Although minimally invasive surgery is a standard surgical approach because of its proven benefits to patient outcomes, it imposes increased cognitive demands on surgeons because of limited visualization, lack of tactile feedback, and constraints in instrument manipulation.These challenges have been partially mitigated by robot-assisted surgery, while recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have established intraoperative AI as a key technology enabling real-time support of surgical perception, decision-making, and instrument control.Here, we review the key AI technologies used during the intraoperative phase of endolaparoscopic and robotic surgery, including anatomical and lesion recognition, instrument detection and tracking, surgical phase and workflow analysis, real-time tissue characterization, image-guided and augmented navigation, AI-assisted instrument control, and multimodal event detection. We also discuss key clinical integration challenges and future research directions focused on foundation and self-supervised learning paradigms, and human–AI collaborative system design.

Purpose: Radical cystectomy (RC) is associated with substantial postoperative morbidity, and unplanned readmission remains common despite advances in perioperative management. However, the association between postoperative readmission due to complications and oncologic outcomes after RC for bladder cancer has not been clearly defined. We evaluated the impact of postoperative readmission on overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) after RC for bladder cancer. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 3,972 patients who underwent RC for bladder cancer in a multicenter cohort. Postoperative readmission was defined as unplanned hospitalization within 90 days postsurgery due to surgery-related complications. Survival outcomes were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of OS and CSS. Results: Among the study population, 916 patients (23.1%) experienced postoperative readmission. Baseline and perioperative characteristics were generally comparable between patients with and without readmission. Kaplan-Meier analyses demonstrated significantly worse OS and CSS among patients who experienced postoperative readmission (both log-rank p<0.001). In multivariable analyses adjusting for clinicopathological factors, postoperative readmission remained independently associated with worse OS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.654; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.464–1.868; p<0.001) and CSS (HR, 1.761; 95% CI, 1.509–2.055; p<0.001). Conclusion Postoperative readmission within 90 days after RC was independently associated with inferior long-term oncologic outcomes. These findings suggest the importance of strategies aimed at preventing postoperative complications and subsequent readmission.

Background: This study was performed to evaluate the prognostic utility of a positive T wave in lead augmented vector right (TaVR) and elevated E/e′ ratio in predicting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis. Methods: We retrospectively examined 296 adults on thrice-weekly hemodialysis with baseline electrocardiography and transthoracic echocardiography (October 2018–April 2024). TaVR positivity was T-wave amplitude, >0 mV and high E/e′, ≥19. Primary outcome was the first MACE—cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart-failure admission, or revascularization. Multivariable Cox models adjusted for clinical covariates; incremental value was gauged with Harrell’s C-index, integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), and continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI). Sensitivity analysis was performed using a guideline-recommended E/e′ threshold of ≥15 to assess robustness. Results: Over 56.5 months (1,325 patient-years), 118 MACE occurred (8.9/100 patient-years). Incidence was higher with TaVR positivity than negativity (16.0/100 patient-years vs. 3.7/100 patient-years; log-rank p < 0.001). Adjusted hazard ratios were 3.19 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.00–5.08) for TaVR and 2.92 (95% CI, 1.71–4.96) for high E/e′. Adding both markers to the clinical model increased the C-index from 0.65 to 0.75 (Δ 0.10) and improved IDI (0.10) and NRI (0.16) (all p < 0.01). A significant negative interaction (hazard ratio, 0.21; p = 0.01) indicated complementary but partly overlapping information. Sensitivity results were similar. Conclusion TaVR positivity is a strong independent electrocardiography predictor of cardiovascular events in hemodialysis. Combining TaVR with E/e′ adds prognostic value and supports a pragmatic two-step strategy— electrocardiography triage followed by focused echocardiography—for cardiovascular risk stratification in this high-risk population.

