Tuberculosis,as a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB)infection,presenting a serious threat to human and animal health.When human body is infected by MTB,it quickly initiates an immune response,in which T lymphocyte-mediated cellular immunity plays a key role,as it can effectively recog-nize and eliminate MTB,serving as an important defense line for the body against MTB.However,during MTB in-fection process,myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSCs)undergo amplification and activation,which exhibit in-hibitory effect on the immune function of T lymphocytes and interfere the normal immune response of the body,making MTB easier to survive and reproduce in the body.This article discusses the role of MDSCs in the occu-rrence,development and prognosis of tuberculosis from two different perspectives,expects to provide new perspec-tives and ideas for the immunotherapy of tuberculosis as well as the research and development of targeted drugs,so as to open up a new way for the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis.

Objective:To explore the characteristics of social skills and problem behaviors of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as the association with core symptoms.Methods:A total of 409 patients aged 5-18 years old with ASD or ADHD in the outpatient department of Nanjing Brain Hospital from 2023 to 2024, and 344 children and adolescents with typical development(TD) were recruited.All participants were matched in a ratio of 1∶1∶1 (ASD∶ADHD∶TD) according to gender and age, and 97 participants were included in each group for analysis.The Chinese version of the social skills improvement system rating scales(SSIS-RS-C) was used to evaluate social skills and problem behaviors, and autistic child behavior checklist(ABC), childhood autism rating scale(CARS), the Chinese version of the social communication questionnaire(SCQ) and the Chinese version of Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, version Ⅳ scale-parent form(SNAP-Ⅳ) were used to evaluate the core symptoms of ASD and ADHD, respectively. SPSS 26.0 software was used to perform variance, Chi-square test, Spearman correlation analysis and multivariate Logistic regression analysis.Results:The social skills score of ASD group was lower than ADHD group ((61.53±24.26) vs (80.89±15.19), P<0.05), while the problem behavior score of ASD group was higher than ADHD group ((38.82±11.92) vs (34.00±12.45), P<0.05). In ASD group, the scores of ABC, CARS and SCQ were negatively correlated with the score of social skills ( r=-0.26--0.55, P<0.05). In ADHD group, the total score and each subscale of SNAP-Ⅳ were positively correlated with the score of problem behavior ( r=0.25-0.65, P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that empathy was a negative influencing factor of ASD ( B=-0.246, OR=0.782, P<0.05), and hyperactivity/inattention was a positive influencing factor of ASD ( B=0.589, OR=1.802, P<0.01), while only hyperactivity/inattention was a positive influencing factor of ADHD( B=0.779, OR=2.180, P<0.01). Conclusion:Children and adolescents with ASD and ADHD both have defects in social skills and problem behaviors, and these defects are associated with the core characteristics of their respective diseases.

Objective:To analyze and validate the reliability and validity of the social skills improvement system-rating scales Chinese version (parent version) (SSIS-RS-C) in middle school students.Method:A total of 1 486 parents of middle school students were recruited according to the cluster sampling method.The social responsiveness scale and strengths and difficulties questionnaire were used as criterion validity tools.A retest was conducted one month later.SPSS 27.0 was used for descriptive statistics, item analysis, internal consistency test, test-retest reliability test and criterion validity test. AMOS 24.0 was used to perform confirmatory factor analysis .Results:Item analysis indicated significant positive correlations between each item and the subscales ( r=0.293-0.782, all P<0.01), with significant differences in scores between high and low groups ( t=10.079-37.038, all P<0.01).Confirmatory factor analysis supported a seven-factor structure for the social skills subscale(communication, cooperation, assertion, responsibility, empathy, engagement and self control) and a five-factor structure for the problem behavior subscale (externalizing, bullying, hyperactivity/inattention, internalizing and autism spectrum) of the SSIS-RS-C.There was a positive correlation between the social skills subscale and prosocial behavior ( r=0.637, P<0.001), and between the problem behavior subscale and social impairments and difficult behaviors ( r=0.765, 0.688, both P<0.001).The Cronbach's α coefficients for the total scale, social skills subscale and problem behavior subscale were 0.934, 0.972 and 0.963, respectively.The test-retest correlation coefficients for the total score and the two subscales were 0.665, 0.871 and 0.598, respectively (all P<0.001). Conclusion:The SSIS-RS-C demonstrated good reliability and validity in the Chinese adolescent population.

