Drug addiction,also referred to as drug dependence or substance use disorder,is a chronic and recurrent brain disease.Its main characteristics are compulsive drug-seeking behavior,continued use of drugs,and a loss of control over intake.Prolonged use of addictive substances can result in both physiological and psychological dependence.When usage is ceased,individuals may experience intense discomfort,including anxiety,insomnia,nausea,vomiting,and a strong craving for the substances.Drug dependence is classified into two types:physical dependence and psychological dependence.Physical dependence describes a pathological state of adaptation that results from the repeated use of addictive substances,leading to severe withdrawal syndrome upon cessation.Psychological dependence involves a mental craving for addictive substances,which is needed to experience the specific euphoria that follows consumption.Regular or continuous use is required to sustain these euphoric effects.The mechanisms of addiction are complex and influenced by genetic,environmental,and various other factors.They involve higher-level neurological activities,such as memory,reward,and decision-making.Currently,effective treatment methods for drug addiction are insufficient.Due to the complexity of drug addiction,laboratory animal research is essential.Using animal behavioral models to simulate human drug addiction can enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of addiction.This research offers a comprehensive overview of various animal experimental models that explore both physical and psychological dependence.It includes detailed descriptions of the methods and procedures used to assess physical dependence,behavioral sensitization,conditioned place preference,drug discrimination,and self-administration experiments.Additionally,the characteristics of each experimental model are compared,and the relevance of these models is discussed,aiming to provide support for the research on addiction mechanisms and the development of therapeutic methods.

Drug addiction,also referred to as drug dependence or substance use disorder,is a chronic and recurrent brain disease.Its main characteristics are compulsive drug-seeking behavior,continued use of drugs,and a loss of control over intake.Prolonged use of addictive substances can result in both physiological and psychological dependence.When usage is ceased,individuals may experience intense discomfort,including anxiety,insomnia,nausea,vomiting,and a strong craving for the substances.Drug dependence is classified into two types:physical dependence and psychological dependence.Physical dependence describes a pathological state of adaptation that results from the repeated use of addictive substances,leading to severe withdrawal syndrome upon cessation.Psychological dependence involves a mental craving for addictive substances,which is needed to experience the specific euphoria that follows consumption.Regular or continuous use is required to sustain these euphoric effects.The mechanisms of addiction are complex and influenced by genetic,environmental,and various other factors.They involve higher-level neurological activities,such as memory,reward,and decision-making.Currently,effective treatment methods for drug addiction are insufficient.Due to the complexity of drug addiction,laboratory animal research is essential.Using animal behavioral models to simulate human drug addiction can enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of addiction.This research offers a comprehensive overview of various animal experimental models that explore both physical and psychological dependence.It includes detailed descriptions of the methods and procedures used to assess physical dependence,behavioral sensitization,conditioned place preference,drug discrimination,and self-administration experiments.Additionally,the characteristics of each experimental model are compared,and the relevance of these models is discussed,aiming to provide support for the research on addiction mechanisms and the development of therapeutic methods.

Objective: Cervical smear screening for abnormal cells plays an important role in reducing the mortality of cervical cancer. However, all smears must be approved by the naked eyes using microscopes, and there has been a higher false-positive rate and false-negative rate. Methods: To solve this problem, the thin-layer cytology assistant screening system was developed. On the hardware side, the traditional computer-aided analysis system was improved; and on the software side, gray level transformation, edge detection, image mosaic, and some other image processing methods were introduced; and by the use of neural network, the system could realize the function of acquisition, mosaic, process, measure and recognition of the liquid-based cytology image. Results: This system was brought into the test of 150 thin-layer cytology technology(TCT) cervical cell samples, and the agreement between the results of computer-aided analysis and the manual analysis by pathology experts exceeded 90%. Conclusion: Both the traditional Pap smear and TCT preparation smear can be diagnosed by this system. As a result, the false-positive rate and false-negative rate of the cervical smear screening will be significantly reduced, meanwhile, work efficiency of pathologist can be greatly improved.