Stent migration is one of the common complications following transcatheter valve implantation. This study aims to design a "drum-shaped" balloon-expandable aortic valve stent to address this issue and conduct a mechanical analysis. The implantation process of the stent was evaluated using a method that combines numerical simulation and in vitro experiments. Furthermore, the fatigue process of the stent under pulsatile cyclic loading was simulated, and its fatigue performance was assessed using a Goodman diagram. The process of the stent migrating toward the left ventricular side was simulated, and the force-displacement curve of the stent was extracted to evaluate its anti- migration performance. The results showed that all five stent models could be crimped into a 14F sheath and enabled uniform expansion of the native valve leaflets. The stress in each stent was below the ultimate stress, so no fatigue fracture occurred. As the cell height ratio decreased, the contact area fraction between the stent and the aortic root gradually decreased. However, the mean contact force and the maximum anti-migration force first decreased and then increased. Specifically, model S5 had the smallest contact area fraction but the largest mean contact force and maximum anti-migration force, reaching approximately 0.16 MPa and 10.73 N, respectively. The designed stent achieves a "drum-shaped" change after expansion and has good anti-migration performance.
Stents ; Prosthesis Design ; Heart Valve Prosthesis ; Humans ; Aortic Valve/surgery* ; Stress, Mechanical ; Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement/instrumentation*

Objective: To investigate the regional differences in the incidence of urothelial carcinoma among kidney transplant recipients between northern and southern China，so as to provide reference for early diagnosis of this disease. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases，including CNKI，Wanfang，CBM，and PubMed，using the keywords “kidney transplantation” and “tumor” to collect clinical data from qualified kidney transplant centers.The latest and most complete literature data published by 17 transplant centers in northern China and 14 in southern China were included.Statistical analyses were performed to compare the incidence of post-transplant urothelial carcinoma and non-urothelial malignancies. Results: A total of 37 475 kidney transplant recipients were included，among whom 837 (2.23%) developed post-transplant malignancies，including urothelial carcinoma (366/837，43.73%)，non-urothelial carcinoma (444/837，53.05%)，and malignancies with unspecified pathology (27/837，3.23%).The incidence of malignancies was significantly higher in northern China than in southern China [(2.82±1.39)% vs. (1.67±0.83)%，P=0.011]，with a particularly pronounced difference in the incidence of urothelial carcinoma [(1.68±1.12)% vs. (0.32±0.32)%，P<0.001].No significant difference was observed in the incidence of non-urothelial carcinoma between the two regions [(1.11±0.56)% vs. (1.35±0.65)%，P=0.279].Additionally，female transplant recipients exhibited a higher incidence of malignancies than males in both regions (southern China：2.38% vs. 1.80%; northern China：8.93% vs. 2.52%). Conclusion: The incidence of urothelial carcinoma following kidney transplantation is significantly higher in northern China than in southern China，underscoring the importance of implementing regular tumor screening for kidney transplant recipients，particularly for female patients in northern China，to facilitate early diagnosis and timely intervention.

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and its receptor family members are involved in a variety of pathophysiological processes.Studies have shown that the IL-17 family may be closely related to the occurrence and development of interstitial cystitis/ bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS).This paper explores the relationship between the IL-17 family and IC/BPS, introduces the members and structures of the IL-17 family, their value in inflammatory diseases, and discusses in depth the IL-17 pathways in IC/BPS and the latest research progress.Research has found that the IL-17 family is upregulated in IC/BPS, related to the exacerbation of pathological inflammatory reactions, and responsible for maintaining the chronic inflammatory state of IC/BPS patients.In addition, IL-17 is also associated with neuroinflammation, pain, and other biological effects in IC/BPS.This review aims to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms underlying IC/BPS and to provide references for the development of new therapeutic strategies.

