. Median follow-up was 54 months. FD was associated with a lower risk of poor prognosis than CM (OR, 0.48 [95% CI, 0.30 to 0.77]; p=0.002), with no difference between CM and SAC. FD also reduced aneurysm rupture (OR, 0.20 [95% CI, 0.07 to 0.60]; p=0.004) and compression symptoms (OR, 0.30 [95% CI, 0.13 to 0.68]; p=0.004) versus CM. Time-to-event analyses further revealed significant differences in vertebral artery lesions and Type I–II VBFAs, whereas no significant differences were observed in basilar or vertebrobasilar junction lesions or in Type III–IV VBFAs. Conclusions Compared with CM, FD was associated with improved long-term outcomes in unruptured VBFAs, particularly in vertebral artery lesions and Type I–II VBFAs, although residual confounding cannot be excluded.

ObjectiveTo investigate the therapeutic effect of wall-broken ganoderma lucidum spore powder （GLS） on a mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma and to explore its underlying mechanism. MethodsFifty 2-week-old C57BL/6J mice were divided into a control group， a model group and low， medium and high-dose GLS groups（0.25， 0.5， 1.0 g/kg ）， with 10 mice in each group. A DEN/CCL₄ mouse hepatocellular carcinoma model was established， and GLS was administered by gavage starting from the 8th week， once a day for 14 weeks. At the end of the final administration， the number of liver nodules was observed ， and the serum alpha-fetoprotein （AFP） was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The content of catalase （CAT） in serum and liver tissue was determined by ammonium molybdate method. The content of reduced glutathione （GSH） in serum and liver tissue was measured by microplate assay. The content of glutathione peroxidase （GSH-PX） in serum and liver tissue was detected by colorimetric method. Immunohistochemistry （IHC-P） was employed to detect the protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen （PCNA）. R eal-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction was utilized to detect the relative expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 （Nrf2）， Kelch-like epichlorohydrin-associated protein 1 （Keap1）， NAD（P）H quinone oxidoreductase 1 （Nqo1）， heme oxygenase-1 （Ho-1） and glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit （Gclc） mRNA. ResultsCompared with the control group， the content of serum AFP were significantly higher in the model group （P<0.01）， while the contents of CAT， GSH and GSH-PX in liver and serum were significantly lower in the model group （P<0.01）. The relative expression of Keap1 and Nqo1 mRNA was significantly higher （P<0.01）， the relative expression of Nrf2， Ho-1， Gclc mRNA relative expression was significantly lower （P<0.01）， and the positive expression rate of PCNA was significantly higher （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the total number of liver nodules and content of serum AFP in the administered group were significantly lower （P<0.01）， and the contents of CAT， GSH， and GSH-PX in the liver and serum of mice significantly increased （P<0.05 or P<0.01）. The expression of Keap1 and Nqo1 mRNA significantly decreased （P<0.05）. The expression of Nrf2， Ho-1 and Gclc mRNA significantly increased （P<0.05）， and positive expression rate of PCNA significantly decreased （P<0.01）. ConclusionGLS has a significant protective effect on DEN/CCL4 -induced mouse hepatocellular carcinoma model， and the mechanism of action is related to the regulation of oxidative stress in mouse liver.

Abstract To clarify the service targets, service contents, and safeguard mechanisms of the basic public service program for student vision health management, the study grounded in the current status of child and adolescent myopia prevention and control in China and integrated with the practical experience and innovative practices of Wuhan National Demonstration Area for Student Vision Health Management, takes education as the main thread and schools as the base, consolidating resources from multiple stakeholders including education administrative departments, schools, families, and professional technical service institutions. Centering on four core components—vision health education, monitoring and record keeping, risk prevention and control, and dynamic management, the study constructs a multi tiered basic public service system for vision health management of primary and secondary school students. It further proposes the use of an intelligent management platform and a "three tier color coded early warning" mechanism (red, yellow, blue) to prevent and control student myopia at the source, providing schools with replicable and operable implementation pathways to enhance the level of student vision health management.

