Objectives: Pediatric and adolescent oral and maxillofacial trauma and infections differ significantly from adults in anatomy, development, and immunity, making diagnosis and treatment challenging. This study retrospectively evaluated the etiology, clinical features, and management of oral and maxillofacial trauma and infections among patients aged 3 to 15 years. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of 824 pediatric and adolescent patients who presented to the emergency department of Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital from January 2022 to December 2024. Patients were categorized based on chief complaints into trauma, infection, or other conditions. Primary analyses focused on trauma and infections, and secondary analyses included etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Results: Trauma accounted for 742 cases (90.0%) and infections for 44 cases (5.3%). Boys (65.7%) outnumbered girls (34.3%), and school-aged children (6-11 years) were most frequently affected (56.5%). Lacerations (49.2%) and abrasions (34.1%) were the most common traumas, followed by dental trauma (31.0%) and facial fractures (5.0%). Among fractures, the mandibular condyle (35.1%) was most commonly involved. Most fractures were managed non-surgically (54.0%), while 30.0% required surgery. Infections were mainly odontogenic abscesses (44.7%), cellulitis (36.4%), and sialadenitis (15.9%). Abscesses were treated with incision and drainage (57.1%) or antibiotics (19.1%), with 23.8% requiring hospitalization. Conclusion Trauma was the most frequent emergency cause in pediatric and adolescent patients, particularly among school-aged boys. Most cases were successfully managed with appropriate treatment. Early diagnosis and timely intervention are essential for favorable outcomes in pediatric maxillofacial emergencies.

Objectives: This study is a retrospective analysis of patients who visited the emergency room (ER) following dental treatment over a period of 3 years, with the aim to enhance the understanding of emergency situations that may arise after dental procedures and to develop appropriate postoperative management and emergency care methods. Patients and Methods: A total of 796 emergency patients whose visits were attributed to dental procedures, of 4,241 patients who visited the ER at Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital from January 2021 to January 2024, was included in the study. Patients were categorized based on the reason for visit into bleeding, inflammation, and other categories. Analysis was conducted on variables such as types of dental treatment, underlying conditions, and emergency treatment methods using ER records. Results: Among the 796 patients, 68.4% (539 patients) were in the bleeding group, 27.7% (219 patients) in the inflammation group, and 4.8% (38 patients) in the other complications group. Among the bleeding group, there were no associations between postoperative bleeding and systemic diseases, antithrombotic medications, or dental treatments. In 36.2% of cases, compression hemostasis alone was sufficient to resolve the bleeding. In the inflammation group, 29% of the cases required extraoral incision and drainage as emergency treatment, while 53% of the cases required subsequent hospitalization. Factors associated with hospitalization included underlying diseases (especially diabetes mellitus), procedures on mandibular teeth (especially third molars), and age older than 30 years. Conclusion Ensuring adequate hemostasis after dental procedures is essential regardless of the patient’s underlying medical conditions. Dentists must also educate patients on pressure hemostasis techniques. Patients with underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes, have a higher possibility of requiring hospitalization if inflammation occurs. Therefore, preventive measures against inflammation should be implemented in these patients.

Objective: To evaluate the role of visual and quantitative chest CT parameters in assessing treatment response in patients with severe asthma. Materials and Methods: Korean participants enrolled in a prospective multicenter study, named the Precision Medicine Intervention in Severe Asthma study, from May 2020 to August 2021, underwent baseline and follow-up chest CT scans (inspiration/expiration) 10–12 months apart, before and after biologic treatment. Two radiologists scored bronchiectasis severity and mucus plugging extent. Quantitative parameters were obtained from each CT scan as follows: normal lung area (normal), air trapping without emphysema (AT without emph), air trapping with emphysema (AT with emph), and airway (total branch count, Pi10). Clinical parameters, including pulmonary function tests (forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1] and FEV1/ forced vital capacity [FVC]), sputum and blood eosinophil count, were assessed at initial and follow-up stages. Changes in CT parameters were correlated with changes in clinical parameters using Pearson or Spearman correlation. Results: Thirty-four participants (female:male, 20:14; median age, 50.5 years) diagnosed with severe asthma from three centers were included. Changes in the bronchiectasis and mucus plugging extent scores were negatively correlated with changes in FEV1 and FEV1/FVC (ρ = from -0.544 to -0.368, all P < 0.05). Changes in quantitative CT parameters were correlated with changes in FEV1 (normal, r = 0.373 [P = 0.030], AT without emph, r = -0.351 [P = 0.042]), FEV1/FVC (normal, r = 0.390 [P = 0.022], AT without emph, r = -0.370 [P = 0.031]). Changes in total branch count were positively correlated with changes in FEV1 (r = 0.349 [P = 0.043]). There was no correlation between changes in Pi10 and the clinical parameters (P > 0.05). Conclusion Visual and quantitative CT parameters of normal, AT without emph, and total branch count may be effective for evaluating treatment response in patients with severe asthma.

