ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of Erchentang （ECD） on the body weight of the mouse model of simple obesity induced by a high-fat diet （HFD） and decipher the underlying mechanisms. MethodsFirstly， single-cell transcriptomics （Sc-RNAseq） was employed to analyze the transcriptional changes in the ileum tissue of mice in the normal group and model group. Then， a mouse model of simple obesity was established with a high-fat diet. The successfully modeled mice were randomly allocated into the following four groups （n=8）： model， low-dose （7.5 g·kg^-1） ECD， medium-dose （15 g·kg^-1） ECD， and high-dose （30 g·kg^-1） ECD. Additionally， 8 mice of the same age were selected as the normal group. The body weight was measured at fixed time points during the 4-week gavage period. The overall efficacy of ECD in alleviating obesity was evaluated through glucose tolerance testing， behavioral analysis， hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， and biochemical testing. Protein docking was employed to predict the degree of binding between corresponding proteins. Molecular docking was employed to predict the binding degree between key components of ECD and target proteins. Real-time PCR was employed to determine the mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， inducible nitric oxide synthase （iNOS）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， CD68， CD206， zonula occludens-1 （ZO-1）， and Claudin-5 in the ileum. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the expression and distribution of Claudin-5 and ZO-1. ResultsThe Sc-RNAseq results indicated that the differentially expressed genes of immune cells in the model group in comparison with the normal group were primarily enriched in biological functions related to lipid metabolism and inflammatory metabolism. Additionally， these genes were associated with the janus kinases（JAK）/signal transducers and activators of transcription （STAT） signaling pathway， an inflammation-related pathway. Compared with the normal group， the model group showed increases in body weight （P<0.01） and blood glucose level （P<0.01）， a decrease in limb strength （P<0.01）， an increase in liver weight （P<0.05）， and elevated serum alanine amino-transferase （ALT） and aspartate transferase （AST） levels （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Additionally， the model group exhibited increased hepatic fat vacuoles， notably enlarged adipocytes in the epididymal and inguinal white adipose tissue， and increased inflammation. Compared with the model group， ECD groups showed reduced body weights （P<0.01） and blood glucose levels （P<0.01）， increased limb strength （P<0.05， P<0.01）， decreased liver weights （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and declined serum ALT and AST levels （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Additionally， ECD reduced hepatic fat vacuoles and the adipocyte volume in the epididymal and inguinal white adipose tissue， and alleviated inflammation. Potential interactions existed between CD68 and ZO-1/Claudin-5， as well as between CD206 and ZO-1/Claudin-5. The key components of ECD， nobiletin， diosmetin， and naringenin， all demonstrated strong binding affinity with the target proteins ZO-1 and Claudin-5. Compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited up-regulated mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α， iNOS， IL-1β， and CD68 （P<0.05， P<0.01） and down-regulated mRNA levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine CD206 （P<0.01） and the tight junction proteins Claudin-5 and ZO-1 （P<0.05， P<0.01）. In comparison with the model group， the ECD groups showed down-regulated mRNA levels of TNF-α， iNOS， IL-1β， and CD68 （P<0.05， P<0.01） and up-regulated mRNA levels of CD206， Claudin-5， and ZO-1 （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the normal group， the model group exhibited down-regulated expression of tight junction proteins Claudin-5 and ZO-1 （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， ECD groups showed up-regulated expression of Claudin-5 and ZO-1 （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionECD can significantly ameliorate HFD-induced obesity and excessive body weight gain in mice by improving the inflammatory microenvironment in the ileum and further restoring the integrity of the impaired ileal barrier.

