Both cathartic colon （CC） and cathartic-dependent constipation （CDC） are caused by the abuse of stimulant laxatives， while their concepts are not completely the same.Starting from the disease name of CC， this article traced the origin and evolution of the concept of CC， summarizes and compared the similarities and differences between CC， CDC， and slow transit constipation （STC）， and called for strict differentiation among the three.Furthermore， this article explored the specific contents of Western medicine clinical subtypes and traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome differentiation of CDC and delved into the TCM pathogenesis of CDC according to both literature and clinical practice.The relationship between clinical subtypes and TCM syndromes was established， and the syndrome characteristics of CDC of different clinical subtypes and TCM syndromes were summarized.The recommended prescriptions for corresponding syndromes were listed.A systematic CDC diagnosis and treatment approach of "clinical subtypes-syndrome differentiation-syndrome characteristics-recommended prescriptions" was thus formed.Additionally， the paper provides an overview of current research on CDC in both Western medicine and TCM contexts， identifies future research directions， and suggests research pathways for refining and advancing CDC studies.

Functional constipation （FC） is a clinically common functional bowel disorder characterized by a protracted course and associations with various chronic disorders and psychological abnormalities. Although not life-threatening， FC significantly impairs patients' quality of life. FC subtypes include slow-transit constipation （STC）， defecatory disorder （DD）， and normal-transit constipation （NTC）. The pathological mechanisms underlying FC have not been fully elucidated， and overall clinical efficacy remains unsatisfactory. Animal models of FC serve as essential tools for the study of disease mechanisms and the development of novel therapeutics. This article systematically reviews the current state of research on the animal models of FC and identifies that rodents， particularly rats and mice， are the most commonly used species. Dogs and pigs are also employed in complex intervention studies due to their physiological similarities to humans， though their use is limited by housing challenges and ethical considerations. Induction methods vary across different FC subtypes. STC models are primarily established with chemical agents such as loperamide or compound diphenoxylate. DD modeling often involves low-fiber diets combined with methylene blue injection or rectal narrowing. NTC modeling mainly relies on low-fiber dietary interventions. In addition， disease-syndrome combination models based on traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） theory have been developed， encompassing excess patterns such as heat accumulation， cold accumulation， and Qi stagnation， as well as deficiency patterns including Qi deficiency， blood deficiency， Yin deficiency， and Yang deficiency. These are achieved through an approach of disease model + syndrome induction， enabling the integration of mechanisms from both Western and TCM perspectives. Models are evaluated from two aspects： disease and syndrome manifestations （e.g.， colonic transit， secretory function， and TCM syndrome indicators such as mental state and body weight） and disease mechanisms （e.g.， enteric nervous system， interstitial cells of Cajal， smooth muscle cells， gut microbiota， and metabolites）. However， current research still faces challenges such as poor consistency in some models， non-specific interference in mechanism interpretation， insufficient studies on NTC， and lack of TCM tongue and pulse diagnosis in evaluation. Future efforts should focus on optimizing model stability and specificity to provide a more reliable experimental basis for investigating the pathological mechanisms of FC and developing therapeutic agents.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the pregnancy outcomes of assisted reproductive technology （ART） in women with a history of thyroid cancer who retained fertility intentions after completing cancer treatment. MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed on 61 patients with a history of thyroid cancer who underwent in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm microinjection and embryo transfer （IVF/ICSI-ET）. These patients were included as the case group. A total of 122 non-cancer patients who received ART during the same period were selected as the control group using 1∶2 matching based on age and oocyte retrieval time. Baseline characteristics， outcomes of the first ART cycle， and cumulative pregnancy outcomes were compared between the two groups. ResultsThere was no significant difference in the basic data， the total amount of gonadotropin （Gn） and the days of use between the case group and the control group （P>0.05）. However， the case group had significantly fewer retrieved oocytes， mature oocytes （MII）， lower fertilization and cleavage rates， and fewer transferable and high-quality embryos， as well as fewer embryos transferred during the first cycle （P < 0.05）. However， there was no significant difference in the rate of first embryo implantation and first clinical pregnancy between the two groups （P>0.05）. In the analysis of cumulative outcomes， the two groups did not show statistically significant differences in the cumulative pregnancy rate， clinical pregnancy rate per transfer cycle， the number of oocyte retrieval cycles required per live birth， the number of embryo transfer cycles required per live birth， and the number of embryos used for each live birth （P>0.05）. However， the cumulative live birth rate was significantly lower in the case group compared to the control group （P=0.005）. ConclusionAfter treatment for thyroid cancer， when ART is used to help pregnant women， the pregnancy outcome is comparable to that of women without tumors. Individualized reproductive management and timely fertility preservation strategies are recommended to optimize reproductive outcomes in this population.