Objective To investigate the executive condition of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery(ERAS)measures among the hospitalized surgical patients in secondary and tertiary medical institutions of Chongqing City.Methods Using a multicenter cross-sectional survey approach,patients undergoing elective surgeries admitted and treated in 40 member units under the Chongqing Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Specialized Alliance from July 11 to 30,2024 were selected as the survey subjects.Adherence to and completion of ERAS measures were calculated.Factors influencing measures with low completion rates were analyzed.Results A total of 2 100 questionnaires were issued,1 708 effective questionnaires were recovered with an effective recovery rate of 81.33％.Among them,there were 1 017 questionnaires in the tertiary medi-cal institutions and 691 questionnaires in the secondary medical institutions.The age of 1 708 patients ranged from 19-78 years old with a median age of 52 years old.Females were dominant.The proportion of patients from gastrointestinal surgery and those with secondary school education or above was high.Hypertension and diabetes were the main complication types.The surgical grade was concentrated at grades Ⅲ and Ⅳ.The ASA grading was concentrated at the grade Ⅰ/Ⅱ.The NYHA heart function grade was mainly the grade Ⅰ/Ⅱ.The ERAS measures compliance rate ranged from 36.36％to 95.45％,averaged 73.47％.The compliance rate of ERAS measures in the tertiary hospitals was higher than that in the secondary hospitals(75.82％vs.70.01％),and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The average completion rate of ERAS measures was 74.08％.The top three in the completion rate were preoperative education(95.78％),preven-tive antibiotics and skin preparation(92.62％),and preoperative interview and evaluation(88.58％).The completion rates of Prehabilitation(55.27％)and preoperative fasting(57.67％)urgently needed to be in-creased.The completion rate of other measures was lower than 60％.Conclusion The compliance rate of ERAS measures needs to be increased,moreover there are significant differences among various hospitals.Fu-ture practices should focus on two measures:preoperative pre-rehabilitation exercises and preoperative oral intake of carbohydrates.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and influencing factors of programmed death-1(PD-1)inhibitors in neoadjuvant chemotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC).Methods A total of 86 patients with TNBC who received neoadjuvant therapy in The Fifth Medical Center,PLA General Hospital between Jan.1,2018,and Jan.1,2024 and met the inclusion criteria were enrolled,and their clinicopathological data were collected.Based on the neoadjuvant treatment regimens,40 patients who received TP+PD-1 inhibitor(paclitaxel+carboplatin+pembrolizumab)were assigned to TP+PD-1 inhibitor group,and 46 patients who received TP(paclitaxel+carboplatin)were assigned to TP group.The efficacy and incidence of adverse events were compared between the 2 groups after 6 cycles of neoadjuvant therapy.According to the efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy,the patients were further categorized into pathological complete response(pCR)group and non-pCR group.Multivariate logistic stepwise regression analysis was performed to identify independent factors influencing neoadjuvant treatment efficacy.Patients were followed up until Dec.31,2024,and survival analysis was conducted using Kaplan-Meier method.Results There was no significant difference in the objective response rates between the TP+PD-1 inhibitor group and TP group after neoadjuvant therapy(95.0%[38/40]vs 91.3%[42/46],P=0.351].However,the pCR rate was significantly higher in the TP+PD-1 inhibitor group compared with the TP group(65.0%[26/40]vs 43.5%[20/46],P=0.047).There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of disease-free survival,overall survival,or incidence of adverse events(all P＞0.05).Multivariate logistic stepwise regression analysis revealed that the expression of Ki-67 and treatment regimen were influencing factors of pCR after neoadjuvant therapy(odds ratio[OR]=3.382,95%confidence interval[95%CI]1.290-8.868,P=0.013;OR=2.524,95%CI 1.013-6.285,P=0.047).One case of distant metastasis and death occurred in the pCR group,while 8 cases of distant metastasis and 4 deaths occurred in the non-pCR group.The disease-free survival was significantly longer in the pCR group than in the non-pCR group(P=0.031),while the overall survival was similar between the 2 groups(P=0.087).Conclusion Compared with the 6-cycle TP regimen,the 6-cycle TP combined with PD-1 inhibitor regimen can improve the pCR rate in the neoadjuvant treatment of TNBC,with manageable adverse events,suggesting it may serve as a preferred option for TNBC neoadjuvant therapy.Ki-67 expression may serve as a predictive biomarker for achieving pCR.TNBC patients who achieved pCR have better disease-free survival than those who did not.