A 4-month-old intact male Sapsaree dog was referred due to a history of postprandial regurgitation following consumption of solid food. Thoracic radiography revealed focal leftward displacement of the thoracic trachea at T1 to T4 vertebrae levels. Barium contrast radiography revealed focal dilation of the cranial thoracic esophagus at the heart base level. Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA) with an aberrant left subclavian artery branching from the patent ductus arteriosus was diagnosed by computed tomography angiography (CTA). Although barium contrast radiography can presumptive diagnose PRAA, CTA should be considered for identifying additional vascular anomalies, specific types, and surgical planning.

Objectives: This study is a retrospective analysis of patients who visited the emergency room (ER) following dental treatment over a period of 3 years, with the aim to enhance the understanding of emergency situations that may arise after dental procedures and to develop appropriate postoperative management and emergency care methods. Patients and Methods: A total of 796 emergency patients whose visits were attributed to dental procedures, of 4,241 patients who visited the ER at Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital from January 2021 to January 2024, was included in the study. Patients were categorized based on the reason for visit into bleeding, inflammation, and other categories. Analysis was conducted on variables such as types of dental treatment, underlying conditions, and emergency treatment methods using ER records. Results: Among the 796 patients, 68.4% (539 patients) were in the bleeding group, 27.7% (219 patients) in the inflammation group, and 4.8% (38 patients) in the other complications group. Among the bleeding group, there were no associations between postoperative bleeding and systemic diseases, antithrombotic medications, or dental treatments. In 36.2% of cases, compression hemostasis alone was sufficient to resolve the bleeding. In the inflammation group, 29% of the cases required extraoral incision and drainage as emergency treatment, while 53% of the cases required subsequent hospitalization. Factors associated with hospitalization included underlying diseases (especially diabetes mellitus), procedures on mandibular teeth (especially third molars), and age older than 30 years. Conclusion Ensuring adequate hemostasis after dental procedures is essential regardless of the patient’s underlying medical conditions. Dentists must also educate patients on pressure hemostasis techniques. Patients with underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes, have a higher possibility of requiring hospitalization if inflammation occurs. Therefore, preventive measures against inflammation should be implemented in these patients.

Objectives: This study is a retrospective analysis of patients who visited the emergency room (ER) following dental treatment over a period of 3 years, with the aim to enhance the understanding of emergency situations that may arise after dental procedures and to develop appropriate postoperative management and emergency care methods. Patients and Methods: A total of 796 emergency patients whose visits were attributed to dental procedures, of 4,241 patients who visited the ER at Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital from January 2021 to January 2024, was included in the study. Patients were categorized based on the reason for visit into bleeding, inflammation, and other categories. Analysis was conducted on variables such as types of dental treatment, underlying conditions, and emergency treatment methods using ER records. Results: Among the 796 patients, 68.4% (539 patients) were in the bleeding group, 27.7% (219 patients) in the inflammation group, and 4.8% (38 patients) in the other complications group. Among the bleeding group, there were no associations between postoperative bleeding and systemic diseases, antithrombotic medications, or dental treatments. In 36.2% of cases, compression hemostasis alone was sufficient to resolve the bleeding. In the inflammation group, 29% of the cases required extraoral incision and drainage as emergency treatment, while 53% of the cases required subsequent hospitalization. Factors associated with hospitalization included underlying diseases (especially diabetes mellitus), procedures on mandibular teeth (especially third molars), and age older than 30 years. Conclusion Ensuring adequate hemostasis after dental procedures is essential regardless of the patient’s underlying medical conditions. Dentists must also educate patients on pressure hemostasis techniques. Patients with underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes, have a higher possibility of requiring hospitalization if inflammation occurs. Therefore, preventive measures against inflammation should be implemented in these patients.

