Objective To analyze the factors affecting the prognosis of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing immunotherapy and construct an individualized prognostic nomogram prediction model. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 385 patients with driver gene-negative, locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC who received first-line immune checkpoint inhibitors. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to identify prognostic risk factors, and a prognostic nomogram model was established. The predictive performance of the model was evaluated using the concordance index (C-index), time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the curve (AUC), and calibration curves. The cutoff value of the nomogram was calculated to stratify patients by risk. Survival curves were calculated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results Age (HR=1.775, 95%CI: 1.265-2.490), degree of differentiation (HR=0.365, 95%CI: 0.257-0.519), low PD-L1 expression (HR=0.661, 95%CI: 0.455-0.960), high PD-L1 expression (HR=0.423, 95%CI: 0.297-0.603), SCC-Ag (HR=1.549, 95%CI: 1.109-2.163), and CONUT score (HR=2.527, 95%CI: 1.797-3.554) were independent risk factors affecting overall survival (OS) of patients with NSCLC undergoing immunotherapy. The nomogram prediction model constructed on the basis of these factors had a C-index of 0.767. Time-dependent ROC curves for survival showed that the AUCs for 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS were 0.830, 0.853, and 0.886, respectively. Calibration curves indicated that the nomogram-predicted survival rates were in good agreement with the actual outcomes. The cutoff value for the study’s nomogram prediction model was 136.60 points, and survival curves showed statistically significant differences between different risk groups (P<0.05). Conclusion The nomogram model established in this study can effectively predict the prognosis of patients with driver gene-negative locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC treated with first-line immunosuppressive therapy. It provides a new tool for assessing prognosis and aids clinicians in formulating individualized treatment plans.

Objective To evaluate the performance of lightweight Chinese large language models (LLMs) in answering specialized lung cancer questions, and to explore the impact of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) on model performance. Methods Eleven lightweight Chinese LLMs with parameter sizes ranging from 7B to 32B were included. A lung cancer-specific evaluation dataset consisting of 200 questions [100 A1-type (basic knowledge) and 100 A2-type (clinical case) questions], constructed based on clinical guidelines and thoracic surgery textbooks, was used for assessment. Model performance was evaluated under two conditions (with and without RAG). Accuracy was used to assess model performance, and response latency was recorded to reflect inference efficiency. An accuracy–latency scatter plot was constructed for descriptive analysis of overall model performance. Results All models successfully completed the evaluation. With the introduction of RAG, the overall average accuracy improved from 61.68% to 76.36%. Smaller models demonstrated the most significant improvement (e.g., the accuracy of DeepSeek-7B increased from 32.50% to 60.00%, P<0.001). The average response latency increased from 12.58 s to 13.80 s. The Qwen3 series showed the best overall performance, and Qwen3-32B achieved the highest accuracy under both conditions (76.50% and 84.00%, respectively). After RAG integration, performance differences among model families were markedly reduced. Based on the accuracy-latency trade-off, Qwen3-32B achieved the best balance between accuracy and response latency under the baseline condition, whereas Qwen3-14B demonstrated superior overall performance in terms of accuracy, latency, and computational cost after RAG integration. Conclusion The integration of RAG technology improves the ability of lightweight Chinese LLMs to answer specialized lung cancer questions. Under the dual practical constraints of limited computational resources and medical data security requirements, the "lightweight model+RAG" technical framework may represent a promising deployment solution.

The epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)is a key oncogenic driver in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC),and its mutations have significant clinical implications.While classical mutations,such as exon 19 deletions and exon 21 L858R substitutions,are well estab-lished,increasing attention has shifted toward less common,non-classical EGFR mutation subtypes.The widespread adoption of high-throughput sequencing technologies such as next-generation sequencing(NGS)has substantially improved the detection rate of non-classic-al EGFR mutations.Thus,their molecular characteristics and therapeutic responses have been increasingly elucidated.However,due to their significant heterogeneity,substantial variability exists in the sensitivity of different non-classical mutations to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors(EGFR-TKIs).Furthermore,the scarcity of clinical samples limits the availability of robust evidence.Additionally,prolonged clinical use of EGFR-TKIs can also lead to acquired resistance,further complicating treatment strategies.Despite these challenges,ongoing research continues to explore targeted therapies for patients with non-classical EGFR mutations.This review summarizes recent studies on non-classical EGFR mutations in NSCLC,examines current therapeutic approaches,and outlines clinical recommendations for managing patients after EGFR-TKI treatment failure.By integrating existing evidence and clinical experience,this review aims to optimize individualized treatment strategies for these patients,with the ultimate goal of improving their prognosis and quality of life.

Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by intense pain in the sensory distribution area of the trigeminal nerve. It can be triggered by non-noxious stimuli such as brushing teeth and washing face. At present, the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia mainly includes oral drugs and surgical treatments. A 92-year-old patient with trigeminal neuralgia was reported. The pain could not be alleviated because the patient was unable to tolerate the side effects of drugs and surgical treatment. Taking into account the onset time and the duration of the curative effect, botulinum toxin type A was combined with cobrotoxin for the treatment of the patient. As a result, the pain symptoms were rapidly alleviated and remained in a relieved state for 8 months. The clinical characteristics of this patient were summarized in this article, and the possible synergistic mechanisms of action of the 2 drugs were discussed. The ultimate objective is to furnish a broader spectrum of alternatives and references for clinical practice.

The epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)is a key oncogenic driver in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC),and its mutations have significant clinical implications.While classical mutations,such as exon 19 deletions and exon 21 L858R substitutions,are well estab-lished,increasing attention has shifted toward less common,non-classical EGFR mutation subtypes.The widespread adoption of high-throughput sequencing technologies such as next-generation sequencing(NGS)has substantially improved the detection rate of non-classic-al EGFR mutations.Thus,their molecular characteristics and therapeutic responses have been increasingly elucidated.However,due to their significant heterogeneity,substantial variability exists in the sensitivity of different non-classical mutations to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors(EGFR-TKIs).Furthermore,the scarcity of clinical samples limits the availability of robust evidence.Additionally,prolonged clinical use of EGFR-TKIs can also lead to acquired resistance,further complicating treatment strategies.Despite these challenges,ongoing research continues to explore targeted therapies for patients with non-classical EGFR mutations.This review summarizes recent studies on non-classical EGFR mutations in NSCLC,examines current therapeutic approaches,and outlines clinical recommendations for managing patients after EGFR-TKI treatment failure.By integrating existing evidence and clinical experience,this review aims to optimize individualized treatment strategies for these patients,with the ultimate goal of improving their prognosis and quality of life.

Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by intense pain in the sensory distribution area of the trigeminal nerve. It can be triggered by non-noxious stimuli such as brushing teeth and washing face. At present, the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia mainly includes oral drugs and surgical treatments. A 92-year-old patient with trigeminal neuralgia was reported. The pain could not be alleviated because the patient was unable to tolerate the side effects of drugs and surgical treatment. Taking into account the onset time and the duration of the curative effect, botulinum toxin type A was combined with cobrotoxin for the treatment of the patient. As a result, the pain symptoms were rapidly alleviated and remained in a relieved state for 8 months. The clinical characteristics of this patient were summarized in this article, and the possible synergistic mechanisms of action of the 2 drugs were discussed. The ultimate objective is to furnish a broader spectrum of alternatives and references for clinical practice.

Objective: To investigate the effects of lactoprotein iron chelates on rats with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), so as to provide insights into developing and utilizing novel iron supplements. Methods: Seventy weaning female SPF-graded rats of the SD strain were randomly divided into the control group (A), model group (B), ferrous sulfate group (C), lactoferrin group (D), lactoferrin iron chelate group (E), Casein oligopeptide iron chelate group (F) and whey protein oligopeptide iron chelate group (G), with 10 rats in each group. The rats in group A were fed with normal diet, and the others were fed with poor iron diet for IDA modeling. The corresponding interventions were given by intragastric administration once a day. The iron ion concentrations of group C, E, F and G were 2.0 mg/kg, and the protein and oligopeptide concentrations of group D, E, F and G were 2 000 mg/kg. Body weight and hemoglobin of rats were measured weekly during 21-day intervention. At the end, peripheral blood samples were collected, and blood routine, iron metabolism and liver function indicators were determined. Results: After the intervention, among blood routine indicators, the rats in group C, E, F and G showed elevated hemoglobin, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume and hematocrit, and decreased free protoporphyrin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration when compared with the rats in group B (all P<0.05); among iron metabolism indicators, the rats in group C, E and G showed elevated serum ferritin, the rats in group C, E, F and G showed elevated serum iron, the rats in group C, D, E, F and G showed decreased unsaturated iron binding capacity and total iron binding capacity when compared with the rats in group B (all P<0.05); among liver function indicators, the rats in group E and G showed decreased alanine transaminase when compared with the rats in group B (both P<0.05). Conclusions Lactoprotein alone could not completely improve IDA in rats compared with traditional iron supplement (ferrous sulfate). Lactoprotein iron chelate, especially whey protein oligopeptide iron chelate, could significantly improve IDA, iron reserve and liver function damage in rats.