With the increasing demand for dynamic,real-time and rapid qualitative analysis of chemical composition in areas such as emergency response and space exploration,chip-scale mass spectrometers have attracted significant attention.These devices are expected to drive the integration of mass spectrometry with micro/nano-fabrication and intelligent sensing technologies,fostering profound innovation and breakthroughs in analytical chemistry.As an excellent mass analyzer,the ion trap exhibits numerous advantages,and its miniaturization creates favorable conditions for the high-density integration of miniature mass spectrometers.However,the reduction in ion storage capacity may compromise its sensitivity and dynamic range,rendering the study of ion unidirectional ejection in highly miniaturized ion traps of significant practical importance.In this work,a research was conducted on achieving efficient ion unidirectional ejection while maintaining high mass resolution in the extremely miniature hyperbolic linear ion trap(M-HLIT)with a field radius of 1 mm,and an electric field compensation method was proposed,which combined asymmetric electrode stretching and unbalanced RF voltage to achieve high-precision optimization of the electric field composition.Simulations showed that in an ideal structure,this method achieved 100％unidirectional ejection efficiency with the mass resolution of 518,significantly outperforming traditional asymmetric structure method(365)and unbalanced voltage method(321).Following the introduction of ion ejection slots,further optimization through bidirectional stretching and electrical parameters improved the resolution to 790 while maintaining a unidirectional ejection efficiency of 93％.This method eliminated the requirement for additional excitation voltage,offering an ideal solution for the miniature mass analyzer with high detection performance of chip-level mass spectrometers.

In this work,near infrared carbon quantum dots(NIR-CDs)were synthesized by hydrothermal method using biomass material Clausena lansium leaves.The synthesized NIR-CDs emitted maximum fluorescence signal at 677 nm,which was independent of excitation wavelength.The characterization results showed that there were abundant groups on the surface of NIR-CDs.Pd2+could form non-fluorescent compounds with the surface groups of NIR-CDs,resulting in fluorescence quenching(Fluorescence signal was denoted as F0).Because chlorpromazine hydrochloride(CPZ)parent nucleus contained unoxidized S atom,CPZ could form stable colored complex with Pd2+under acidic conditions.In the presence of CPZ,Pd2+dissociated from the surface of NIR-CDs and bonded with CPZ,so that the fluorescence signal could be restored(Fluorescence signal was denoted as F).An"on-off-on"fluorescence sensor was thus constructed.The fluorescence signal recovery value of NIR-CDs(△F=F-F0)showed a good linear relationship with the concentration of CPZ in the range of 5.68-28.43 μg/mL,and the detection limit(3σ)was 0.078 μg/mL.The sensor was applied to determination of CPZ in pharmaceutical preparations,and the recoveries were 94％-106％.The developed fluorescence sensor was expected to be used in quality control of actual pharmaceutical preparations.

In the 1950s and 1960s,Japan's implementation of policies prioritizing economic develop-ment caused a lack of effective supervision over the discharge of industrial wastewater and exhaust gases,which led to the occurrence of the"Four Major Pollution Diseases",including Minamata disease,causing serious social and public health problems.To more effectively address public nuisances and pro-vide compensation to victims,the Japanese government gradually established an environmental damage compensation system with administrative relief characteristics since the 1970s.Through long-term prac-tice and system optimization,this system has evolved into a mature institutional framework with a clear division of labor and efficient collaboration.This paper systematically reviews the development process of Japan's environmental damage compensation system and deeply analyzes its legal frame-work and supporting policies,aiming to provide useful references for the construction and improve-ment of China's environmental damage compensation system.Meanwhile,through the case analysis of Minamata disease,the paper explores the specific mechanisms and effects in the compensation practices,further revealing the system's operational characteristics and implications,and providing a reference ba-sis for the construction of China's environmental governance legal system.