Objective To summarize the diagnostic ideas, clinical characteristics and treatment methods of the rupture of pseudoaneurysm in the pararenal artery, so as to provide reference for the management of such condition.Methods The diagnosis and treatment process of a patient with massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage due to rupture of pseudoaneurysm in the left pararenal artery admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Yan'an University were reported, and relevant literature was retrieved to summarize the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of this disease.Results The patient was a 49-year-old male who presented with sudden onset of lumbar and abdominal pain.After admission, enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan indicated a cystic lesion in the left kidney, along with fluffy high-density and fluidic density shadows around the kidney.There was extensive extravasation of contrast agent in the lower polar artery of the left kidney, with rupture shadows, retention of contrast agent, and the extent of extravasation expanding in the venous phase and delayed phase, suggesting that the renal artery or pararenal artery had ruptured and bled.After consultation by the Department of Intervention, an urgent superselective left renal artery embolization procedure was performed.During the operation, angiography showed the “jetting sign” in the arterial phase, and the stenosis at the neck of the tumor.In the delayed phase, the contrast agent was retained accompanied with the “chimney sign”, which was consistent with the characteristics of a pseudoaneurysm.The final diagnosis was rupture and bleeding of a pseudoaneurysm of the left pararenal artery, along with the formation of a hematoma, as well as accumulation of blood and fluid in the abdominal and pelvic cavities.The patient recovered well after surgery.After a follow-up of 6 months, CT scan showed that the hematoma was basically absorbed and there were no obvious abdominal pain or other discomforts.Conclusion Rupture of pseudoaneurysm in the pararenal artery is rare in clinical practice.Treatment should be tailored to the anatomical features and the patients' condition.Multidisciplinary collaboration, precise imaging evaluation, and the application of interventional techniques can achieve efficient diagnosis and treatment, and protect the renal function to the greatest extent.

Research shows that epileptic seizures are essentially due to abnormal functions of neural circuits. Optogenetics regulates neural circuits by specifically expressing light-sensitive proteins in target neurons, which has now become an important tool in the research of temporal lobe epilepsy. Studies have shown that optogenetics focuses on brain regions such as the hippocampus, medial septal nucleus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia in studying temporal lobe epilepsy. This article reviews the research progress of optogenetics in exploring the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of temporal lobe epilepsy, aiming to provide new ideas for temporal lobe epilepsy treatment.

Objective:To explore genomic features associated with gemcitabine sensitivity, patient-derived organoid models of biliary tract cancer (BTC) were established and characterized.Methods:This is an experimental study. The tissue specimens of BTC were collected from patients who underwent surgical resection at the Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine between January 2020 and December 2023. The tumor organoids were cultured in vitro and histologically characterized. Drug sensitivity testing was performed using gemcitabine,cisplatin,paclitaxel,fluorouracil,and lenvatinib etc. to evaluate cell viability. The correlation between the drug sensitivity of organoids and clinical therapeutic response was analyzed.Results:Thirty-eight patient-derived organoids (PDO) models were successfully established from 43 biliary tract malignancy patients with complete follow-up data,including gallbladder cancer PDO 14 cases,distal bile duct cancer PDO 16 cases,intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma PDO 8 cases,achieving an overall success rate of 88.4%. Drug sensitivity testing (DST) was performed on the successfully generated PDO,with 35 models successfully completing DST experiments. The overall consistency rate between drug responses in PDOs and clinical survival outcomes in corresponding patients was 8/14. Transcriptomic analysis of gemcitabine-sensitive vs. gemcitabine-resistant PDO identified 71 differentially expressed genes in the resistant group,the significantly up-regulated genes including GLDC, LINC01595, IL-27, ANGPTL3, CYP7A1,and AKR1C1;the significantly down-regulated genes including P2RY2,LIPC,and ECHDC3. Conclusion:A biobank of patient-derived organoids of BTC has been established,which demonstrates its potential as preclinical models and tools for predicting chemotherapy responses for BTC patients.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of respiratory pathogens in China.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional study, which encompassed 19 core units of the clinical pathogen network and established a three-tiered clinical pathogen surveillance system. Thirty respiratory samples were collected every two weeks from various units from January to December 2024, and the clinical and pathogen diagnostic information were gathered. A total of 11 864 samples were tested using this system. The tier-1 clinical pathogen surveillance system covered influenza A virus (Flu-A), influenza B virus (Flu-B), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The tier-2 clinical pathogen surveillance system focused on 18 key respiratory pathogens. The tier-3 clinical pathogen surveillance system further clarified whether any emerging infectious diseases had occurred.Results:The tier-1 clinical pathogen surveillance system showed Flu-A predominated in December, Flu-B predominated in January, SARS-CoV-2 peaked in March and August, whereas RSV circulated sporadically throughout the year. Geographic trends were broadly consistent across the seven major regions, although Flu-A detection in December was notably higher in Northeast China (48.1%(111/231)) and East China (36.2%(148/409)), and RSV detection was concentrated in the Northwest and South China from January to March. Data from the tier-2 clinical pathogen surveillance system indicated that Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, rhinovirus, and adenovirus were detected year-round, of these, Streptococcus pneumoniae and rhinovirus showed elevated positive detection rates from August to September, while adenovirus peaked in January. Legionella pneumophila was not detected throughout the year, and other pathogens fluctuated throughout the year without a consistent pattern. The predominant etiologic agents of pediatric pneumonia were Mycoplasma pneumoniae (35.0%(105/300)), rhinovirus (25.7%(77/300)), and adenovirus (17.3%(52/300)), whereas adult pneumonia was mainly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (10.5%(29/277)), Staphylococcus aureus (6.9%(19/277)), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (6.9%(19/277)), and Flu-A (6.1%(17/277)). The tier-3 clinical pathogen surveillance system did not identify any emerging respiratory pathogens. Conclusion:Respiratory pathogens in China in 2024 exhibit distinct temporal and spatial distribution patterns and vary among different populations.

