Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is a common nerve injury in the world, which has a high incidence and disability rate. Intraspinal pressure (ISP) monitoring is performed by placing a pressure sensing probe under the dura of the most severe part of the spinal cord injury after anterior/posterior laminectomy or vertebral body decompression. ISP value is monitored dynamically and objectively in real time by the pressure sensing system. Recent studies have found that ISP monitoring plays an important role in the clinical management and prognosis evaluation of TSCI. The author reviews the recent advance in ISP monitoring in TSCI in order to provide references for the improvement of clinical diagnosis and treatment of TSCI.

Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is a common nerve injury in the world, which has a high incidence and disability rate. Intraspinal pressure (ISP) monitoring is performed by placing a pressure sensing probe under the dura of the most severe part of the spinal cord injury after anterior/posterior laminectomy or vertebral body decompression. ISP value is monitored dynamically and objectively in real time by the pressure sensing system. Recent studies have found that ISP monitoring plays an important role in the clinical management and prognosis evaluation of TSCI. The author reviews the recent advance in ISP monitoring in TSCI in order to provide references for the improvement of clinical diagnosis and treatment of TSCI.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects and underlying mechanism of Yinxing Mihuan oral solution （YM） on neovascularization and vascular remodeling in chemical photothrombosis-induced focal cerebral ischemia model in mice. MethodFifty SPF C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into sham group， model group， ginaton group （12.5 mg·kg^-1）， and low- （YM-L， 412 mg·kg^-1） and high-dose （YM-H， 824 mg·kg^-1） YM groups， with 10 mice in each group. The focal cerebral ischemia model was established by chemical photothrombosis method. Drugs in each group were administered by gavage for 14 consecutive days after operation. The modified neurological severity score （mNSS） and measurement of forelimb grasping were used to evaluate the neurologic impairment of mice. The vascular density of infarct border-zone （IBZ） was measured by fluorescein labelled dextran （FITC-dextran） method. The morphology of IBZ was evaluated and observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. The expression of proteins related to neovascularization and vascular remodeling in brain tissues， including vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）， platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 （CD31）， hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α）， von Willebrand factor （vWF）， and angiogenin （ANG）， was detected by Western blot. ResultCompared with the sham group， the model group showed manifest neurological deficits （P<0.01）， weakened forelimb grasping （P<0.01）， increased vascular density of IBZ （P<0.01）， and obvious pathological changes， such as neuronal necrosis and gliocyte proliferation. After treatment for 14 days， compared with the model group， the YM-H group showed improved neurological deficits （P<0.01）， and the YM-L group and the YM-H group showed strengthened forelimb grasping （P<0.01）. Moreover， the YM-L group displayed increased vascular density of IBZ （P<0.05）， reduced pathological damage， and up-regulated protein expression of CD31， ANG， HIF-1α， and vWF （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionYM could improve motor function and pathological morphological impairment in chemical photothrombosis-induced focal cerebral ischemia mouse model， and the underlying mechanism might be related to the promotion of neovascularization and vascular remodeling in IBZ.