Depression is a common psychiatric disorder characterized by persistent low mood or mental disorders. Current treatments primarily focus on regulating neurotransmitter levels， but their effectiveness is limited. The mechanisms underlying its onset are complex， and there is no unified consensus. Abnormal signaling pathway transmission plays a crucial role in the development of depression， involving multiple pathways， including Toll-like receptor 4/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 （TLR4/NLRP3）， nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB）， Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription （JAK/STAT）， mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase （MAPK/ERK）， brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine kinase receptor B （BDNF/TrkB）， cyclic AMP/protein kinase A/cAMP response element-binding protein （cAMP/PKA/CREB）， and others. Traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） is based on a holistic approach and the principle of treatment based on the differentiation of syndromes， regulating the balance of multiple systems and organ functions from a macroscopic perspective. This approach has shown unique advantages in the treatment of depression. TCM attributes the onset of depression to dysfunction of the organ systems， involving liver Qi stagnation， heart spirit deficiency， kidney essence depletion， and spleen dysfunction. TCM compound treatments focus on soothing the liver， strengthening the spleen， calming the heart， and replenishing essence， with formulas such as Xiaoyaosan， Zishui Qinggan Yin， and Chahu Jia Guizhi Longgu Muli Tang. The active components of Chinese herbs mainly aim to tonify and regulate Qi， such as salidroside， ginsenoside Rb₁， astragaloside， and muscone. External TCM treatments， primarily acupuncture， aim to open the orifices and invigorate the spirit. Acupoints such as Baihui， Shenting， and Yintang are commonly used. Additionally， massage and moxibustion therapy can intervene in depression by regulating signaling pathways. This article reviews the core role of signaling pathways in the development of depression and the mechanism of TCM regulation of signaling pathways to intervene in depression， aiming to discover new therapeutic approaches that can improve the symptoms of depressed patients.

Due to its high sensitivity and non-destructive nature, Raman spectroscopy has become an essential analytical tool in biopharmaceutical analysis and drug development. Despite of the computational demands, data requirements, or ethical considerations, artificial intelligence (AI) and particularly deep learning algorithms has further advanced Raman spectroscopy by enhancing data processing, feature extraction, and model optimization, which not only improves the accuracy and efficiency of Raman spectroscopy detection, but also greatly expands its range of application. AI-guided Raman spectroscopy has numerous applications in biomedicine, including characterizing drug structures, analyzing drug forms, controlling drug quality, identifying components, and studying drug-biomolecule interactions. AI-guided Raman spectroscopy has also revolutionized biomedical research and clinical diagnostics, particularly in disease early diagnosis and treatment optimization. Therefore, AI methods are crucial to advancing Raman spectroscopy in biopharmaceutical research and clinical diagnostics, offering new perspectives and tools for disease treatment and pharmaceutical process control. In summary, integrating AI and Raman spectroscopy in biomedicine has significantly improved analytical capabilities, offering innovative approaches for research and clinical applications.

As a strategic emerging industry, biomanufacturing faces core challenges in achieving precise optimization and efficient scale-up of fermentation processes. This review focuses on two critical aspects of fermentation-real-time sensing and intelligent control-and systematically summarizes the advancements in online monitoring technologies, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven optimization strategies, and digital twin applications. First, online monitoring technologies, ranging from conventional parameters (e.g., temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen) to advanced sensing systems (e.g., online viable cell sensors, spectroscopy, and exhaust gas analysis), provide a data foundation for real-time microbial metabolic state characterization. Second, conventional static control relying on expert experience is evolving toward AI-driven dynamic optimization. The integration of machine learning technologies (e.g., artificial neural networks and support vector machines) and genetic algorithms significantly enhances the regulation efficiency of feeding strategies and process parameters. Finally, digital twin technology, integrating real-time sensing data with multi-scale models (e.g., cellular metabolic kinetics and reactor hydrodynamics), offers a novel paradigm for lifecycle optimization and rational scale-up of fermentation. Future advancements in closed-loop control systems based on intelligent sensing and digital twin are expected to accelerate the industrialization of innovative achievements in synthetic biology and drive biomanufacturing toward higher efficiency, intelligence, and sustainability.
Artificial Intelligence ; Fermentation ; Bioreactors/microbiology* ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Algorithms ; Biotechnology/methods*

Objective:To investigate the selection of treatment methods for renal tumors in pilots as well as the clinical significance of robot-assisted surgery by summarizing the process of robot-assisted surgery in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma in a pilot.Methods:The diagnosis, robot-assisted surgery and aeromedical assessment of a pilot with renal cell carcinoma were reported, and the related literature was reviewed.Results:The patient was a 44-year-old male transporter pilot, who was diagnosed with a left renal mass in the middle-lower pole of the kidney during a routine abdominal CT scan. After detailed preoperative evaluation that ruled out the possibility of distant metastasis and other surgical contraindications, the patient underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in August 2022. The postoperative recovery went well, and renal function remained within normal limits at follow-ups. In March 2023, the pilot was concluded as qualified for flight after aeromedical assessment.Conclusions:Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy can significantly reduce surgical trauma, lower the risk of complications, and maximally preserve renal function. It is a good approach to renal tumors in pilots who can recover quickly.