Objective:To assess the efficacy and safety profile of antaitasvir phosphate combined with yiqibuvir in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) of various genotypes, without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis.Methods:394 cases with CHC from 22 centers were collected from October 2021 to April 2023. They were randomly assigned to receive either the experimental drugs (antaitasvir phosphate 100 mg+yiqibuvir 600 mg) or placebo treatment in a 3∶1 ratio. The patients were administered drugs once a day for 12 consecutive weeks, and then followed up for 24 weeks after treatment cessation. All subjects were unblinded at the four-week follow-up following drug discontinuation, with the experimental drug group continuing to complete subsequent post-discontinuation follow-up. The placebo group was switched to receive the experimental drugs for a repeated 12-week treatment period and followed up for another 24 weeks after discontinuation of the drug (placebo delayed treatment phase).The sustained virologic response rate (SVR12) was observed for subjects in the double-blind phase and the placebo delayed-treatment phase at 12 weeks after treatment cessation.Virological resistance analysis was performed on subjects who failed treatment. The primary efficacy endpoint was SVR12. The number and percentage of subjects who achieved "HCV RNA

Objective:To explore the efficacy and prognosis of hepatectomy via Laennec membrane approach in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods:The data of 98 patients with HCC who underwent hepatectomy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from January 2016 to December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, including 76 males and 22 females, aged 61.0 (55.0, 66.0) years. Forty-eight patients treated with Laennec membrane approach hepatectomy were included in the study group and 50 patients treated with traditional approach hepatectomy were included in the control group. The age, gender, combined hypertension and diabetes, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, albumin, total bilirubin, prealbumin, platelet, alpha-fetoprotein, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and carbohydrate antigen 125 were compared between the two groups. The surgical bleeding, operation time and complications (abdominal bleeding, bile leakage, poor incision healing, etc.) were compared between the two groups. The prognosis of the two groups was compared.Results:There were no significant differences in gender, age, underlying diseases, preoperative biochemical and tumor serological indexes between the two groups (all P>0.05). The operation time of the study group was 180.0 (141.3, 227.3) min, which was lower than that of the control group 221.5 (187.5, 256.3) min ( Z=-0.41, P=0.002). The intraoperative blood loss in the study group was 295.0 (127.5, 350.0) ml, which was lower than that in the control group 300.0 (200.0, 500.0) ml, and the difference was statistically significant ( Z=-1.97, P=0.003). The levels of aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase 1 week after surgery in the study group were 33.4 (24.0, 43.8) U/L and 64.5 (38.3, 119.1) U/L, respectively, which were lower than those in the control group 41.3 (29.7, 63.0) U/L and 102.8 (50.1, 140.7) U/L, the differences were statistically significant ( Z=-2.09, -2.38, P=0.035, 0.028). Postoperative complications occurred in 8 cases (16.7%) in the study group and 10 cases (20.0%) in the control group, with no significant difference between the two groups ( χ2=0.18, P=0.670). The median overall survival was 16 months in the study group and 18 months in the control group, respectively. There was no significant difference in cumulative survival between the two groups ( χ2=1.41, P=0.130). Conclusion:Laennec membrane approach hepatectomy can not only shorten the operation time and reduce the amount of blood loss, but also promote the recovery of liver function.