Objective:To explore the characteristics of social skills and problem behaviors of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as the association with core symptoms.Methods:A total of 409 patients aged 5-18 years old with ASD or ADHD in the outpatient department of Nanjing Brain Hospital from 2023 to 2024, and 344 children and adolescents with typical development(TD) were recruited.All participants were matched in a ratio of 1∶1∶1 (ASD∶ADHD∶TD) according to gender and age, and 97 participants were included in each group for analysis.The Chinese version of the social skills improvement system rating scales(SSIS-RS-C) was used to evaluate social skills and problem behaviors, and autistic child behavior checklist(ABC), childhood autism rating scale(CARS), the Chinese version of the social communication questionnaire(SCQ) and the Chinese version of Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham, version Ⅳ scale-parent form(SNAP-Ⅳ) were used to evaluate the core symptoms of ASD and ADHD, respectively. SPSS 26.0 software was used to perform variance, Chi-square test, Spearman correlation analysis and multivariate Logistic regression analysis.Results:The social skills score of ASD group was lower than ADHD group ((61.53±24.26) vs (80.89±15.19), P<0.05), while the problem behavior score of ASD group was higher than ADHD group ((38.82±11.92) vs (34.00±12.45), P<0.05). In ASD group, the scores of ABC, CARS and SCQ were negatively correlated with the score of social skills ( r=-0.26--0.55, P<0.05). In ADHD group, the total score and each subscale of SNAP-Ⅳ were positively correlated with the score of problem behavior ( r=0.25-0.65, P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that empathy was a negative influencing factor of ASD ( B=-0.246, OR=0.782, P<0.05), and hyperactivity/inattention was a positive influencing factor of ASD ( B=0.589, OR=1.802, P<0.01), while only hyperactivity/inattention was a positive influencing factor of ADHD( B=0.779, OR=2.180, P<0.01). Conclusion:Children and adolescents with ASD and ADHD both have defects in social skills and problem behaviors, and these defects are associated with the core characteristics of their respective diseases.

Objective:To analyze and validate the reliability and validity of the social skills improvement system-rating scales Chinese version (parent version) (SSIS-RS-C) in middle school students.Method:A total of 1 486 parents of middle school students were recruited according to the cluster sampling method.The social responsiveness scale and strengths and difficulties questionnaire were used as criterion validity tools.A retest was conducted one month later.SPSS 27.0 was used for descriptive statistics, item analysis, internal consistency test, test-retest reliability test and criterion validity test. AMOS 24.0 was used to perform confirmatory factor analysis .Results:Item analysis indicated significant positive correlations between each item and the subscales ( r=0.293-0.782, all P<0.01), with significant differences in scores between high and low groups ( t=10.079-37.038, all P<0.01).Confirmatory factor analysis supported a seven-factor structure for the social skills subscale(communication, cooperation, assertion, responsibility, empathy, engagement and self control) and a five-factor structure for the problem behavior subscale (externalizing, bullying, hyperactivity/inattention, internalizing and autism spectrum) of the SSIS-RS-C.There was a positive correlation between the social skills subscale and prosocial behavior ( r=0.637, P<0.001), and between the problem behavior subscale and social impairments and difficult behaviors ( r=0.765, 0.688, both P<0.001).The Cronbach's α coefficients for the total scale, social skills subscale and problem behavior subscale were 0.934, 0.972 and 0.963, respectively.The test-retest correlation coefficients for the total score and the two subscales were 0.665, 0.871 and 0.598, respectively (all P<0.001). Conclusion:The SSIS-RS-C demonstrated good reliability and validity in the Chinese adolescent population.