Objective: To assess whether computed tomography (CT) conversion across different scan parameters and manufacturers using a routable generative adversarial network (RouteGAN) can improve the accuracy and variability in quantifying interstitial lung disease (ILD) using a deep learning-based automated software. Materials and Methods: This study included patients with ILD who underwent thin-section CT. Unmatched CT images obtained using scanners from four manufacturers (vendors A-D), standard- or low-radiation doses, and sharp or medium kernels were classified into groups 1–7 according to acquisition conditions. CT images in groups 2–7 were converted into the target CT sty le (Group 1: vendor A, standard dose, and sharp kernel) using a RouteGAN. ILD was quantified on original and converted CT images using a deep learning-based software (Aview, Coreline Soft). The accuracy of quantification was analyzed using the dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and pixel-wise overlap accuracy metrics against manual quantification by a radiologist. Five radiologists evaluated quantification accuracy using a 10-point visual scoring system. Results: Three hundred and fifty CT slices from 150 patients (mean age: 67.6 ± 10.7 years; 56 females) were included. The overlap accuracies for quantifying total abnormalities in groups 2–7 improved after CT conversion (original vs. converted: 0.63vs. 0.68 for DSC, 0.66 vs. 0.70 for pixel-wise recall, and 0.68 vs. 0.73 for pixel-wise precision; P < 0.002 for all). The DSCs of fibrosis score, honeycombing, and reticulation significantly increased after CT conversion (0.32 vs. 0.64, 0.19 vs. 0.47, and 0.23 vs. 0.54, P < 0.002 for all), whereas those of ground-glass opacity, consolidation, and emphysema did not change significantly or decreased slightly. The radiologists’ scores were significantly higher (P < 0.001) and less variable on converted CT. Conclusion CT conversion using a RouteGAN can improve the accuracy and variability of CT images obtained using different scan parameters and manufacturers in deep learning-based quantification of ILD.

Deep learning-based applications have great potential to enhance the quality of medical services. The power of deep learning depends on open databases and innovation. Radiologists can act as important mediators between deep learning and medicine by simultaneously playing pioneering and gatekeeping roles. The application of deep learning technology in medicine is sometimes restricted by ethical or legal issues, including patient privacy and confidentiality, data ownership, and limitations in patient agreement. In this paper, we present an open platform, MI2RLNet, for sharing source code and various pre-trained weights for models to use in downstream tasks, including education, application, and transfer learning, to encourage deep learning research in radiology. In addition, we describe how to use this open platform in the GitHub environment. Our source code and models may contribute to further deep learning research in radiology, which may facilitate applications in medicine and healthcare, especially in medical imaging, in the near future. All code is available at https://github.com/mi2rl/MI2RLNet.

Objectives: Now, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is worldwide threatening. Medical staff’s efforts and sacrifices against COVID-19 are still ongoing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mental health of the medical staff who have fought against the COVID-19 in hub hospitals. Methods: The medical staff underwent an evaluation of psychiatric and sleep status between March 23rd and April 3rd, 2020. Based on the evaluation, we retrospectively analyzed depression, anxiety, and sleep quality of the medical staff, who worked more than 7 days for fighting against the COVID-19. Results: This study included a total of 101 medical staff. Approximately 1/4 of the medical staff showed depressive mood and low quality of sleep, and more than 1/3 reported anxiety. The nurses reported more severe psychiatric symptoms and poorer sleep quality. Conclusions This study demonstrated the mental and sleep status of the medical staff against COVID-19. Medical and social support should be considered for them.

Purpose: To evaluate the aortic neck anatomy in Korean patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Materials and Methods: We examined computed tomography scans of 343 patients with AAAs (≥5.5 cm for men or ≥5 cm for women) between 2009 and 2018. Eligibility of neck anatomy for endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) was assessed with the standard instructions for use (IFU) (length ≥15 mm, suprarenal angulation (SRA) ≤45°, infrarenal angulation (IRA) ≤60°, and diameter 18-32 mm) and the extended IFU (length ≥10 mm, SRA ≤60°, IRA ≤75°, and diameter 17-32 mm). Results: There were 71 women (20.7%), and 61 patients (17.8%) with rupture. Women had smaller neck diameters (21.3 vs. 23.4 mm, P<0.001 for proximal neck; 22.2 vs. 24.5 mm, P<0.001 for distal neck), and higher angulations (51.5° vs. 37.8°, P<0.001 for SRA; 77.7° vs. 57.0°, P<0.001 for IRA) than men. However, the neck length was not significantly different. Patients with ruptured AAAs had shorter neck lengths (21.0 vs. 26.8 mm, P=0.005) than those with intact AAAs. However, the neck diameters and angulations were not significantly different. EVAR eligibility for standard and extended IFUs was found in 37.5% and 55.1% of men, and 11.3% and 25.4% of women (P<0.001 for both IFUs); neck anatomy was eligible in 34.0% of intact AAAs and 23.0% of ruptured AAAs (P=0.098). Conclusion A significant proportion of the Korean patients did not meet the IFU for EVAR, mainly due to the angulated neck. Women, and patients with ruptured AAAs, were less likely to meet the IFU criteria.