Objective: To translate the common metrics for donation attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention for the blood donation context (BD-ASPI) into Chinese, and to test its reliability and validity among college students. Methods: A research team was established. Following Beaton's cross-cultural adaptation guidelines, the BD-ASPI was translated, culturally adapted, and pre-tested to develop the Chinese version. Using convenience sampling, 620 students from four universities in Wuhan were surveyed form August to November 2024 to test the scale's reliability and validity. Results: The Chinese version of the scale consisted of 21 items across four dimensions: attitude towards blood donation, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention. The item-level content validity index ranged from 0.89 to 1.00, and the average scale-level content validity index was 0.984. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit for the second-order factor model. The Criterion validity was 0.509 (P<0.001). The overall Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.965, with the coefficients for each dimension ranging from 0.891 to 0.974. The test-retest reliability was 0.894. Conclusion: The Chinese version of the BD-ASPI demonstrates good reliability and validity, and can serve as an effective tool for assessing the behavioral intention of voluntary blood donation among college students in China.

ObjectiveTo establish a reliable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mouse model based on a self-developed multichannel automatic control system for long-term continuous cigarette smoke exposure in small animals using a novel continuous cigarette smoke exposure method, and to conduct phenotypic evaluation and analysis, thereby providing an animal experimental basis for investigating COPD pathogenesis and prevention strategies. MethodsTwenty male C57BL/6J mice aged 6 weeks were randomly and equally divided into a control group and a model group. The model group (n=10) underwent 6 h of continuous cigarette smoke exposure daily (6 cigarettes per day for 12 consecutive weeks), while the control group (n=10) received no intervention. Body weight was monitored biweekly. Post-exposure, in vivo micro-CT imaging was performed. After euthanasia, serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were quantified by ELISA. Lung tissues underwent H&E and Masson's trichrome staining to observe changes in lung morphology and inflammatory cell infiltration, and the mean linear intercept (MLI) was calculated, thereby comprehensively evaluating the clinical features of COPD in the mouse model. ResultsCompared with the control group, the model group showed significantly reduced body weight (P<0.01) from the fourth week. Compared with the control group, IL-6 level in the serum and BALF of the model group increased by 27.2% and 140.0%, respectively (P<0.01). TNF-α level in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the model group increased by 16.7% (P<0.01) and 19.3% (P<0.05), respectively. Histopathological examination revealed alveolar wall thinning, septal rupture, emphysematous bullae formation, reduced alveolar count, bronchial wall thickening with lumen narrowing, and inflammatory cell infiltration. MLI was significantly elevated (P<0.01). Masson's staining confirmed collagen deposition and bronchial remodeling. Micro-CT demonstrated localized high-density shadows exhibiting typical features of chronic bronchitis. Conclusion The self-developed device enables long-term continuous smoke exposure, and the successfully established COPD mouse model exhibits pathological features highly consistent with clinical manifestations, offering an efficient and reliable tool for COPD research.