Objectives: We mapped trends in studies on dietary behaviors, nutritional status, and nutrition-related education among individuals with developmental disabilities in Korea over the past decade to identify research gaps and inform future research and policy development. Methods: A scoping review was conducted using three major Korean academic databases (RISS, KISS, and DBpia). Studies published between 2015 and September 2025 were identified using combinations of keywords related to developmental disabilities, dietary behavior, nutrition, and health-related interventions. Eligible studies included empirical studies and secondary research (e.g., systematic or scoping reviews) conducted in Korea that focused on dietary behaviors, nutrition, health promotion, or nutrition-related education for individuals with developmental disabilities. Thirty-six studies met our inclusion criteria and were analyzed based on study design, study population, disability type, research topic, and publication period. Results: Observational quantitative, qualitative, intervention-based experimental, and evidence synthesis accounted for 27.8%, 13.9%, 22.2%, and 36.1% of all included studies, respectively. Children and adolescents (27.8%) and adults (25.0%) were the most frequently studied populations, with limited studies focusing on professionals or teachers. Most studies targeted individuals with developmental disabilities as a combined group (61.1%), followed by those specifically targeting autism spectrum disorder. Research topics included dietary behaviors and nutritional status, nutrition-related education and interventions, health promotion, and medical or clinical issues, with many small-scale and shortterm intervention studies. Conclusion Although research on dietary and nutrition-related issues among individuals with developmental disabilities in Korea has expanded in scope and methodology, significant limitations remain. Future research should adopt longitudinal and community-based approaches, incorporate diverse populations, and strengthen policy-oriented nutrition support systems to promote sustainable health and quality of life for individuals with developmental disabilities.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to analyze the effect of food literacy on the short-term and long-term healthy eating intentions of convenience store consumers using the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior (ETPB) framework. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in South Korea in September 2023. A total of 397 Korean participants were recruited through convenience sampling. The independent variables included food literacy, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The χ2 tests, t-tests, correlation analysis, and hierarchical regression were performed, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Adolescents showed significantly higher food literacy than adults (P < 0.01).In contrast, adults demonstrated higher scores in attitude (P < 0.01), subjective norm (P < 0.05), perceived behavioral control (P < 0.01), and short-term (P < 0.001) and long-term healthy eating intentions (P < 0.001). When food literacy was included as a variable in the hierarchical regression analysis, the explanatory power for short-term and long-term healthy eating intentions increased by 1.7% and 5.3%, respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The study highlights the need for customized nutrition education and continuous, systematic education on eating habits to enhance food literacy.

Purpose: Although bladder cancer occurs three to 4 times more frequently in men than in women, the relative number of deaths compared to incidence is higher in women, suggesting that women have a worse prognosis than men. Emerging evidence indicates that the activity of the sex steroid hormone pathway may play a role in bladder cancer development, with demonstrations that both androgens and estrogens have biological effects on bladder cancer in vitro and in vivo. This study investigates the influence of sex and menopausal status on recurrence and cancer-specific death (CSD) in bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC). Materials and Methods: This retrospective analysis included 3,913 patients from the Korean Bladder Cancer Study Group Database who underwent RC between 2010 and 2019. Patients were categorized based on gender and menopausal status (≤50 years: premenopausal; >50 years: postmenopausal). Pathological factors, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, recurrence, and CSD rates were analyzed using chi-square and Fisher exact tests. Results: Among the 3,913 patients, 400 (10.2%) were female. Premenopausal females exhibited significantly lower recurrence rates (28.6%) compared to postmenopausal females (45.7%). CSD rates were similarly reduced in premenopausal females (12.0% vs. 22.2% in postmenopausal females). No significant sex differences in recurrence or CSD were observed among premenopausal patients. Pathological T stage, nodal status, and lymphovascular invasion were significantly associated with recurrence in males, while nodal status alone was significant in females. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was significantly more frequently administered to male patients under the age of 50, while no difference was observed in the administration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy among female patients based on menopausal status. Conclusion Hormonal changes associated with menopause significantly influence bladder cancer outcomes in women. Premenopausal hormonal environments seem protective, underscoring the need for further research into hormone-driven mechanisms in bladder cancer.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of a trifecta, defined as negative soft tissue surgical margin (STSM), removal of ≥16 lymph nodes, and absence of major complications (Clavien-Dindo classification grade >III) within 90 days, after radical cystectomy (RC), using a large multicenter cohort. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from 3,972 patients with bladder cancer who underwent RC at 11 tertiary centers in South Korea between 2003 and 2024. Survival outcomes, including overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS), were compared according to trifecta status using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. Propensity score matching was performed to adjust for baseline differences. Results: A total of 2,014 eligible patients were included in the final analysis, and the trifecta was achieved in 47.8%. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated significantly improved 5- and 10-year OS (66.7% vs. 62.0%; 62.9% vs. 57.2%; p=0.002), CSS (79.3% vs. 75.4%; 77.8% vs. 73.8%; p=0.008), and RFS (62.7% vs. 57.6%; 60.8% vs. 55.2%; p=0.001) in the trifecta group. In multivariable analysis, trifecta achievement was significantly associated with better OS (HR, 0.813; p=0.008), CSS (HR, 0.787; p=0.017), and RFS (HR, 0.844; p=0.036). Among individual components, negative STSM showed the strongest prognostic effect across all endpoints. Conclusions In this large multicenter study, patients who achieved the RC trifecta exhibited significantly superior survival outcomes compared with those who did not. The trifecta may serve as a practical and standardized metric for assessing surgical quality and performance in RC. Future prospective studies are warranted to validate its prognostic and quality-assurance utility.