Objective:To investigate the selection of treatment methods for renal tumors in pilots as well as the clinical significance of robot-assisted surgery by summarizing the process of robot-assisted surgery in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma in a pilot.Methods:The diagnosis, robot-assisted surgery and aeromedical assessment of a pilot with renal cell carcinoma were reported, and the related literature was reviewed.Results:The patient was a 44-year-old male transporter pilot, who was diagnosed with a left renal mass in the middle-lower pole of the kidney during a routine abdominal CT scan. After detailed preoperative evaluation that ruled out the possibility of distant metastasis and other surgical contraindications, the patient underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in August 2022. The postoperative recovery went well, and renal function remained within normal limits at follow-ups. In March 2023, the pilot was concluded as qualified for flight after aeromedical assessment.Conclusions:Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy can significantly reduce surgical trauma, lower the risk of complications, and maximally preserve renal function. It is a good approach to renal tumors in pilots who can recover quickly.

ObjectiveTo carry out an epidemiological analysis on an outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection at a welfare institution to provide a theoretical basis for the corresponding prevention and control measures. MethodsUsing the method of field epidemiological investigation， special field treatment was carried out in September 2022. Serum samples from cases and close contacts in the same ward area were collected for detection of nine respiratory tract infection pathogens （Mycoplasma pneumoniae， chlamydia， influenza， human metapneumosis， respiratory syncytial， human boca， parainfluenza type 1‒4 virus， and Middle East respiratory syndrome， severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus） by immunofluorescence immunoglobulin M （IgM） antibody test. ResultsA total of 14 Mycoplasma pneumoniae cases were identified， all of whom were residents of the welfare institution. The first case occurred on September 4， while the last case was reported on September 13. The incidence rate of the fifth ward area where the first case reported was 12.82% （10/78）， and it was 3.57% （3/84） in the third ward area and 1.20% （1/83） in the first ward area. There was a significant difference in incidence rates between ward areas （χ²=8.90， P<0.05）， but no significant difference was observed in age distribution and length of hospitalization. Thirty-three samples were collected for detection of nine kinds of IgM antibodies against respiratory pathogens. The results showed that the Mycoplasma pneumoniae IgM antibody was weakly positive in the 14 cases. ConclusionBased on the epidemiological history， clinical symptoms and laboratory tests， it was concluded that it was an outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection within the welfare institution. Welfare institutions should continue to control the occurrence and outbreak of infection through effective routine hygiene， ventilation， and disinfection so as to ensure the health and safety of their clients.

Objective:To construct a column-line diagram diagnostic model based on serum and joint fluid inflammatory markers for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) after joint arthroplasty and to validate its predictive ability.Methods:The clinical data of 181 patients diagnosed with PJI or aseptic loosening in the Department of Orthopedics of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2015 to June 2020 were retrospectively collected as a modeling group. The best indicators for diagnosing PJI were screened by lasso regression, single-factor and multifactor analysis. By comprehensively considering the weights and intrinsic connections of the indicators, a column-line diagram diagnostic model was constructed and used to develop a clinical decision support system (CDSS). Prospectively, the clinical data of patients diagnosed with PJI or aseptic loosening in the Department of Orthopedics of the First Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from July 2020 to December 2022 were collected as a validation group, and the diagnostic performance of the column-line diagram model was externally validated by methods such as receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC).Results:There were 85 cases of PJI in the 181 cases modeling group and 23 cases of PJI in the 49 cases validation group. Among the 27 potential factors analyzed by lasso regression analysis, body mass index (BMI), blood tests including platelet (PLT), absolute lymphocyte value, interferon γ (IFN-γ), ESR, IL-6, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and joint fluid tests including C-reactive protein, IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, percentage of multinucleated neutrophils (PMN%), and CD64 may be potential indicators for the diagnosis of PJI. Univariate found significant differences between hematologic tests including sedimentation, C-reactive protein, IL-6, D-dimer and joint fluid tests including C-reactive protein, joint fluid CD64 index, C-reactive protein, IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, PMN%( P<0.05). Further multifactorial regression analysis screened serum IL-6, D-dimer, joint fluid CD64 index, C-reactive protein, IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, and percentage of multinucleated neutrophils, and based on that, the column-line graph model and CDSS system were constructed. The area under the ROC in the validation group was 0.978, and the AUC in the internal validation was 0.995; the C-index of the calibration curve was 99.50%, and the C-index of the internal validation was 99.53%, suggesting that the column-line diagram model has a good predictive ability. Conclusions:The column-line diagram for diagnosing PJI based on multiple diagnostic indicators showed good diagnostic performance. The CDSS system constructed by column-line diagrams could assist clinicians in diagnosing PJI and making reasonable strategies in time.