Objective:To investigate the small and dense low density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) level, ratios of sdLDL-C/low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), sdLDL-C/high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and sdLDL-C/apolipoprotein B (apoB), and their correlation with lipid components in healthy adults.Methods:A total of 1 151 healthy adults, who underwent physical examination in Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from September to December 2020 (557 men and 594 women), were included in this study. They were divided into five age groups: 18-29 years old ( n=247), 30-44 years old ( n=269), 45-59 years old ( n=225), 60-74 years old ( n=207) and 75-90 years old ( n=203) according to the age classification standard of the United Nations World Health Organization in 2018. The levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), HDL-C, LDL-C, sdLDL-C, apoA1 and apoB were measured, and the distribution of sdLDL-C, sdLDL-C/LDL-C, sdLDL-C/HDL-C and sdLDL-C/apoB in different sex and age groups were analyzed. Pearson/Spearman correlation was used to analyze the correlation between the above four indexes and other blood lipid components. Results:SdLDL-C, sdLDL-C/LDL-C, sdLDL-C/HDL-C and sdLDL-C/apoB were higher in male group ([0.56±0.23] mmol/L, 0.24±0.07, 0.49±0.22, 0.27±0.07) than those in female group ([0.48±0.18] mmol/L, 0.20±0.06, 0.36±0.17, 0.23±0.07) (all P<0.01). SdLDL-C, sdLDL-C/LDL-C, sdLDL-C/HDL-C and sdLDL-C/apoB were different among different age groups of male and female participants (all P<0.001). SdLDL-C level was significantly higher in males than in females among 18-29 years old group, 30-44 years old group, 45-59 years old group (all P<0.05). SdLDL-C, sdLDL-C/LDL-C, sdLDL-C/HDL-C and sdLDL-C/apoB were higher in males of 18-29 years old group, 30-44 years old group, 45-59 years old group and 60-74 years old group than in females of corresponding age groups (all P<0.05). The level of sdLDL-C of all participants was positively correlated with TC, TG, LDL-C, apoB, non-HDL-C and remnant cholesterol ( r＝0.50, 0.45, 0.67, 0.68, 0.61, 0.11, all P<0.01), and negatively correlated with HDL-C and apoA1 ( r＝-0.17 and -0.10, P<0.01). Conclusions:The levels of sdLDL-C, sdLDL-C/LDL-C, sdLDL-C/HDL-C and sdLDL-C/apoB in healthy adults are different in healthy adults of different ages and sex. There is a high correlation between sdLDL-C and apoB.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), a series of cardiovascular diseases based on atherosclerosis, has attracted more clinical attention. However, with the increase of population-based research results, the diagnostic value of traditional blood lipid parameters such as low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) is showing limitations. In recent years, a large number of studies have confirmed that small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) has lower affinity with low-density lipoprotein receptor, longer circulation time and easier to penetrate arterial endothelium, so it has stronger atherogenic effect. Therefore, we summarize the common detection methods of sdLDL-C, the research progress of the correlation between sdLDL-C and ASCVD risk, as well as the intervention measures and influencing factors of sdLDL-C level, in order to deepen the clinician′s understanding of the role of sdLDL-C in ASCVD and achieve the early prevention, early detection and early diagnosis of chronic atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), a series of cardiovascular diseases based on atherosclerosis, has attracted more clinical attention. However, with the increase of population-based research results, the diagnostic value of traditional blood lipid parameters such as low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) is showing limitations. In recent years, a large number of studies have confirmed that small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) has lower affinity with low-density lipoprotein receptor, longer circulation time and easier to penetrate arterial endothelium, so it has stronger atherogenic effect. Therefore, we summarize the common detection methods of sdLDL-C, the research progress of the correlation between sdLDL-C and ASCVD risk, as well as the intervention measures and influencing factors of sdLDL-C level, in order to deepen the clinician′s understanding of the role of sdLDL-C in ASCVD and achieve the early prevention, early detection and early diagnosis of chronic atherosclerosis.