In recent decades, the prevalence of hyperuricemia and gout has increased dramatically due to lifestyle changes. The drugs currently recommended for hyperuricemia are associated with adverse reactions that limit their clinical use. In this study, we report that berberine (BBR) is an effective drug candidate for the treatment of hyperuricemia, with its mechanism potentially involving the modulation of gut microbiota and its metabolite, succinic acid. BBR has demonstrated good therapeutic effects in both acute and chronic animal models of hyperuricemia. In a clinical trial, oral administration of BBR for 6 months reduced blood uric acid levels in 22 participants by modulating the gut microbiota, which led to an increase in the abundance of Bacteroides and a decrease in Clostridium sensu stricto_1. Furthermore, Bacteroides fragilis was transplanted into ICR mice, and the results showed that Bacteroides fragilis exerted a therapeutic effect on uric acid similar to that of BBR. Notably, succinic acid, a metabolite of Bacteroides, significantly reduced uric acid levels. Subsequent cell and animal experiments revealed that the intestinal metabolite, succinic acid, regulated the upstream uric acid synthesis pathway in the liver by inhibiting adenosine monophosphate deaminase 2 (AMPD2), an enzyme responsible for converting adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to inosine monophosphate (IMP). This inhibition resulted in a decrease in IMP levels and an increase in phosphate levels. The reduction in IMP led to a decreased downstream production of hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid. BBR also demonstrated excellent renoprotective effects, improving nephropathy associated with hyperuricemia. In summary, BBR has the potential to be an effective treatment for hyperuricemia through the gut-liver axis.

As green, sustainable, and environmentally friendly material processing processes using biological cells or enzymes to achieve substance conversion, bioprocesses play an increasingly important role in biomanufacturing. It is difficult to optimize bioprocesses because of the complex relationship at multiple levels and multiple scales. The knowledge of mesoscale behaviors is the key to understanding the dynamics of bioprocesses and to sort out the complex relationships of parameter variations in the spatial-temporal domain. Mesoscale numerical simulation paves a way for understanding these phenomena, and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and mesoscale simulation offers new vitality into the optimization of bioprocesses. This article reviews the progress in mesoscale simulation and AI optimization of bioprocesses and discusses the possible development directions, aiming to promote the development of this field.
Artificial Intelligence ; Biotechnology/trends* ; Computer Simulation

Objective:To investigate the selection of treatment methods for renal tumors in pilots as well as the clinical significance of robot-assisted surgery by summarizing the process of robot-assisted surgery in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma in a pilot.Methods:The diagnosis, robot-assisted surgery and aeromedical assessment of a pilot with renal cell carcinoma were reported, and the related literature was reviewed.Results:The patient was a 44-year-old male transporter pilot, who was diagnosed with a left renal mass in the middle-lower pole of the kidney during a routine abdominal CT scan. After detailed preoperative evaluation that ruled out the possibility of distant metastasis and other surgical contraindications, the patient underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in August 2022. The postoperative recovery went well, and renal function remained within normal limits at follow-ups. In March 2023, the pilot was concluded as qualified for flight after aeromedical assessment.Conclusions:Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy can significantly reduce surgical trauma, lower the risk of complications, and maximally preserve renal function. It is a good approach to renal tumors in pilots who can recover quickly.

