Solanum nigrum is a traditional Chinese herb widely distributed in China. It is rich in active ingredients such as alkaloids and saponins， and has shown remarkable hepatoprotective effects and various mechanisms in the treatment of various liver diseases. It can prevent and treat chemical liver injury through anti-inflammatory， antioxidant， gut microbiota-regulating， and anti- fibrotic pathways. In the prevention and treatment of fatty liver disease， it can regulate lipid metabolism， inhibit lipogenesis， and promote fat degradation. It has potential antiviral activity against viral hepatitis. By inducing tumor cell apoptosis， arresting the cell cycle， and inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and metastasis and so on， it plays a role in the prevention and treatment of liver cancer. Clinically， S. nigrum has been used in the treatment of liver cancer and liver fibrosis after chronic hepatitis B， showing good efficacy and high safety. Future research should focus on further elucidating its mechanisms of action and promoting the development and application of new drugs， in order to benefit more patients with liver diseases.

In the process of maintaining the steady state of bone tissue, the transcription network and signal pathway of the body play a vital role. These complex regulatory mechanisms need precise coordination to ensure the balance between bone formation and bone absorption. Once this balance is broken, it may lead to pathological changes of bone and cartilage, and then lead to various bone diseases. Therefore, it is of great significance to understand these regulatory mechanisms for the prevention and treatment of bone diseases. In recent years, with the deepening of research, more and more lncRNA has been found to be closely related to bone health. Among them, nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1), as an extremely abundant RNA molecule in mammalian nuclei, has attracted extensive attention. NEAT1 is mainly transcribed from a specific site in human chromosome 11 by RNA polymerase II (RNaseP), which can form two different subtypes NEAT1_1 and NEAT1_2. These two subtypes are different in intracellular distribution and function, but they participate in many biological processes together. Studies have shown that NEAT1 plays a specific role in the process of cell growth and stress response. For example, it can regulate the development of osteoblasts (OB), osteoclasts (OC) and chondrocytes by balancing the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), thus maintaining the steady state of bone metabolism. This discovery reveals the important role of NEAT1 in bone development and remodeling. In addition, NEAT1 is closely related to a variety of bone diseases. In patients with bone diseases such as osteoporosis (OP), osteoarthritis (OA) and osteosarcoma (OS), the expression level of NEAT1 is different. These differential expressions may be closely related to the pathogenesis and progression of bone diseases. By regulating the level of NEAT1, it can affect a variety of signal transduction pathways, and then affect the development of bone diseases. For example, some studies show that by regulating the expression level of NEAT1, the activity of osteoclasts can be inhibited, and the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts can be promoted, thus improving the symptoms of osteoporosis. It is worth noting that NEAT1 can also be used as a key sensor for the prevention and treatment of bone diseases. When exercising or receiving some natural products, the expression level of NEAT1 will change, thus reflecting the response of bones to external stimuli. This feature makes NEAT1 an important target for studying the prevention and treatment strategies of bone diseases. However, although the role of NEAT1 in bone biology and bone diseases has been initially recognized, its specific mechanism and regulatory relationship are still controversial. For example, the expression level, mode of action and interaction with other molecules of NEAT1 in different bone diseases still need further in-depth study. This paper reviews the role of NEAT1 in maintaining bone and cartilage metabolism, and discusses its expression and function in various bone diseases. By combing the existing research results and controversial points, this paper aims to provide new perspectives and ideas for the prevention and treatment of bone diseases, and provide useful reference and enlightenment for future research.

Oral health is closely related to facial aesthetics, mastication, pronunciation, and systemic diseases. Flexible sensors can improve current deficiencies in clinical diagnosis and treatment through oral health monitoring. This paper reviews the research on and application of flexible sensors in oral health monitoring in recent years, providing a reference for the further development of flexible sensors in the oral field. The structural basis of flexible sensors includes a flexible substrate, stretchable electrodes, and an active layer, and each part is designed through material selection to adapt to the oral environment. The sensing mechanisms of sensors involve electricity, optics, electrochemistry, and immunology, among which electro-chemical, biological, and optical sensors are particularly prominent in the oral field. The monitored signals include physical signals such as orthodontic force, bite force, respiratory humidity, and implant temperature; chemical signals such as saliva metabolites and oral gases; and biological signals such as periodontal disease and oral cancer markers. At present, flexible sensors still face many challenges in this special oral environment. Future research directions include improving the biocompatibility, moisture resistance, and flexible fitting ability of sensors in the oral cavity; using temperature-insensitive materials and protective films to improve stability; and introducing artificial receptors and sensor arrays to improve factors such as selectivity. In addition, multi-disciplinary cooperation is crucial for breaking through current bottlenecks and achieving more accurate disease diagnosis and health monitoring. In the field of stomatology, finding specific biomarkers related to corresponding oral diseases is the key to sensor health monitoring. Through these efforts, flexible sensors are expected to gain more extensive applications in the field of oral health monitoring.

