MicroRNA(miRNA)serves as a novel regulatory factor in viral and bacterial co-infections,exhibiting dual regulatory roles during pathogen infections.On the one hand,it exerts protective effects by modulating viral replication cycles and host anti-infection immune responses.On the other hand,it can be exploited by pathogens to promote infection progression,including influencing viral replication,antiviral immune responses,and regulating bacterial adhesion and proliferation.Mixed viral and bacterial infections lead to high mortality rates.By binding to specific target gene mRNA,miRNA degrades or inhibits its translation,thereby regulating target gene expres-sion,which may ultimately serve as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.This paper reviews recent ad-vances in research on the role of miRNA in viral and bacterial infections,particularly its mechanisms in co-infec-tions,aiming to provide theoretical reference for further research on the infection mechanisms.

MicroRNA(miRNA)serves as a novel regulatory factor in viral and bacterial co-infections,exhibiting dual regulatory roles during pathogen infections.On the one hand,it exerts protective effects by modulating viral replication cycles and host anti-infection immune responses.On the other hand,it can be exploited by pathogens to promote infection progression,including influencing viral replication,antiviral immune responses,and regulating bacterial adhesion and proliferation.Mixed viral and bacterial infections lead to high mortality rates.By binding to specific target gene mRNA,miRNA degrades or inhibits its translation,thereby regulating target gene expres-sion,which may ultimately serve as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.This paper reviews recent ad-vances in research on the role of miRNA in viral and bacterial infections,particularly its mechanisms in co-infec-tions,aiming to provide theoretical reference for further research on the infection mechanisms.

Objective:To explore the risk factors of recent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events and long-term all-cause mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients.Methods:The clinical data of two groups of retrospective cohort study, which included newly admitted HD (group A) and maintenance HD (group B) patients respectively, were sourced from the HD Center of Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University. The endpoint events were defined as occurrence of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events or all-cause mortality at less than 12 mouths of dialysis age in group A, and all-cause mortality in group B. The patients were divided into event group and non-event group based on whether endpoint events occurred during the follow-up period. The baseline and follow-up clinical data within the two groups were compared. Cox regression model was used to analyze the risk factors of endpoint events in HD patients.Results:A total of 104 HD patients were enrolled in group A, with 70 males (67.3%), aged (61.54±14.97) years old. The follow-up time was 12.0 (10.0,12.0) months, and 29 patients (27.9%) had endpoint events. In group A, the event group had a higher proportion of peripheral arterial disease ( χ2=6.067, P=0.014), and lower low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ( t=-2.316, P=0.023) and body mass index ( t=-2.245, P=0.028) than those in the non-event group. A total of 116 HD patients were enrolled in group B, with 86 males (74.1%), aged (65.89±10.06) years old. The follow-up time was 37.5 (21.0, 59.0) months, and 40 patients (34.5%) had endpoint events. In group B, the event group had lower serum albumin ( t=-3.182, P=0.002) and potassium ( t=-2.532, P=0.013) than those in the non-event group. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that high hemoglobin compliance rate ( HR=0.977, 95% CI 0.957-0.998, P=0.031) and high serum albumin ( HR=0.836, 95% CI 0.776-0.901, P<0.001) were protective factors of all-cause mortality in maintenance HD patients. Conclusions:The presence of peripheral arterial disease, low low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and low body mass index may increase the risk of recent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in newly HD patients. Substandard hemoglobin and serum albumin may increase the risk of long-term all-cause mortality in maintenance HD patients.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Mito TEMPO on the preservation of porcine semen in liquid form.The preservation solution was supplemented with 0,0.5,5.0,50.0,and 500.0 μmol/L of Mito TEMPO,and the diluted boar semen was stored at 17 ℃ for 1 to 5 days.After preservation,we measured sperm motility,acrosome integrity,plasma membrane integrity,reactive oxygen species(ROS)content,total antioxidant capacity,and mitochondrial membrane potential.The fertilization ability and embryonic development potential of sperm preserved for 5 days were assessed using an in vitro fertilization test.The results indicated that the addition of 5.0,50.0 μmol/L of Mito TEMPO to the preservation solution significantly reduced ROS content and improved sperm motility,plasma membrane integrity,acrosome integrity,mitochondrial membrane potential,and antioxidant capacity.Furthermore,it enhanced the fertilization and embryonic devel-opment potential of the preserved sperm.Therefore,Mito TEMPO is beneficial for the preservation of porcine semen in liquid form and may serve as a foundation for the development of liquid semen preservation solutions.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Mito TEMPO on the preservation of porcine semen in liquid form.The preservation solution was supplemented with 0,0.5,5.0,50.0,and 500.0 μmol/L of Mito TEMPO,and the diluted boar semen was stored at 17 ℃ for 1 to 5 days.After preservation,we measured sperm motility,acrosome integrity,plasma membrane integrity,reactive oxygen species(ROS)content,total antioxidant capacity,and mitochondrial membrane potential.The fertilization ability and embryonic development potential of sperm preserved for 5 days were assessed using an in vitro fertilization test.The results indicated that the addition of 5.0,50.0 μmol/L of Mito TEMPO to the preservation solution significantly reduced ROS content and improved sperm motility,plasma membrane integrity,acrosome integrity,mitochondrial membrane potential,and antioxidant capacity.Furthermore,it enhanced the fertilization and embryonic devel-opment potential of the preserved sperm.Therefore,Mito TEMPO is beneficial for the preservation of porcine semen in liquid form and may serve as a foundation for the development of liquid semen preservation solutions.