Viruses,as important biological agents influencing human health and social development,have played a key role in the spread of epidemics and the evolution of diseases since ancient times.Upon infecting hosts,viruses often trigger a series of com-plex responses,including innate and adaptive immunity,inflammatory responses and pathological damage.Despite advances in mod-ern antiviral drugs development,chemical drugs typically rely on a single molecular target within the viral life cycle,making them highly susceptible to the emergence of drug resistance and the induction of systemic toxic side effects.In contrast,traditional Chi-nese medicines(TCMs),posing the distinctive advantage of multi-component,multi-target,and multi-pathway,have exerted a pivotal role in viral prevention and viral treatment.In recent years,fresh herbs have gained increasing attention for their ability to preserve intact bioactive components.Fresh herb-derived nanovesicles possess excellent biocompatibility,targeting and cross-species regula-tory capabilities.These fresh herb-derived nanovesicles can effectively encapsulate and deliver a variety of antiviral components,demonstrating significant potential in antiviral immunomodulation,inflammation control and viral-induced pathologies.This review systematically sorts out the mechanisms of viral infection,and summarizes the advantages of fresh herbs,and the application pros-pects of fresh herb-derived nanovesicles in antiviral therapy.Furthermore,it focuses on summarizing the research progress of fresh herb-derived nanovesicles in the field of antiviral therapy,with the aim of providing insights and references for the development of fresh herb-derived nanovesicles-based antiviral strategies,as well as offering novel approaches and perspectives for the clinical treat-ment of viral diseases.

Viruses,as important biological agents influencing human health and social development,have played a key role in the spread of epidemics and the evolution of diseases since ancient times.Upon infecting hosts,viruses often trigger a series of com-plex responses,including innate and adaptive immunity,inflammatory responses and pathological damage.Despite advances in mod-ern antiviral drugs development,chemical drugs typically rely on a single molecular target within the viral life cycle,making them highly susceptible to the emergence of drug resistance and the induction of systemic toxic side effects.In contrast,traditional Chi-nese medicines(TCMs),posing the distinctive advantage of multi-component,multi-target,and multi-pathway,have exerted a pivotal role in viral prevention and viral treatment.In recent years,fresh herbs have gained increasing attention for their ability to preserve intact bioactive components.Fresh herb-derived nanovesicles possess excellent biocompatibility,targeting and cross-species regula-tory capabilities.These fresh herb-derived nanovesicles can effectively encapsulate and deliver a variety of antiviral components,demonstrating significant potential in antiviral immunomodulation,inflammation control and viral-induced pathologies.This review systematically sorts out the mechanisms of viral infection,and summarizes the advantages of fresh herbs,and the application pros-pects of fresh herb-derived nanovesicles in antiviral therapy.Furthermore,it focuses on summarizing the research progress of fresh herb-derived nanovesicles in the field of antiviral therapy,with the aim of providing insights and references for the development of fresh herb-derived nanovesicles-based antiviral strategies,as well as offering novel approaches and perspectives for the clinical treat-ment of viral diseases.