ObjectiveTo investigate the gene expression sequence and molecular mechanisms in the local microenvironment during the subacute to chronic phases (1-28 days) in mouse models of spinal cord compression injury and hemisection spinal cord injury, thereby revealing the molecular characteristics of spinal cord repair and providing a theoretical basis for selecting therapeutic targets for spinal cord injury. MethodsThirty-six 8-9-week-old SPF-grade ICR mice were randomly divided into three groups (n=12 per group): sham-operated control (CTR) group, hemisection spinal cord injury (HSCI) group, and spinal cord compression injury (SCC) group. Mice in the CTR group underwent the same surgical preparation and anesthesia, followed by a dorsal midline incision at the T₉-T₁₀ segment. After layer-by-layer dissection and removal of the corresponding lamina, the spinal cord dura mater was fully exposed and kept intact. The cord was exposed to air for 10 minutes (matching the duration of the compression injury group), during which any instrument contact with the cord was avoided. The incision was then irrigated and sutured. The HSCI group underwent a 70% transection of the T₉ spinal cord segment using micro-instruments to establish a hemisection spinal cord injury model. The SCC group underwent sustained compression of the T₁₀ spinal cord segment for 10 minutes using a self-made compressor (a 30 g solid small iron bar) to establish a spinal cord compression injury model. Motor function recovery was assessed using the modified Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) score on postoperative days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. On days 7 and 14 post-operation, mice were anesthetized, and the injured spinal cord segments were harvested. The evolution of specific molecular networks in the spinal cord injury mouse models was analyzed via RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and enrichment analysis, and the expression of key genes was verified using real time fluorogenic quantitative PCR. ResultsBBB scores indicated that motor function recovery in the SCC group was significantly better than that in the HSCI group, with BBB scores showing a continuously increasing trend and remaining higher than those in the HSCI group over the 4-week period (P <0.001). Gene ontology （GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） enrichment analyses based on RNA-Seq differentially expressed genes revealed that, compared to the CTR group, genes related to the extracellular matrix were significantly up-regulated (P<0.05), while genes related to axon guidance were significantly down-regulated (P <0.05) in the SCC group on day 7 post-operation. On day 21, genes involved in immune regulation and the retinol signaling pathway were significantly activated in the SCC group (P<0.05). In contrast, in the HSCI group, genes associated with inflammation and immune response were significantly up-regulated (P<0.001), while genes related to neuronal differentiation and synapse formation were significantly down-regulated (P <0.001) on day 7. On day 21, genes related to cell-matrix junctions and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors were significantly up-regulated (P<0.001) in the HSCI group. Furthermore, compared to the SCC group, the HSCI group exhibited different pathway enrichment characteristics in GO and KEGG analyses on days 7 and 21 post-injury. On day 7, genes involved in the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and the complement and coagulation cascades were significantly up-regulated in the HSCI group (P<0.001). On day 21, genes related to the extracellular matrix-receptor interaction and the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathways were significantly activated (P<0.001). Finally, real time fluorogenic quantitative PCR validation results were highly consistent with the RNA-Seq results, further confirming the differential expression trends of key genes between the SCC and HSCI groups. ConclusionThe SCC and HSCI injury models may drive distinct repair pathways: the preservation of some axons in the SCC model predisposes it toward tissue repair, whereas the HSCI model requires the coordination of more complex molecular networks to achieve a new equilibrium. This finding further deepens the understanding of the heterogeneous regulatory mechanisms underlying spinal cord injury.

ObjectiveGastrodia elata has evolved ecological types with shortened rhizome internodes and diversified flower and fruit coloration in response to different altitudes. Studying the genetic mechanisms of different ecotype germplasm is significant for guiding variety breeding in different cultivation areas. MethodsThe bHLH gene family was identified based on the whole-genome datasets of G. elata f. elata and G. elata f. glauca. Subsequently， the gene family members were subject to analysis， including gene structure， chromosomal localization， cis-acting elements， gene synteny， and phylogeny. Combined with transcriptome data and quantitative Real-time PCR， the expression patterns of bHLH genes in the stems of the different G. elata ecotype germplasm were analyzed. Finally， correlation analysis was conducted between gene expression patterns and color to obtain the key bHLH genes regulating the color formation of stem. ResultsA total of 63 bHLH genes were identified in both G elata f. elata and G. elata f. glauca， unevenly distributed across 17 chromosomes and clustered into 16 subfamilies， with significant expansion in some family members. Obvious inversions of bHLH genes on the same chromosome and interchromosomal translocations were detected in the two ecotype germplasm. Among these genes， 12 bHLH genes （such as bHLH62-3 and bHLH74） were associated with the bright yellow color of G elata f. elata stem， while 9 bHLH genes （such as PIL13， UNE12， and bHLH130） were correlated with the red color of G. elata f. glauca stem. Compared to G. elata f. glauca， the bHLH48 expression level was significantly higher in flowers and scale leaves of G elata f. elata， and the bHLH62-3 expression level was significantly higher in all organs of G elata f. elata. ConclusionsFunctional pathway divergence of the bHLH family members has occurred across different chromosomes in G elata f. elata and G. elata f. glauca. Through synergism or antagonism with other genes， 21 bHLH genes participate in the coloration metabolic pathway regulation of stems， flowers， and fruits. Specifically， bHLH62-3 is involved in regulating stem color differentiation in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway of G. elata， thus relevant to the color formation of stem. Additionally， GebHLH48 positively regulates flowering-related pathways to promote the early-flowering phenotype of G. elata f. elata. These findings have laid the foundation for analyzing the genetic regulatory mechanisms underlying the color formation of the G. elata stem.