Temporal lobe epilepsy(TLE)is the most common form of focal epilepsy in adults,characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures,with most patients experiencing drug resistance and cognitive dysfunction.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)play a critical role in the pathological process of TLE through their regulation of post-transcriptional gene expression.The pathogenesis of TLE has not been fully elucidated,lacking effective clinical therapeutic targets and prognostic markers.This review sum-marized the expression changes of miRNAs in TLE and their research progress as potential biomarkers,aiming to provide new insights into the early diagnosis,prognosis evaluation,and pathogenic mecha-nisms of TLE.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are common organic compounds in indoor and outdoor air, and enter the human body primarily through the respiratory tract and directly damage the respiratory system. Previous studies have suggested that exposure to VOCs/SVOCs may associate with the prevalence, incidence, and progression of asthma, but the extent of the associations is still vague. Furthermore, biomarkers for efficient and simple asthma diagnosis, typing, and attack prediction remain unclear at this stage. From the perspective of the collection and detection methods of VOCs/SVOCs, this paper summarized the epidemiological associations and underlying biological mechanisms between VOCs/SVOCs exposure and the prevalence, incidence, and progression of asthma in children/adults. It also demonstrated the application of VOCs/SVOCs in recent years in assisting asthma diagnosis, such as distinguishing asthma patients from the healthy population, differentiating different asthma phenotypes, and predicting asthma acute exacerbations, aiming to provide a scientific basis for improving current asthma management.

The persistent high prevalence and poor survival outcomes of lung cancer underscore the urgent need for innovative therapeutic modalities. Here, we present a novel multifunctional delivery platform for the synergistic treatment of lung malignancies, combining in situ-triggerable photodynamic therapy (PDT) with radiotherapy. The new platform CLL was developed by loading a new reactive oxygen species (ROS)-triggerable photosensitizer, luminol-conjugated chlorin e6 (Ce6), into liposomes. CLL can be activated through the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer effect under oxidative stress, thereby producing singlet oxygen for targeted tumor treatment without external irradiation. In vitro studies showed significant cytotoxic effects of CLL in both 4T1 and A549 tumor cells. Furthermore, a PDT-radiopharmaceutical combination nanotherapy CLL-¹⁷⁷Lu was engineered by incorporating the radionuclide ¹⁷⁷Lu into CLL. CLL-¹⁷⁷Lu demonstrated synergistic antitumor effects in 4T1 and A549 tumor cells, as well as in mouse models of 4T1 breast cancer lung metastasis or A549 tumor xenografts. Mechanistically, CLL-¹⁷⁷Lu can induce singlet oxygen/ROS generation, enhance tumor cell apoptosis, and promote M1 macrophage-mediated immunotherapy. Preliminary assessments showed a favorable profile for CLL-¹⁷⁷Lu, highlighting its potential as a promising nanotherapy for cancer treatment. Additionally, CLL can serve as a versatile platform for delivering a range of therapies to achieve synergistic antitumor effects.