Objective The study aimed to investigate the clinical value of serum soluble ST2 (sST2) and galectin-3(gal-3) in dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM) patients associated with heart failure.Methods 60 DCM patients with heart failure were collected in Anzhen Hospital Department of Cardiology from June to December 2017 as researching group.52 coronary heart disease(CHD) patients with heart failure were as the controls,also,70 healthy controls were analyzed by cross-sectional investigation.In DCM group,18 patients (male/female:11/7) were enrolled in the NYHA(New York Heart Association) cardiac function Ⅰ-Ⅱ group and 42 patients (male/female:32/10) were enrolled in the NYHA cardiac function Ⅲ-Ⅳ group.sST2 was detected by enzyme-linked immunoassay;gal-3 was detected by chemiluminescence immunoassay.One-Way ANOVA,non-parametric test,Spearman linear correlation analysis and other statistical methods were used in our study.Results Compared with healthy controls,the serum level of sST2 in DCM group increased markedly [21.23(14.59,25.29) ng/ml vs 14.59(12.78,17.16) ng/ml,standardized H=-4.645,adjusted P＜0.001],and significantly higher serum level of gal-3 [13.50(10.48,19.68) μg/L vs 10.05(8.25,12.80) μg/L,standardized H=4.266,adjusted P＜0.001].Compared with CHD group,there was a significant increase [13.50(10.48,19.68) μg/L vs 11.00(8.65,13.58) μg/L,standardized H=-2.715,adjusted P＝).020] in the expression of serum gal-3 in DCM group.The serum level of sST2 in cardiac function Ⅲ-Ⅳ group was obviously higher than that in the Ⅰ-Ⅱ group [22.54(16.82,26.78) ng/ml vs 12.24(9.22,17.79) ng/ml,Z=2.613,P＝0.009].Spearman correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between sST2 and left ventricular ejection fraction(LVFE) (r=-0.647,P＜0.01),but a positive correlation between left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and left ventricular end-systolic dimension(LVESD) (r=0.393,r=0.462,all P＜0.01).The correlation of sST2 and B-type natriuretic peptide(BNP)/gal-3 (r=0.320,r=0.331,all P＜0.05),gal-3 and high-sensitivity troponinI(hs-TnI)/BNP(r=406,r=0.401,all P≤0.01) presented the same.There was a inverse correlation between gal-3 and estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)(r=-0.326,P＜0.05).ROC analysis showed that the cutoff of sST2 was 21.00 ng/ml,with 51.9％ sensitivity and 95.7％ specificity (AUC=0.745,95％ CI:0.652-0.838,P＜0.001),and the cutoff of gal-3 was 13.15 μg/L,with 53.7％ sensitivity and 85.7％ specificity (AUC=0.720,95％ CI.0.627-0.812,P＜0.001).Combined detection of BNP/hs-TnI may remarkably improved the sensitivity (up to 95.3％).Conclusions The serum levels of sST2 and gal-3 were significantly increased in dilated cardiomyopathy patients with heart failure.It showed a strong relation between sST2 and the deterioration of cardiac function,and a certain correlation with left ventricular remodeling.Although the diagnostic value of DCM was lower than that of BNP,sST2 may not be affected by age,body mass index and the damage to kidney function.Combined diagnosis could dramatically improve the diagnostic efficacy.

As a new noninvasive molecular biomarker, plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has potential value in early diagnosis, prognosis evaluation, therapeutic monitoring. Now lots of methods can be used to detect cfDNA including SSCP-PCR, RFLP-PCR, sequencing, and digital PCR. Different methods could be applied in screening of unknown mutations, analysis of genetic polymorphism, and anlysis of specific mutations. cfDNA can be applied in early screening and evaluation in cancers, prenatal test, cardiovascular diseases, and transplantation. This manuscript reviewed the detective value of cfDNA on different diseases.