Objectives: In this study, we identified the current status of meal and nutritional management in elderly care facilities and analyzed the educational needs of employees, with the goal of proposing effective support strategies for nutritional management and to suggest directions for developing customized educational content. Methods: Between May and June 2024, we conducted nine focus group interviews with 22 participants recruited from 10 cities across four major regions of Korea, including 13 employees of children and social welfare meal management support centers and nine employees of elderly care facilities. Results: Our findings revealed that supporting algorithm-based dietary planning, improving communication with caregivers, and providing flexible, practical education tailored to facility conditions, are key elements for enhancing nutritional management in elderly care facilities. To facilitate the translation of these insights into practice, it will be necessary to strengthen collaboration between centers and facilities, combined with efforts to improve the operational environment for applying the algorithm and providing continuous educational support. Conclusion The findings of this study emphasize the importance of on-site education and sustainable support strategies based on the diet and nutritional management status and education needs of elderly care facilities. Strengthening practical education, communication systems, and center–facility collaboration is required, and future research needs to verify the efficacy of these measures and define a sustainable support system based on quantitative analysis.

Objectives: This study aimed to develop play-based nutrition education (PBNE) materials for young children and to evaluate their applicability and effectiveness. Methods: An online survey of 1,253 primary caregivers of preschool children was conducted, and the findings were used to develop age-specific utilization guides, slides, activity sheets, activity cards, posters, educational videos, and parent newsletters. Selected materials were implemented in child-care centers through the Children’s Foodservice Management Centers between October and November 2023. The effectiveness of the PBNE program was assessed by examining changes in mushroom consumption as well as food awareness and preferences, before and after the intervention. Results: A total of eight media formats and 320 educational contents were developed, and mushrooms were as the pilot theme among the 12 possible food items. Following the intervention, children’s positive awareness of mushrooms increased, and > 96% of participants attempted to consume them. Teachers in child-care centers rated the appropriateness and applicability of the content, its contribution to behavioral improvement, and their overall satisfaction at > 4.9 out of 5 points. Conclusion This study developed experiential, PBNE materials aligned with the national standard child- and play-centered curriculum. The materials were effective in enhancing food awareness and promoting attempts at consumption. Future efforts should focus on developing additional experiential teaching tools that incorporate teacher feedback and on strengthening home-linked programs to support healthy seasonal food intake and positive dietary experiences in young children.

Objectives: This study evaluated the nutrition quotient for preschoolers (NQ-P) and analyzed the impact of key factors, such as caregivers’ food literacy, social support, and food environment, on the eating habits of preschool children in Korea. This study also sought to provide foundational data for developing tailored nutrition education programs by identifying the nutrition education needs of caregivers. Methods: This study was conducted among caregivers of preschool children (aged 0–6 years) using an online self-administered survey conducted from August 22 to August 28, 2023. A total of 1,116 survey responses were analyzed. This study assessed children’s NQ-P score, caregivers’ food literacy, social support, food environment, and nutritional education needs. Data were analyzed using SPSS 29.0 (IBM Co.). Results: The average NQ-P score for preschool children was 52, showing a tendency for the balance score to decrease and the moderation score to increase with age. Children from rural and low-income areas exhibited significantly lower NQ-P scores. Caregivers’ food literacy was higher in urban and higher-income groups. Multiple regression analysis revealed that social support, food literacy, income, and food environment significantly affected children's NQ-P scores. The effectiveness of nutrition education varied based on the income level, with nutrition education on healthy eating being the most preferred topic for preschool children. Conclusion This study confirmed that caregivers’ food literacy and social support significantly affected preschool children’s nutritional status. This suggests a need for tailored nutritional education and dietary support policies, particularly for low-income and rural populations.