Most of the medical colleges and universities in China follow the traditional three-stage teaching mode centering on subjects, and a number of colleges and universities have implemented the teaching mode of organ-system-based curriculum (OSBC). With the OSBC course for the nervous system in our university as an example, this article analyzes the advantages and challenges of OSBC course of the nervous system in the context of integrative medicine.
Neurology

Preschool age(3-6 years old)is a critical period for visual development, and it is crucial to detect and treat visual problems in preschool children as early as possible. Visual acuity charts are important tools for screening visual issues in children. In China, the commonly used charts are the standard logarithmic visual acuity chart and the pediatric optotype chart, while overseas, the Lea, HOTV, and ETDRS visual acuity charts are frequently employed. Numerous studies have reported the measurability, repeatability, and sensitivity of these three charts in diagnosing visual-related problems in children. However, the application of these three charts is relatively limited in China. This article provides a comprehensive review of the design principles, clinical applications, and characteristics of these three visual acuity charts, so as to better understand their applicability and limitations in preschool children, and provide reference for the selection and improvement of vision examination methods in the future.

Oral health is closely related to systemic health. Common chronic oral diseases, periodontitis and periapical inflammation for example, not only affect the health of oral soft and hard tissues including the alveolar bone and gums, but may also cause changes in systemic conditions such as chronic low-grade inflammation, elevated oxidative stress levels, and dysbiosis of the microbiota. These changes in systemic health can exacerbate the progression of obesity. Therefore, through proactive oral health interventions such as maintaining good oral hygiene habits, modifying dietary structures, and undergoing oral examinations, it is possible to effectively prevent and alleviate inflammatory oral diseases, and actively intervene in obesity. This article delves into the impact of inflammatory oral diseases on obesity and their underlying mechanisms, defines the concept of "oral proactive healthcare", and systematically summarizes their preventive and therapeutic effects on inflammatory oral diseases, thereby demonstrating the potential of improving obesity through proactive oral health strategies.

To analyze the effects of tooth brushing frequency on blood indicators among adolescents and to preliminarily explore the effects of tooth brushing frequency on general health.

Studies have investigated the effects of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) use on the incidence and clinical outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, the results have been inconsistent. We searched the PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from inception to March 2022; 13 studies covering 84 003 prostate cancer (PCa) patients with or without ADT met the eligibility criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. We calculated the pooled risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to explore the association between ADT use and the infection risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and severity of COVID-19. After synthesizing the evidence, the pooled RR in the SARS-CoV-2 positive group was equal to 1.17, and the SARS-CoV-2 positive risk in PCa patients using ADT was not significantly different from that in those not using ADT (P = 0.544). Moreover, no significant results concerning the beneficial effect of ADT on the rate of intensive care unit admission (RR = 1.04, P = 0.872) or death risk (RR = 1.23, P = 0.53) were found. However, PCa patients with a history of ADT use had a markedly higher COVID-19 hospitalization rate (RR = 1.31, P = 0.015) than those with no history of ADT use. These findings indicate that ADT use by PCa patients is associated with a high risk of hospitalization during infection with SARS-CoV-2. A large number of high quality studies are needed to confirm these results.
Male ; Humans ; Prostatic Neoplasms/chemically induced* ; Androgen Antagonists/adverse effects* ; COVID-19 ; Androgens/therapeutic use* ; SARS-CoV-2

