Objective:To explore the interaction effects on brain activity between the smoking addiction and weight status by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging.Methods:Retrospective analysis of clinical data and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed from 99 recruited subjects from January 2019 to December 2021. All participants were divided into four groups: overweight smokers ( n=24), normal-weight smokers ( n=28), overweight non-smokers ( n=19), and normal weight non-smokers ( n=28). Calculate regional homogeneity (ReHo) to reflect the internal brain activity of the subjects. Two-way ANOVA was used to detect the interaction effects between smoking addiction and overweight on ReHo by SPM12 software, correcting for age, years of education and head motion. Results:The interaction effect between smoking addiction and overweight on ReHo was significant in right superior frontal gyrus(x, y, z=15, 9, 60)(GRF corrected, Pvoxel<0.005, Pcluster<0.05). The ReHo value in the right superior frontal gyrus of overweight smokers was significantly higher than that of normal weight smokers ( t=3.768, P<0.001, Bonferroni corrected). The ReHo values in the right superior frontal gyrus of overweight non-smokers were significantly lower than those of normal weight non-smokers ( t=-3.242, P=0.002, Bonferroni corrected). The ReHo values in the right superior frontal gyurs of normal-weight smokers were significantly lower than those of normal weight non-smokers( t=-3.540, P=0.001, Bonferroni corrected). The ReHo values in the right superior frontal gyrus of overweight smokers were significantly higher than those of overweight non-smokers ( t=3.392, P=0.002, Bonferroni corrected). Correlation analyses showed that the strengthen ReHo value in right superior frontal gyrus was positively associated with pack-year in smoking addicts( r=0.387, P=0.007, Bonferroni corrected). Conclusion:Smoking addiction and overweight have an antagonistic effect on brain activity in the right superior frontal gyrus, which may provide potential therapeutic targets for individuals with comorbidity of smoking addiction and overweight.

Objective:To investigate the correlation between brain gray matter volume (GMV) and interactive effects of smoking addiction and overweight.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 99 subjects recruited from January 2019 to December 2021 through online platforms such as WeChat, including the following four groups: overweight smoking addiction group ( n=24), normal-weight smoking addiction group ( n=28), overweight non-smoking group ( n=19), and normal-weight non-smoking group ( n=28). All subjects underwent 3.0T MRI. We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to compare gray matter volume (GMV) among the four groups. A two-way analysis of variance was conducted with age, years of education, and head motion as covariates to explore the interaction effects between smoking addiction and weight status on GMV, the main effect of smoking addiction and main effect of overweight, which were then correlated with clinical data. Results:Significant interactive effects of smoking addiction and overweight were observed in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (GRF corrected, voxel-level P<0.001, cluster-level P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed a quadratic effect between body mass index and left DLPFC GMV (β=-3.846, t=-2.134, P=0.036). Additionally, the main effect of smoking addiction was primarily manifested in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)(GRF corrected, P voxel<0.001, P cluster<0.05). Left OFC GMV was negatively associated with the FTND (Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence) scores ( r=-0.391, P=0.006). And right OFC GMV was negatively correlated with the smoking index ( r=-0.335, P=0.019). No statistically significant main effect of overweight was found at the aforementioned threshold. Conclusion:Smoking addiction and overweight have antagonistic effects on left DLPFC GMV.