Objective To prepare an advanced irrigation device equipped with a specialized nozzle designed to access the pericoronal blind sac of impacted wisdom teeth,and evaluate its efficacy in plaque removal.Methods 3D-printer was utilized to develop pericoronal models simulating mandibular wisdom teeth with high vertical impaction and varying soft tissue coverage(0%,25%,50%,and 75%,respectively)and personalized pericoronal irrigator.The obtained pericoronal models were randomly divided into 3 groups,treated with personalized precision pericoronal flushing,routine flushing and brushing,respectively,and,under a pressures of 45 psi or 75 psi(1 psi=6 894.76 Pa),were performed to clean the test surfaces of plaque-biofilm-obstructed wisdom teeth,respectively.Images of the tooth surfaces were analyzed before and after cleaning,and the cleaning rate was calculated using Python software.Results For wisdom teeth with 50%and 75%pericoronal soft tissue coverage,at a pressure of 45 psi,the precision pericoronal flushing group demonstrated significantly higher cleaning rate when compared to the brushing and routine flushing groups(P<0.05).At 0%and 25%pericoronal soft tissue coverage,the precision pericoronal flushing and brushing groups exhibited significantly higher cleaning rates than the routine flushing group(P<0.05).Furthermore,at 75 psi,the precision pericoronal flushing group achieved a significantly higher cleaning rate across all 4 levels of pericoronal soft tissue coverage than both the routine flushing and brushing groups(P<0.05).Notably,the precision pericoronal flushing group at 75 psi obtained significantly higher cleaning rate than at 45 psi across 0%,25%,and 50%pericoronal soft tissue coverage(P<0.05).Conclusion The precision pericoronal irrigation device demonstrates significantly superior cleaning efficacy for vertically impacted mandibular third molars compared to conventional irrigation devices and manual tooth brushing.It is an effective device for preventing and treating pericoronitis.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between oxidative stress-related genes and pros-tate cancer(PCa)from a multi-omics perspective using summary-data-based Mendelian randomization(SMR),colocalization analysis,and cellular experiments.Methods:Summary-level data on DNA methylation,gene expression,and circulating proteins were obtained and filtered.The PRACTICAL con-sortium was used as the discovery cohort,with the deCODE database serving as the validation cohort.SMR analysis and heterogeneity in dependent instruments(HEIDI)tests were conducted to assess the association and heterogeneity between oxidative stress-related genes and PCa.Colocalization analysis was performed to determine whether oxidative stress-related genes and PCa shared common causal variants.Final-ly,CCK-8 assays,wound healing assays,and Transwell invasion assays and Western blotting,were con-ducted to examine the effects of oxidative stress-related genes on the biological behavior of the PCa cell line C4-2.Results:Multi-omics analysis identified SCP2 as significantly associated with increased PCa risk across gene methylation,gene expression,and circulating protein levels.GSTP1 showed significant associations at the methylation and protein levels,while LPO was associated at the protein level.At the methylation level,SCP2 sites cg00581603(OR=1.11,95％CI:1.05-1.17)and cg13078931(OR=1.12,95％CI:1.05-1.18)were identified as pathogenic.Among the four methylation sites in GSTP1,only cg05244766(OR=0.89,95％CI:0.84-0.95)was considered protective.At the gene expression level,SCP2(OR=1.05,95％CI:1.02-1.07)was also found to be a pathogenic factor.At the circu-lating protein level,SCP2(OR=2.10,95％CI:1.34-3.29)showed a consistent pathogenic trend.In addition,GSTP1(OR=1.16,95％CI:1.07-1.25)and LPO(OR=1.12,95％CI:1.05-1.19)were significantly associated with increased PCa risk.Further functional assays demonstrated that knock-down of SCP2 significantly reduced the oncogenic phenotype of prostate cancer cells.Conclusion:Through integrated multi-omics analysis and experimental validation,this study confirmed a significant as-sociation between SCP2 and increased PCa risk.These findings enhance our understanding of PCa patho-genesis and provide new potential targets and therapeutic directions for PCa treatment.

In the context of accelerated population aging, the demand for geriatric hospice care services is increasing significantly.The standard "Setting Standards for Elderly Hospice Care Wards(WS/T 844—2024)" issued by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China in July 2024 is of considerable importance.This standard outlines the configuration requirements for elderly hospice care wards regarding wards, personnel, beds, equipment, and quality management.It applies to medical institutions at all levels as well as integrated medical and elderly care institutions.Its implementation not only provides practical quantitative indicators for the construction of elderly hospice care wards, effectively standardizes clinical practices, and addresses the urgent needs of elderly end-stage patients for hospice care services, but also helps ensure the dignity and comfort of the elderly in the final stages of life.Furthermore, it enhances the overall quality of hospice care services and plays a positive role in promoting the Healthy China Initiative.

Objective: To investigate the regional differences in the incidence of urothelial carcinoma among kidney transplant recipients between northern and southern China，so as to provide reference for early diagnosis of this disease. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases，including CNKI，Wanfang，CBM，and PubMed，using the keywords “kidney transplantation” and “tumor” to collect clinical data from qualified kidney transplant centers.The latest and most complete literature data published by 17 transplant centers in northern China and 14 in southern China were included.Statistical analyses were performed to compare the incidence of post-transplant urothelial carcinoma and non-urothelial malignancies. Results: A total of 37 475 kidney transplant recipients were included，among whom 837 (2.23%) developed post-transplant malignancies，including urothelial carcinoma (366/837，43.73%)，non-urothelial carcinoma (444/837，53.05%)，and malignancies with unspecified pathology (27/837，3.23%).The incidence of malignancies was significantly higher in northern China than in southern China [(2.82±1.39)% vs. (1.67±0.83)%，P=0.011]，with a particularly pronounced difference in the incidence of urothelial carcinoma [(1.68±1.12)% vs. (0.32±0.32)%，P<0.001].No significant difference was observed in the incidence of non-urothelial carcinoma between the two regions [(1.11±0.56)% vs. (1.35±0.65)%，P=0.279].Additionally，female transplant recipients exhibited a higher incidence of malignancies than males in both regions (southern China：2.38% vs. 1.80%; northern China：8.93% vs. 2.52%). Conclusion: The incidence of urothelial carcinoma following kidney transplantation is significantly higher in northern China than in southern China，underscoring the importance of implementing regular tumor screening for kidney transplant recipients，particularly for female patients in northern China，to facilitate early diagnosis and timely intervention.