Objective:To explore the trajectory and predictors of depressive symptoms in disabled middle-aged and elderly adults in China.Methods:Survey data from the 2013-2020 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) data of disabled middle-aged and elderly adults were selected to analyze the trajectory categories of depressive symptom in disabled middle-aged and elderly adults and to explore their predictors.Results:A total of 1 844 disabled middle-aged and elderly adults were analyzed for survey data. The trajectory of depressive symptoms in disabled middle-aged and elderly adults was categorized into four groups, including a low-level depression group, a depression remission group, a high-level depression group, and a depression worsening group. Logistic regression analyses revealed that gender, age, place of residence, chronic disease, self-rated health, social participation, cognition, and hearing ability were predictors of trajectories of depressive symptoms in disabled middle-aged and elderly adults.Conclusions:There is group heterogeneity in the trajectory of depressive symptoms among disabled middle-aged and elderly adults. Healthcare professionals can carry out targeted health management according to the characteristics of different categories of people.

Tuberculosis,as a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB)infection,presenting a serious threat to human and animal health.When human body is infected by MTB,it quickly initiates an immune response,in which T lymphocyte-mediated cellular immunity plays a key role,as it can effectively recog-nize and eliminate MTB,serving as an important defense line for the body against MTB.However,during MTB in-fection process,myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSCs)undergo amplification and activation,which exhibit in-hibitory effect on the immune function of T lymphocytes and interfere the normal immune response of the body,making MTB easier to survive and reproduce in the body.This article discusses the role of MDSCs in the occu-rrence,development and prognosis of tuberculosis from two different perspectives,expects to provide new perspec-tives and ideas for the immunotherapy of tuberculosis as well as the research and development of targeted drugs,so as to open up a new way for the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis.

Objective:To explore the trajectory and predictors of depressive symptoms in disabled middle-aged and elderly adults in China.Methods:Survey data from the 2013-2020 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) data of disabled middle-aged and elderly adults were selected to analyze the trajectory categories of depressive symptom in disabled middle-aged and elderly adults and to explore their predictors.Results:A total of 1 844 disabled middle-aged and elderly adults were analyzed for survey data. The trajectory of depressive symptoms in disabled middle-aged and elderly adults was categorized into four groups, including a low-level depression group, a depression remission group, a high-level depression group, and a depression worsening group. Logistic regression analyses revealed that gender, age, place of residence, chronic disease, self-rated health, social participation, cognition, and hearing ability were predictors of trajectories of depressive symptoms in disabled middle-aged and elderly adults.Conclusions:There is group heterogeneity in the trajectory of depressive symptoms among disabled middle-aged and elderly adults. Healthcare professionals can carry out targeted health management according to the characteristics of different categories of people.

As a normal physiological substance,D-galactose can induce a process similar to natural brain aging in vivo and in vitro when administered excessively,and thus it is widely used to induce brain aging models in China and abroad.The model of brain failure induced by D-galactose has the advantages of a short modeling time,low cost,and significant effect.However,the induction mechanisms are complex and diverse,and the relationships between the mechanisms are unclear,which limit the practical applications of the model.This article reviews the in vivo metabolism of D-galactose and the various mechanisms involved in the induction of brain aging,as well as the links between the mechanisms,to provide a reference for the application and development of this model and the in-depth study of brain aging.

Objective To evaluate the effect of Internet-based psychosocial intervention for primary caregivers of patients with terminal stage cancer.Methods The relevant randomized controlled trials of Internet-based psychosocial intervention for primary caregivers of patients with terminal stage cancer were systematically searched from 10 databases,such as Chinese Biomedical Literature Database,CNKI,PubMed,Embase and CINAHL and etc.The search period was from the establishment to December 18,2023,and 2 investigators screened the literature according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and extracted data.Cochrane Manual 5.1.0 was used to assess the quality of the literature.Meta-analysis was performed using Revman 5.4 software.Results A total of 9 pieces of the literature including 592 primary caregivers were included.Meta-analysis showed that Internet-based psychosocial intervention reduced the level of anxiety and depression for primary caregivers of patients with terminal stage cancer[MD=-1.64,95％CI(-2.68,-0.59),P=0.002]and the burden of care[SMD=-0.39,95％CI(-0.60,-0.18),P＜0.001],and improved quality of life[SMD=0.25,95％CI(0.01,0.48),P=0.040];further research is needed to explore the effect of reducing the level of distress[MD=-0.88,95％CI(-1.91,0.16),P=0.100].Conclusion The Internet-based psychosocial intervention is effective in improving the anxiety,depression and the burden of care of the primary caregivers of patients with terminal stage cancer,and it can improve the quality of life;further research is needed to explore the level of distress reduction.