Objective:This study aims to investigate the dynamic patterns of intrinsic neural activity and their relationships with Internet Addiction Test (IAT) scores in individuals with internet gaming disorder (IGD).Methods:Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning was performed on 33 individuals with IGD (IGD group) who were admitted to the psychiatric department of First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and 40 healthy volunteers (control group) recruited through the online platform. The dynamic regional homogeneity (dReHo) values were calculated. The two-sample t test was used to analyze the differences of dReHo values between two groups (Gaussian random field corrected, voxel level P<0.001, cluster level P<0.05). Spearman correlation analyses were used to analyze the correlations between IAT scores and dReHo values of brain regions with statistically significant differences between IGD group and control group. Results:Compared with the control group, the IGD group showed increased dReHo values in the right thalamus, right caudate nucleus, left putamen, bilateral medial superior frontal gyrus, bilateral supplementary motor area, and bilateral superior frontal gyrus ( t=3.84-4.94, Gaussian random field corrected, voxel level P<0.001, cluster level P<0.05). The dReHo value in the right medial superior frontal gyrus was positively correlated with IAT scores ( r=0.395, P=0.023) in IGD group. Conclusion:Individuals with IGD exhibited a wide range of abnormal dynamic patterns of intrinsic neural activity in pivotal regions associated with reward processing and cognitive control functions (the fronto-striato-thalamic circuit), providing new insights into the underlying neural mechanisms of IGD.

Objective:To investigate the correlation between brain gray matter volume (GMV) and interactive effects of smoking addiction and overweight.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 99 subjects recruited from January 2019 to December 2021 through online platforms such as WeChat, including the following four groups: overweight smoking addiction group ( n=24), normal-weight smoking addiction group ( n=28), overweight non-smoking group ( n=19), and normal-weight non-smoking group ( n=28). All subjects underwent 3.0T MRI. We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to compare gray matter volume (GMV) among the four groups. A two-way analysis of variance was conducted with age, years of education, and head motion as covariates to explore the interaction effects between smoking addiction and weight status on GMV, the main effect of smoking addiction and main effect of overweight, which were then correlated with clinical data. Results:Significant interactive effects of smoking addiction and overweight were observed in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (GRF corrected, voxel-level P<0.001, cluster-level P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed a quadratic effect between body mass index and left DLPFC GMV (β=-3.846, t=-2.134, P=0.036). Additionally, the main effect of smoking addiction was primarily manifested in the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)(GRF corrected, P voxel<0.001, P cluster<0.05). Left OFC GMV was negatively associated with the FTND (Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence) scores ( r=-0.391, P=0.006). And right OFC GMV was negatively correlated with the smoking index ( r=-0.335, P=0.019). No statistically significant main effect of overweight was found at the aforementioned threshold. Conclusion:Smoking addiction and overweight have antagonistic effects on left DLPFC GMV.

Objective:This study aims to investigate the dynamic patterns of intrinsic neural activity and their relationships with Internet Addiction Test (IAT) scores in individuals with internet gaming disorder (IGD).Methods:Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning was performed on 33 individuals with IGD (IGD group) who were admitted to the psychiatric department of First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and 40 healthy volunteers (control group) recruited through the online platform. The dynamic regional homogeneity (dReHo) values were calculated. The two-sample t test was used to analyze the differences of dReHo values between two groups (Gaussian random field corrected, voxel level P<0.001, cluster level P<0.05). Spearman correlation analyses were used to analyze the correlations between IAT scores and dReHo values of brain regions with statistically significant differences between IGD group and control group. Results:Compared with the control group, the IGD group showed increased dReHo values in the right thalamus, right caudate nucleus, left putamen, bilateral medial superior frontal gyrus, bilateral supplementary motor area, and bilateral superior frontal gyrus ( t=3.84-4.94, Gaussian random field corrected, voxel level P<0.001, cluster level P<0.05). The dReHo value in the right medial superior frontal gyrus was positively correlated with IAT scores ( r=0.395, P=0.023) in IGD group. Conclusion:Individuals with IGD exhibited a wide range of abnormal dynamic patterns of intrinsic neural activity in pivotal regions associated with reward processing and cognitive control functions (the fronto-striato-thalamic circuit), providing new insights into the underlying neural mechanisms of IGD.