Objective To investigate the efficacy of dexmedetomidine on sedation in post-cardiac surgery patients with NIV intolerance.The changes of respiratory function and hemodynamics of the patients as well as non-invasive ventilation (NIV) failure rate were also under evaluation.Methods Thirty-five post-cardiac surgery patients with NIV intolerance and hypoxemia were enrolled in this prospective study.All patients were sedated with dexmedetomidine.NIV was standardized according to the uniform protocol.The main outcome was NIV success (avoiding endotracheal intubation) or NIV failure (requiring endotracheal intubation or die).The cardiorespiratory parameters (BP,HtR and RR) and artery blood gas analysis were prospectively recorded before and after sedation.The respiratory function and hemodynamics changes in both groups (NIV success group and NIV failure group) were then evaluated.Factors independently associated with NIV failure were identified using a logistic regression model.Results Twenty out of 35 patients (57.14％) survived while 15 (42.86％) patients failed NIV.After 1 h and 4 h of NIV with dexmedetomidine sedation,respiratory rate in both groups were decreased compared with baseline,especially in NIV success group.The PaO2/FiO2 was also improved after 1h and 4h of NIV treatment compared with baseline.The improvement was more significantly in NIV success group.The heart rate was decreased compared with baseline with no differences between two groups.There were no significant changes on PaCO2 and mean arterial pressure (MAP) during the treatment.The respiratory and hemodynamics variables identified as predictors of NIV failure were included in a multivariate logistic regression.RR ＞ 23 time/min (OR =3.2,95％ CI:2.043 ～ 4.301,P ＜ 0.01) 1 h after NIV,RR ＞ 20 time/min (OR =2.1,95％ CI:1.659～3.231,P=0.025) 4 h after NIV,PaO2/FiO2 ＜178 mmHg (OR=2.4,95％CI:1.892 ～ 3.287,P ＜0.01) 1 h after NIV and PaO2/FiO2 ＜ 185 mmHg (OR =1.7,95％ CI:1.243 ～ 2.365,P =0.041) 4 h after NIV independendy predicted NIV failure.Conclusions Dexmedetomidine might be considered as an effective and safe sedative for post-cardiac surgery patients with NIV intolerance.Early identification of predictors of NIV failure may facilitate early intervention.

Objective To investigate the effect of contralateral controlled functional electrical stimulation (CCFES) on the upper limb motor function in patients with acute and subacute hemiplegia.Methods Forty-eight patients with cerebral apoplexy were randomly divided into control,neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) experiment,and CCFES experiment groups,with 24 patients in each group.The two groups received routine drug treatment and rehabilitation training.For 4 weeks (6 days/week),all the patients were assessed before and after treatment by using the Fugl-Meyer locomotor rating scale (FMA),Wolf motor function test (WMFT),wrist extension active joint activity evaluation (WEAROM),and modified Barthel index (MBI).Results were statistically analyzed,and curative effects were compared.Results Before treatment,no significant differences in FMA,WMFT,WEAROM,and MBI scores were found between the two groups.At the fourth week after the intervention,the FMA,WMFT,WEAROM,and MBI scores were all significantly increased (P ＜ 0.05).The FMA,WMFT,and WEAROM scores were all higher in the treatment group than in the control group,and the differences between the two groups were significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion CCFES can effectively improve the upper limb motor function in patients with acute and subacute stroke.

Objective To evaluate the clinical application of human serum albumin for inpatients and provide evidence to its rational administration in our hospital .Methods 172 cases were randomly selected from the inpatients that treated with human serum albumin during the period from January to December 2010 by Mei-Kang clinical pharmacy workstation .To get the relating clinical ap-plication information from the choosing cases which were retrospectively analyzed .A comprehensive analysis was performed on age , sex, clinical departments, diagnosis, course of treatment, reasons of use, albumin concentration before using drugs etc.Results Most dosages of human serum albumin were used in the liver and gall surgery (26.1%), mainly for critical patients and cancer , Common individual consumption quantity ranged from 10 to 20 g.Most of patients adopted this drug for hypoproteinemia (38.9%), and most of them had a baseline serum albumin level at 10~30 g/L before using human serum albumin .Conclusion The application of human albumin in our hospital was far from perfect .The principle of effective , safe, economical and rational use of drugs should be adhere to reach the best efficacy application of human albumin .