ObjectiveGastrodia elata has evolved ecological types with shortened rhizome internodes and diversified flower and fruit coloration in response to different altitudes. Studying the genetic mechanisms of different ecotype germplasm is significant for guiding variety breeding in different cultivation areas. MethodsThe bHLH gene family was identified based on the whole-genome datasets of G. elata f. elata and G. elata f. glauca. Subsequently， the gene family members were subject to analysis， including gene structure， chromosomal localization， cis-acting elements， gene synteny， and phylogeny. Combined with transcriptome data and quantitative Real-time PCR， the expression patterns of bHLH genes in the stems of the different G. elata ecotype germplasm were analyzed. Finally， correlation analysis was conducted between gene expression patterns and color to obtain the key bHLH genes regulating the color formation of stem. ResultsA total of 63 bHLH genes were identified in both G elata f. elata and G. elata f. glauca， unevenly distributed across 17 chromosomes and clustered into 16 subfamilies， with significant expansion in some family members. Obvious inversions of bHLH genes on the same chromosome and interchromosomal translocations were detected in the two ecotype germplasm. Among these genes， 12 bHLH genes （such as bHLH62-3 and bHLH74） were associated with the bright yellow color of G elata f. elata stem， while 9 bHLH genes （such as PIL13， UNE12， and bHLH130） were correlated with the red color of G. elata f. glauca stem. Compared to G. elata f. glauca， the bHLH48 expression level was significantly higher in flowers and scale leaves of G elata f. elata， and the bHLH62-3 expression level was significantly higher in all organs of G elata f. elata. ConclusionsFunctional pathway divergence of the bHLH family members has occurred across different chromosomes in G elata f. elata and G. elata f. glauca. Through synergism or antagonism with other genes， 21 bHLH genes participate in the coloration metabolic pathway regulation of stems， flowers， and fruits. Specifically， bHLH62-3 is involved in regulating stem color differentiation in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway of G. elata， thus relevant to the color formation of stem. Additionally， GebHLH48 positively regulates flowering-related pathways to promote the early-flowering phenotype of G. elata f. elata. These findings have laid the foundation for analyzing the genetic regulatory mechanisms underlying the color formation of the G. elata stem.

Diabetic macular edema(DME), a serious complication of diabetic retinopathy(DR), is a chronic condition caused by multiple factors. Throughout its progression, inflammatory factors and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)play a critical role. Anti-VEGF drugs have shown significant effectiveness in the treatment of DME; however, some patients may experience persistent DME after injection or require frequent injections. Dexamethasone intravitreal implants(DEX implants)serve as a sustained-release implant characterized by a reasonable release profile and high bioavailability. They offer safe, effective, and prolonged anti-inflammatory effects, aiding in the repair of retinal barrier and reduction of exudation. To further enhance patients' visual quality, exploring the efficacy of DEX implants in combination with existing treatment regimens has great clinical significance. This review primarily discusses the research advancements in DEX implants, focusing on their pharmacological properties, indications for use, and their combination with existing drugs and treatment methods. It also evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of combination therapy or switching to DEX implants compared to current standard treatments, aiming to provide guidance for personalized treatment options for patients with DME.