Tumor has become the major reasons cause of death,and its vaccine has become the effective tracts of treatment and prevention by enhancing the immune response of patients.However,most vaccines which are recombination subunit protein antigens are poorly immunogenic and difficult to induce a robust immune response in patients with compromised immune systems,resulting in poor marketing approval.The core component of the vaccine adjuvant can greatly enhance the strength,speed and duration of the immune response,thus becoming the key to the development of an ideal tumor vaccine.Most tumor vaccines are combined with tradition adjuvant such as aluminum,MF59 and AS adjuvant,but their products and patents are monopolized by large foreign companies.We found that natural adjuvants have many unique advantages,such as good biocompatibility and biodegradability,promoting the maturation of dendritic cell and the secretion of immune cytokines,significantly enhancing the tumor vaccine immune response,etc.In this paper,the application and future development of natural polysaccharides,saponins,flavonoid and plant virus-like particles in cancer vaccines were reviewed,which may lay a solid foundation for the development of the original and innovative adjuvants with domestic independent intellectual property rights.

Objective:To study the genetic variation and distribution characteristics of thalassemia in people of childbearing age in Hubei Province, and to provide clinical basis for the local government decision-making departments to formulate and promote appropriate policies for prevention and control of thalassemia.Methods:Venous blood samples were collected from 44 849 people of childbearing age in hospitals in Hubei Province from May 13, 2019 to August 17, 2021. PCR-flow fluorescence hybridization and PCR+diversion hybridization were used to screen thalassemia genes. Spouses of those who tested positive were also tested for thalassemia genes. When both spouses carried the same type of thalassemia gene, the amniotic fluid of pregnant women was extracted for prenatal diagnosis and followed up.Results:Among the 44 849 people of childbearing age, 2 286 cases were diagnosed as thalassemia gene carriers through genetic testing, and the total detection rate was 5.10% (2 286/44 849). Among them, 1 488 cases were diagnosed as α-thalassemia, and the detection rate was 3.32% (1 488/44 849); 767 cases were diagnosed as β-thalassemia, and the detection rate was 1.71% (767/44 849); 31 cases were diagnosed as α-thalassemia combined with β-thalassemia, and the detection rate was 0.07% (31/44 849). The top three genotypes of α-thalassemia were -α 3.7/αα, -- SEA/αα, and -α 4.2/αα, accounting for 58.06% (864/1 488), 26.14% (389/1 488), and8.74% (130/1 488), respectively. The top three genotypes of β-thalassemia were β IVS-Ⅱ-654/β N, β CD41-42/β N, and β CD17/β N, accounting for 41.72% (320/767), 21.25% (163/767), and 16.04% (123/767), respectively. The main genotypes of α-thalassemia combined with β-thalassemia were -α 3.7/αα complex β IVS-Ⅱ-654/β N and -α 3.7/αα complex β CD41-42/β N, accounting for 29.03% (9/31) and 16.13% (5/31), respectively. A total of 59 people of childbearing age were conducted prenatal diagnosis, among fetus, there were 4 cases of severe thalassemia (2 cases of severe α-thalassemia, 2 cases of severe β-thalassemia), 5 cases of intermediate α-thalassemia, 5 cases of intermediate or severe β-thalassemia, 19 cases of mild thalassemia (8 cases of mild α-thalassemia, 11 cases of mild β-thalassemia), 13 cases of stationary α-thalassemia, and 1 case of stationary α-thalassemia combined with mild β-thalassemia, there were 12 cases without α-thalassemia or β-thalassemia genes. After follow-up, 4 cases of severe thalassemia, 2 cases of intermediate α-thalassemia, and 5 cases of intermediate or severe β-thalassemia were terminated pregnancy by the joint decision of both parents. Conclusions:In Hubei Province, the detection rate of thalassemia is high, and α-thalassemia is the main mutation type. The combination of thalassemia gene screening and prenatal diagnosis is of great significance in reducing the birth rate of children with thalassemia.