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and tolerability of metoprolol standard dosing pathway (MSDP) in Chinese patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). METHODS: In this multicenter, prospective, open label, single-arm and interventional study that was conducted from February 2018 to April 2019 in fifteen Chinese hospitals. A total of 998 hospitalized patients aged ≥ 18 years and diagnosed with ACS were included. The MSDP was applied to all eligible ACS patients based on the standard treatment recommended by international guidelines. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients achieving the target dose at discharge (V2). The secondary endpoints included the heart rate and blood pressure at V2 and four weeks after discharge (V4), and percentage of patients experiencing bradycardia (heart rate < 50 beats/min), hypotension (blood pressure < 90/60 mmHg) and transient cardiac dysfunction at V2 and V4. RESULTS: Of the 998 patients, 29.46% of patients achieved the target dose (≥ 95 mg/d) at V2. The total population was divided into two groups: target group (patients achieving the target dose at V2) and non-target group (patients not achieving the target dose at V2). There was significant difference in the reduction of heart rate from baseline to discharge in the two groups (-4.97 ± 11.90 beats/min vs. -2.70 ± 9.47 beats/min, P = 0.034). There was no significant difference in the proportion of bradycardia that occurred in the two groups at V2 (0 vs. 0, P = 1.000) and V4 (0.81% vs. 0.33%, P = 0.715). There was no significant difference in the proportion of hypotension between the two groups at V2 (0.004% vs. 0.004%, P = 1.000) and V4 (0 vs. 0.005%, P = 0.560). No transient cardiac dysfunction occurred in two groups during the study. A total of five adverse events (1.70%) and one serious adverse event (0.34%) were related to the pathway in target group. CONCLUSIONS In Chinese ACS patients, the feasibility and tolerability of the MSDP have been proved to be acceptable.

ObjectiveThrough a randomized， double-blind， double-simulation， positive-control， multicenter design， this study aimed to analyze the relationship between the dosage， efficacy， and safety of Pudilan anti-inflammatory oral liquid in treating acute pharyngitis/tonsillitis in adults caused by bacterial infection and validate the regulatory effect of Pudilan anti-inflammatory oral liquid on inflammatory markers such as serum amyloid A （SAA）， C-reactive protein （CRP）， white blood cells （WBC）， neutrophil percentage （NE%）， and erythrocyte sedimentation rate （ESR）， thereby exploring the feasibility of using Pudilan anti-inflammatory oral liquid as a substitute for antibiotics in the treatment of infectious diseases and providing a basis for rational clinical medication. MethodUsing a stratified randomized， double-blind， double-simulation， positive-control， multicenter design， 220 participants were enrolled from nine centers. The participants were randomly divided into three groups at 1∶1∶1 — a Pudilan anti-inflammatory oral liquid 20 mL group （73 cases）， a Pudilan anti-inflammatory oral liquid 10 mL group （73 cases）， and a control group （amoxicillin group， 74 cases）. The treatment course was 7 days. The study observed parameters including the total effective rate of sore throat， onset and disappearance time of sore throat， health status score， treatment time， and inflammation markers. Result①Dataset division： The 211 cases were included in the full analysis dataset （FAS）， 208 cases were included in the per-protocol dataset （PPS）， and 218 cases were included in the safety dataset （SS）. ② Efficacy evaluation： There were statistically significant differences （P<0.05） in the comparison of the three groups regarding the total effective rate of sore throat， disappearance time of sore throat， and health status. Both the 20 mL and 10 mL groups were non-inferior to the control group， and there was a statistically significant difference between the 20 mL and 10 mL dosage groups （P<0.05）. There was no statistically significant difference in the comparison of onset time of sore throat among the groups. CRP， WBC， and NE% of patients in all three groups significantly decreased on the 7^th day of treatment compared with those before treatment （P<0.01）. ③Safety evaluation： Adverse events mainly occurred in various examination indicators. There were no statistically significant differences in the comparison between groups， and no adverse reactions or serious adverse events occurred. ④Economic evaluation： The increased cost of the 10 mL and 20 mL dosage groups was entirely justified as compared with that in the control group. When comparing the 10 mL and 20 mL dosage groups， the 10 mL dosage group was deemed less advantageous. ConclusionPudilan anti-inflammatory oral liquid can be used alone as an alternative to antibiotics in the treatment of acute pharyngitis/tonsillitis caused by bacterial infection. It demonstrates good safety and can lower inflammation markers such as CRP， WBC， and NE%， suggesting its potential to reduce the body's inflammatory response. Its mechanism of action may be related to its multi-target regulatory mechanism.