[Objective] To explore the relationship between anti-HEV antibody reactivity rate and different age groups in Chinese voluntary blood donors by Meta-analysis. [Methods] Literatures on anti-HEV IgG reactivity rate and anti-HEV IgM reactivity rate of voluntary blood donors in different age groups in China were searched from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), PubMed and Wanfang Medicine database, with a search time from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2023. Risk difference (RD) was selected as the effect size after grouping the included literature according to age, and meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3 software. [Results] A total of 17 articles were included, among which 16 were about anti-HEV IgG and 15 about anti-HEV IgM. Based on different age grouping methods, they were divided into two groups. The age groups of group A were divided into ≤ 20 years old, 21-30 years old, 31-40 years old, 41-50 years old and >50 years old. The age groups of group B were divided into 18-25 years old, 26-35 years old, 36-45 years old, and ≥46 years old. The pooled results of Meta-analysis showed that the RD value of anti-HEV IgG reactivity rate in group A was 22.92% [95% CI (19.02%, 26.82%)], and the RD value of anti-HEV IgM reactivity rate was 0.67% [95% CI (0.51%, 0.82%)]. The RD value of anti-HEV IgG reactivity rate in group B was 33.03% [95% CI (28.01%, 38.05%)], and the RD value of anti-HEV IgM reactivity rate was 1.13% [95% CI (1.05%, 1.21%)]. The results of subgroup analysis showed that in both group A and B, the anti-HEV IgG reactivity rate in voluntary blood donors increased with age. In group A, no increase in the reactivity rate of anti-HEV IgM with age was found in voluntary blood donors. In group B, the anti-HEV IgM reactivity rate increased with age. Further analysis showed that in the two groups of A and B, the anti-HEV IgM reactivity rate increased with age in areas where the anti-HEV IgM reactivity rate was greater than 1%. [Conclusion] The anti-HEV IgG reactivity rate and anti-HEV IgM reactivity rate in voluntary blood donors increased with age.

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for improving the pre-prescription review system and reducing the occurrence of medication error by analyzing the drug-related problems （DRPs） in the pre-prescription review orders of pediatric outpatient clinics using the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe （PCNE） classification system. METHODS The data of pre-prescription review orders were retrospectively collected from outpatient department of Shanghai Children’s Medical Center， Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from July 2022 to June 2023； DRPs in the pre-prescription review orders were classified and summarized by using the PCNE classification system （version 9.1）， and then analyzed in terms of types and causes of issues， and the acceptance of interventions. RESULTS A total of 66 017 DRPs orders were included， involving 41 165 patients. The proportion of DRPs orders in children aged ≤5 years old was the highest （58.25%）， followed by children aged 6-12 years old （33.52%）； the department with the highest proportion of DRPs was internal medicine of pediatrics department （71.41%）； the department with the highest incidence of DRPs was thoracic surgery department （9.73%）； top three drug categories of DRPs orders were systemic anti- infective drugs （25.26%）， Chinese patent medicines （24.74%） and respiratory drugs （22.38%）. Referring to PCNE classification system， the types of DRPs mainly focused on treatment safety （64.86%）； the reasons of DRPs orders mainly focused on dose selection （82.09%）， of which 41.26% were due to excessive drug dosage； 92.13% of interventions could be accepted and fully executed by doctors. CONCLUSIONS DRPs orders identified by the pre-prescription review system can be effectively analyzed by using PCNE classification system. Pharmacists should focus on medication use in children aged ≤5 years old， update and develop personalized prescription review rules timely， and meet the rational needs of clinical medication for children.