Objective: To explore the mechanism of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on diabetic endothelial cell damage based on monocyte⁃macrophage exosomes (Exos)/microRNA⁃92a ( miR⁃92a) . Methods: Twenty apolipoprotein E ⁃deficient (ApoE - / - ) mice were randomly divided into two groups : injury group (n = 10) and injury + STZ group ( n = 10 ) . The injury + STZ group established a diabetes model induced by streptozotocin (STZ) . All animals underwent partial left carotid artery (PLCA) ligation. The carotid arteries were collected , the number of M1 macrophages was detected by immunohistochemistry , and the level of AGEs was analyzed by ELISA.Microvascular endothelial cell line bEnd. 3 cells were treated with conditioned medium (CM) of AGEs treated RAW264. 7 cells or Exos derived from RAW264. 7 , followed by evaluations of the cell barrier function and mitochondrial function. Results : There was an increased number of M1 macrophages in carotid atherosclerotic tissues of diabetic mice and in AGEs treated RAW264. 7 cells. CM or Exos significantly induced barrier dysfunction , reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction in vascular endothelial cells in vitro. In addition , bioinformatics analysis showed that miR⁃92a was up⁃regulated in Exos derived from macrophages stimulated by AGEs. Experimentally , Exos participated in CM⁃induced barrier dysfunction , ROS accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction in bEnd. 3 cells by transferring miR⁃92a. Finally , a series of rescue experiments further confirmed that Exos regulated the barrier dysfunction and mitochondrial function in vascular endothelial cells through miR⁃92a. Conclusion The expression of AGEs and the number of M1 macrophages in diabetic ApoE - / - mice increase , and AGEs stimulates Exos from macrophages could impair the barrier function and mitochondrial function in vascular endothelial cells by delivering miR⁃92a in vitro.

For the past several decades, the infectious disease profile in China has been shifting with rapid developments in social and economic aspects, environment, quality of food, water, housing, and public health infrastructure. Notably, 5 notifiable infectious diseases have been almost eradicated, and the incidence of 18 additional notifiable infectious diseases has been significantly reduced. Unexpectedly, the incidence of over 10 notifiable infectious diseases, including HIV, brucellosis, syphilis, and dengue fever, has been increasing. Nevertheless, frequent infectious disease outbreaks/events have been reported almost every year, and imported infectious diseases have increased since 2015. New pathogens and over 100 new genotypes or serotypes of known pathogens have been identified. Some infectious diseases seem to be exacerbated by various factors, including rapid urbanization, large numbers of migrant workers, changes in climate, ecology, and policies, such as returning farmland to forests. This review summarizes the current experiences and lessons from China in managing emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, especially the effects of ecology, climate, and behavior, which should have merits in helping other countries to control and prevent infectious diseases.
Behavior ; China ; epidemiology ; Climate ; Communicable Diseases ; classification ; epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Ecology ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Incidence

Objective To evaluated the HCV genotyping results which obtained by genotype diagnostic kit in Shenzhen area. Methods 158 samples which ELISA test of anti-HCV were positive were collected from voluntary blood donors from 2014 to 2015,and were tested by PCR fluorescence probe method for viral load.The samples which viral load were greater than 1.0 ×103 IU/mL were then tested by HCV RNA genotype diagnostic kit.To analysis the proportion of different genotypes and the correla-tion between genotypes with vrial load.Results 54 HCV RNA reactive sample were quantity by PCR fluorescence probe method from 158 anti-HCV positive samples.The genotyping data for 45 cases which vrial load greater than 1.0×103 IU/mL were obtained by HCV RNA genotype diagnostic kit.The frequencies HCV genotype 1b,2,3 and 6 were 57.78%(26/45),6.67%(3/45),8.89%(4/45)and 26.67%(12/45),respectively.One-way ANOVA analysis showed that significant difference in viral loads was found be-tween different HCV genotype 1b and 2(F =2.861,P <0.05),and there was a significant difference in viral loads and anti-HCV S/CO by sex(P <0.05).Fisher′s exact test showed the significance difference between age and genotypes(P <0.05 ).Conclusion HCV 1b and 6 were the most predominant genotypes due to the higher viral load than the other subtypes among volunteer blood do-nors in Shenzhen,while the proportion of HCV 2,3 declined.