Objective To explore the association between carotid artery plaque and small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(sdLDL-C)concentrations as well as the probability of sdLDL-C and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio as biomarkers of human carotid atherosclerotic plaque.Methods 174 subjects in physical examination center of An Zhen Hospital from November 2015 to February 2016 were enrolled one by one as a cross-sectional study.All subjects were divided into carotid IMT abnormal group(n=92)and control group(n=82)according to carotid ultrasound.According to the thickness of IMT characterized by carotid ultrasound,subjects were divided into the thickened IMT group(n=32), plaques group(n=60), and plaques group were divided into single plaque group(n=33)and multiple plaques group(n=27).Body Mass Index(BMI), fasting serum sdLDL-C, triglyceride(TG), LDL-C and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)concentrations were measured.Pearson′s and Spearman correlation coefficient analyses and logistic regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between carotid atherosclerotic plaque,sdLDL-C values,and other clinical variables.Area under curve(AUC)was calculated to determine the diagnostic value of sdLDL-C and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio in subjects with carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Results Levels of sdLDL-C(1.02 ±0.42 vs.0.97 ±0.46 vs.0.61 ±0.29, F=21.07, P<0.001)and sdLDL-C /LDL-C(0.34 ±0.17 vs.0.34 ±0.17 vs.0.21 ±0.09,F=16.34,P<0.001)in the thickened IMT group and the plaques group were higher than those of the control group).Even in individuals considered to be at low LDL-C(<2.59 mmol/L)level,sdLDL-C(0.94 ±0.41 vs.0.56 ±0.25,t=4.00, P<0.01)and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio(0.43 ±0.19 vs.0.24 ±0.08,t=4.45,P<0.01)remained higher in the carotid abnormal group than those in the control group.Age and sdLDL-C were the independent risk factors of carotid artery plaque.AUC of receiver operator characteristic curve(ROC)for serum sdLDL-C and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio were 0.882(95% CI:0.819-0.945, P<0.01)and 0.830(95% CI:0.747-0.914,P<0.01)to determine the multiple carotid atherosclerotic plaque,and the cut-off level were 0.90 mmol/L(sensitivity,88.0%;specificity,79.3%)and 0.30(sensitivity,84.0%;specificity,74.5%). Conclusions Carotid atherosclerotic plaque has a close relationship with sdLDL-C concentrations.sdLDL-C and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio can be biomarkers when assessing subjects with a carotid atherosclerotic plaque.

Objective To verify the feasibility of discriminating tissue types in the anterior approach of the cervical spine by the Electrical impedance (EI) and decrease the rate of severe complications.Methods Six New Zealand white rabbits and 6 mini-pigs were performed standard anterior cervical surgery.The esophagus,carotid artery,tracheal cartilage,annular ligaments of trachea,longus colli muscle and anterior longitudinal ligament are classified as the prevertebral group;The cortical bone,cancellous bone,anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus are classified as the vertebral group.Once all the tissues were exposed completely,over the frequency range of 200-3 000 kHz (the frequency points were 200 kHz,400 kHz,600 kHz,800 kHz,1 000 kHz,2 000 kHz,3 000 kHz),the in vivo EI of prevertebral group and vertebral group were measured by a probe and a precision inductance-capacitance-resistance (LCR) meter;then the data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics 22 software.At every frequency,Kruskal-Wallis test followed by all pairwise multiple comparisons was applied for all the four groups (the prevertebral group of rabbits,the vertebral group of rabbits,the prevertebral group of mini-pigs,and the vertebral group of mini-pigs),respectively.P values ＜ 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results At every frequency,the results of Kruskal-Wallis test for all the four groups were significant,and the results of multiple comparisons were as follows.(1) In both miniature experimental animals and large experimental animals,the EI of the vertebral group tissues was significantly different at every investigated frequency (multiple comparisons).(2) In the miniature experimental animals,the EI between longus colli muscle and esophagus,carotid artery and annular ligaments of trachea,and tracheal cartilage and anterior longitudinal ligament had no significant difference at any frequency (multiple comparisons);significant difference could not be detected in the EI between anterior longitudinal ligament and annular ligaments of trachea at the frequencies of 2000-3 000 kHz (multiple comparisonsk) and could be detected at the frequencies of 200-1 000 kHz (multiple comparisons);for comparison of all other paired tissues of prevertebral group there were significant differences at all frequencies (multiple comparisonsk).(3) In the large experimental animals,the EI between longus colli muscle and esophagus,carotid artery and annular ligaments of trachea,and tracheal cartilage and anterior longitudinal ligament had no significant difference at any frequency (multiple comparisons),the same was true for the EI between annular ligaments of trachea and esophagus,carotid artery and anterior longitudinal ligament,and longus colli muscle and annular ligaments of trachea at the frequencies of 800-3 000 kHz,3 000 kHz and 3 000 kHz (multiple comparisons),respectively;for comparison of all other paired tissues of prevertebral group there were significant differences at all frequencies (multiple comparisons).Conclusion At certain frequencies,the EI among tissues was significantly different and could discriminate tissues in the anterior approach of the cervical spine.