Objective To develop novel metformin carbon dots(MCDs)with superior performance to enhance the osteogenic differentiation potential of human periodontal ligament stem cells(hPDLSCs)under inflammatory conditions.Methods Three types of MCDs-MCDsCA,MCDsAA,and MCDsCS were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method using metformin(Met)in combination with citric acid(CA),ascorbic acid(AA),and carboxymethyl chitosan(CS),respectively.Their physicochemical properties were characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM),Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),and UV-visible spectrophotometry.The biocompatibility and cellular uptake of the MCDs were assessed using CCK-8 assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy.Alkaline phosphatase(ALP)staining and ALP activity assay were conducted to identify the most effective MCDs type in promoting osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs under inflammatory conditions.Subsequently,ALP and Alizarin Red S(ARS)staining,qRT-PCR,and Western blotting were performed to assess the effects of the optimal concentration of MCDsCS and its raw material(Met+CS)on osteogenic differentiation under inflammatory conditions.Results All 3 types of nanoscale MCDs exhibited favorable physicochemical characteristics and biocompatibility,and could be effectively internalized by hPDLSCs.Both MCDsCA and MCDsAA significantly promoted hPDLSCs proliferation at lower concentrations(0～0.50 mg/mL),while MCDsCS exhibited excellent cytocompatibility over a broader range(0～2.00 mg/mL).Under inflammatory conditions,MCDsCA and MCDsAA showed no significant effect on ALP expression in hPDLSCs,whereas MCDsCS significantly enhanced ALP expression in a dose-dependent manner,with the optimal effect observed at 0.10 mg/mL(P<0.05).Compared to Met+CS,0.10 mg/mL MCDsCS significantly enhanced ALP expression and calcium nodule formation under inflammatory conditions.It also upregulated the expression of osteogenesis-related genes(ALP,RUNX2,COL-1,OCN)and proteins(ALP,RUNX2,OCN)(P<0.01),while reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6(P<0.01).Conclusion A novel MCDsCS with sound biocompatibility is successfully developed,and can effectively promote osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs and exerts anti-inflammatory effects under inflammatory conditions,indicating its potential as a nanotherapeutic agent for periodontitis-associated bone regeneration.

Ultrasound technology has been applied in the biomedical field,particularly in drug delivery and cell processing.In this study,the effects of different ultrasound power levels(40 W to 100 W)and time durations(1 min,5 min,or 5 min discontinuously)on the morphology of human red blood cells(hRBCs)membranes were systematically investigated using cryo-electron tomography(Cryo-ET).The hRBCs membranes were firstly subjected to ultrasound at power levels of 40 W and 60 W for 5 min each.Cryo-ET observations revealed minimal morphological changes in the hRBCs membranes following the 40 W treatment,with the membrane structure remaining relatively intact and only minor undulations appearing on the membrane surface.These undulations might result from the mild mechanical stress induced by ultrasound,which was insufficient to disrupt the overall membrane structure.At power of 60 W,the hRBCs membranes largely preserved their structural integrity.When the ultrasonic power was increased to 80 W,the structural damage to the hRBCs membranes became more severe.Cryo-ET images showed irregular ruptures and larger pores on the membrane surface,indicating a significant compromise in membrane integrity.At ultrasound power of 100 W,the hRBCs membranes were completely disrupted,resulting in the formation of numerous membrane fragments,and a complete loss of membrane continuity.To further explore the effects of ultrasound duration on erythrocyte membrane morphology,the ultrasonic power was fixed at 100 W and the impacts of varying treatment durations(1 min,5 min,and intermittent ultrasound)on the membrane structure were systematically investigated.After 1 min of ultrasonic treatment,Cryo-ET images showed minimal changes in erythrocyte membrane morphology.Although some small pores and undulations appeared on the membrane surface,the overall structure remained relatively intact.As the ultrasound duration extended to 5 min,the degree of membrane damage increased significantly.Cryo-ET images revealed extensive rupture and detachment of the membrane,with continuity being severely compromised.As to treatment alternating 1 min of ultrasound with 1 min of rest,for a total of 5 min of ultrasound exposure,Cryo-ET observations showed the integrity of the membrane-cytoskeleton attachment remained.Under intermittent ultrasound treatment,although some pores and ruptures were observed on the membrane surface,the overall structure remained more intact compared to continuous ultrasonic treatment.This preservation might be due to the intermittent treatment providing buffer periods for the membrane,allowing partial recovery after mechanical stress,thereby reducing the cumulative damage caused by continuous ultrasound.This work provided experimental basis for further understanding of mechanism of ultrasound induced change of cell membrane and cytoskeleton.